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SOYBEAN VARIETY DEVELOPMENT (1902-2020) 1

Copyright © 2020 by Soyinfo Center

HISTORY OF SOYBEAN VARIETY DEVELOPMENT,

BREEDING AND GENETIC ENGINEERING

(1902-2020):

EXTENSIVELY ANNOTATED

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SOURCEBOOK

Compiled

by

William Shurtleff & Akiko Aoyagi

2020



Copyright (c) 2020 by William Shurtleff & Akiko Aoyagi

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means - graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information and retrieval systems - except for use in reviews, without written permission from the publisher.

Published by: Soyinfo Center P.O. Box 234 Lafayette, CA 94549-0234 USA Phone: 925-283-2991 www.soyinfocenter.com

ISBN 9781948436205 (new ISBN PrVd without hyphens)ISBN 978-1-948436-20-5 (new ISBN PrVd with hyphens)tPrinted 22 June 2020

Price: Available on the Web free of charge

Search engine keywords:

History of Soybean Variety DevelopmentHistory of Soybean Varietal DevelopmentHistory of Soybean BreedingHistory of Genetic EngineeringHistory of Genetic Engineering of SoybeansHistory of Transgenic SoybeansHistory of Soybeans and Recombinant DNA

Bibliography of Soybean Variety DevelopmentBibliography of Soybean Varietal DevelopmentBibliography of Soybean BreedingBibliography of Genetic EngineeringBibliography of Genetic Engineering of SoybeansBibliography of Transgenic SoybeansBibliography of Soybeans and Recombinant DNA

Chronology of Soybean Variety DevelopmentChronology of Soybean Varietal DevelopmentChronology of Soybean BreedingChronology of Genetic EngineeringChronology of Genetic Engineering of SoybeansChronology of Transgenic SoybeansChronology of Soybeans and Recombinant DNA

Timeline of Soybean Variety Development



Contents

Page

Dedication and Acknowledgments.................................................................................................................................. 4

Introduction and Brief Chronology, by William Shurtleff .......................................................................................... 6

About This Book ........................................................................................................................................................... 10

Abbreviations Used in This Book ................................................................................................................................ 11

How to Make the Best Use of This Digital Book - Three Keys ................................................................................. 12

Full-Page Graphics ................................................................................................................................................. 14-21

Introducing Soyinfo Center .......................................................................................................................................... 22

History of Soybean Variety Development: 4434 References in Chronological Order ............................................ 23

Contains 152 Photographs and Illustrations

Subject/Geographical Index by Record Numbers ................................................................................................. 1399

Last Page of Index ..................................................................................................................................................... 1481



Part of the enjoyment of writing a book lies in meeting people from around the world who share a common interest, and in learning from them what is often the knowledge or skills acquired during a lifetime of devoted research or practice. We wish to give deepest thanks...

Of the many libraries and librarians who have been of great help to our research over the years, several stand out:

University of California at Berkeley: John Creaser, Lois Farrell, Norma Kobzina, Ingrid Radkey.

Northern Regional Library Facility (NRLF), Richmond, California: Martha Lucero, Jutta Wiemhoff, Scott Miller, Virginia Moon, Kay Loughman.

Stanford University: Molly Molloy, who has been of special help on Slavic-language documents.

National Agricultural Library: Susan Chapman, Kay Derr, Carol Ditzler, John Forbes, Winnifred Gelenter, Henry Gilbert, Kim Hicks, Ellen Knollman, Patricia Krug, Sarah Lee, Veronica Lefebvre, Julie Mangin, Ellen Mann, Josephine McDowell, Wayne Olson, Mike Thompson, Tanner Wray.

Library of Congress: Ronald Jackson, Ronald Roache.

Lane Medical Library at Stanford University.

Contra Costa County Central Library and Lafayette Library: Carole Barksdale, Kristen Wick, Barbara Furgason, Sherry Cartmill, Linda Barbero.

Harvard University’s Five Botanical Libraries (especially Arnold Arboretum Library): Jill Gelmers Thomas.

French translation: Martine Liguori of Lafayette, California, for ongoing, generous, and outstanding help since the early 1980s. Dutch translation: Sjon Welters. French translation Elise Kruidenier. German translation Philip Isenberg,

DEDICATION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Japanese translation and maps: Akiko Aoyagi Shurtleff.

Loma Linda University, Del E. Webb Memorial Library (Seventh-day Adventist): Janice Little, Trish Chapman.

We would also like to thank our co-workers and friends at Soyinfo Center who, since 1984, have played a major role in collecting the documents, building the library, and producing the SoyaScan database from which this book is printed:

Irene Yen, Tony Jenkins, Sarah Chang, Laurie Wilmore, Alice Whealey, Simon Beaven, Elinor McCoy, Patricia McKelvey, Claire Wickens, Ron Perry, Walter Lin, Dana Scott, Jeremy Longinotti, John Edelen, Alex Lerman, Lydia Lam, Gretchen Muller, Joyce Mao, Luna Oxenberg, Joelle Bouchard, Justine Lam, Joey Shurtleff, Justin Hildebrandt, Michelle Chun, Olga Kochan, Loren Clive, Marina Li, Rowyn McDonald, Casey Brodsky, Hannah Woodman, Elizabeth Hawkins, Molly Howland, Jacqueline Tao, Lynn Hsu, Brooke Vittimberga, Tanya Kochan, Aanchal Singh.

Special thanks to: Tom and Linda Wolfe of Berwyn Park, Maryland; to Lorenz K. Schaller of Ojai, California; and to Wayne Dawson (genealogist) of Tucson, Arizona.

For outstanding help on this soybean variety development book we thank: Richard L. Bernard, Ted Hymowitz, Don Baldridge, Karen Bender, P.S. Bhatnagar, Roger H. Boerma, Fred Brandenburg, Steve Buchheim, Norm Chambers, Elroy R. Cober, Mike Conway, Kim Cooper, Steve Demos, Sue Dibb, Bernd Drosihn, Barbara Elliott, Walter R. Fehr, Klaus Gaiser, Mark Gaskell, David Gehl, Bob Gerner, Francis N.K. Goh, Peter Golbitz, Bruce Grainger, Marc P. Ham, Lisa Harter, Edgar E. Hartwig, Chris Hartz, Jerry Hill, Alan Holtz, Robert W. Howell, M. Hudayberdiyeva, Dana Jacobi, Richard F. James, Hart Jansson, Jacob Jones, Doug Jessop, Lawrence Johnson, Trevor Johnston, Carl Jorgensen, Harold Kauffman, Connie LaBarr, Jerry Lorenzen, Keshun Liu, Jim Lothrop, Tom Lumpkin, Ron McDermott, Henry I. Miller, John Mullin, Janet Nauto, Niels C. Nielsen, Randall L. Nelson, Dale Petrie, Patricia Pillow, Vaino Poysia, Ron Roller, J. Brian Sanderson, John A. Schillinger, Dennis A. Shannon, Jim Sinclair, James Skiff, Keith J. Smith, Larry Spooner, George Strayer, B.R. Stefansson, Paul Stuart, Len Stuttman, Keith Thompson, Wes Thompson, Seth Tibbott, Joe Tsukamoto, Isabel VanDerslice, Lothar Vogel, Harvey D. Voldeng, Jeff Wells, and Martin G. Weiss.

Finally our deepest thanks to Tony Cooper of San Ramon,

This book is dedicated to Clyde M. Woodworth, Richard L. Bernard, and Theodore Hymowitz.



California, who has kept our computers up and running since Sept. 1983. Without Tony, this series of books on the Web would not have been possible.

This book, no doubt and alas, has its share of errors. These, of course, are solely the responsibility of William Shurtleff.

This bibliography and sourcebook was written with the hope that someone will write a detailed and well-documented history of this subject.



INTRODUCTION

Brief Chronology/Timeline of Soybean Variety Development

1879 – New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station begins testing several soybean varieties.

1898 – No more than eight soybean varieties are grown in the United States. This year the USDA Section of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction begins a program of introducing seeds and plants to the United States, recording each introduced variety under a unique, sequential ‘PI’ designation. The key fi gure behind this work was David Fairchild. By 1923 more than 1,000 varieties had been introduced.

1903 – American Breeders Association (ABA) is founded. It becomes the main organization for the dissemination of information on both theoretical and applied genetics, heredity and breeding to agriculturists. In 1909 the association is discontinued and replaced by the American Genetic Association; its periodical is renamed The Journal of Heredity.

1905 – William Bateson, an English biologist (1861-1926), coins the word “genetics.” He also popularizes the largely-forgotten work of Gregor Mendell.

1906 – Ball of the USDA describes the 23 soybean varieties known in the USA.

1907 – William J. Morse starts to work for the USDA at the invitation of Charles V. Piper. There are probably less than 50,000 acres of soybeans in the whole country. “If there ever was a one-man-made crop in this country, it is the soybean. And W.J. Morse is the man” (Country Gentleman, 1939, March).

1921 – “Inheritance of cotyledon, seed-coat, hilum and pubescence colors in soy-beans,” by Clyde M. Woodworth is published in the journal Genetics. Based on his 1920 PhD thesis, this is the earliest document seen concerning U.S. genetic research on soy beans.

1925-1927 – USDA plant explorer P.H. Dorsett (and his son) collects nearly 1,500 soybean types, largely from Manchuria.

1928-31 – The Dorsett-Morse Expedition to East Asia sends

back 4,500 soybean varieties from Japan, Manchuria, China and Korea. They write a daily log of their expedition. From 1924 to 1932, 6,651 soybean accessions are introduced. Most are sent to the USDA’s Arlington Farm or to Agricultural Experiment Stations for testing. During the early periods of introduction no attempt is made to save all the strains introduced and a majority of them are discarded. Only the best are kept along with some of the unusual types.

1930 May 23 – The Townsend-Purnell Plant Act, the fi rst act that allows Americans to patent plants, is signed into law by President Herbert Hoover. David Fairchild is a member of the committee that develops this act. Canada has a similar but previous act.

1936 March 16 – The USDA opens the U.S. Regional Soybean Laboratory in Illinois. A major focus is soybean breeding.

1941 – The number of acres of soybeans harvested for seed passes the soybean acreage used for forage.

1941 – The National Soybean Crop Improvement Council is established by the National Soybean Processors Association.

1941 Dec. 7 – The United States enters World War II. With its imports of oilseed crops cut off by the war, a major effort, with fi nancial incentives, is made to increase soybean production.

1943 – Edgar Hartwig is the fi rst soybean breeder on the East Coast of the United States.

1948 – The fi rst U.S. germplasm collection and preservation is established at Iowa State University (Ames, Iowa; north central region). One could argue that there were small germplasm collections at various locations in the USA before this time, but this was the fi rst one that was systematic, government sponsored, based on modern principles, and included a broad spectrum of crops. The federal law establishing four Regional Plant Introduction Stations was passed in 1946.

1949 – In recognition of the need to preserve the germplasm of this important crop and make it readily available, Martin G. Weiss of the USDA and Jackson L. Cartter of the U.S. Regional Soybean Laboratory at Urbana, Illinois, initiated the development of America’s fi rst comprehensive soybean



germplasm collection in 1949. In 1951, Edgar E.Hartwig became curator of the southern soybean germplasm collection (the later strains, maturity group V and later) located at Stoneville, Mississippi. Richard Bernard became curator of the northern collection (the earlier strains, group IV and earlier) at Urbana in 1954. It was the lack of such germplasm collections that explains why most of the soybeans collected by Dorsett and Morse no longer exist. The guiding principle has been to maintain the basic genetic diversity of the soybean and its wild relatives by maintaining all cultivars and introductions.

1949 and 1950 – The USDA and state agricultural experiment stations are asked to submit samples of all introduced strains and old U.S. cultivars. From the 7,873 PI strains introduced before 1945, 1,659 strains were obtained, including 138 old U.S. cultivars that originated from introductions (see Table).

1963 – USDA starts large-scale cooperative soybean research with state agricultural stations, in the north, and then the south.

Breeding Objectives – Improved yield, pest resistance, lodging resistance, and shattering resistance, and high protein + oil. Before 1970 most U.S. soybeans are bred by public breeders from the USDA, and agricultural colleges and experiment stations.

1970 Dec. 24 – The Plant Varieties Protection Act of 1970 (PVPA) is signed into law by President Richard M. Nixon. It extends patent protection to plant varieties reproduced sexually, by seeds.

1972 – The National Academy of Sciences’ National Research council releases an infl uential report on the genetic vulnerability of major crops. The soybean is named as one of these. This results in and ongoing effort by soybean breeders and geneticists to broaden the crop’s genetic base by collecting new germplasm and adding it to elite soybean varieties.

1972 Sept. – Dr. Richard Bernard, USDA soybean breeder at the University of Illinois and curator of the USDA northern Soybean Germplasm collection travels to Japan and Korea on the fi rst major soybean germplasm collection since 1931. He increases the size of the collection by 30-50% – and increases its genetic diversity.

1977 Feb. – The Commercial Soybean Breeders is organized. The membership includes 35 individuals who are employed by 28 companies. By 1979 the number of breeders in the organization totals 39, by 1981 it has increased to 51, and by 1984 it has increased to 63 breeders employed by 30

companies.

1980 – Germplasm exchange and cooperative research with the People’s Republic of China.

1980 June – U.S. Supreme Court rules that man-made organisms created by genetic manipulation can be granted copyright protection. This further opens the door to private soybean breeders.

1981 April – According to James E. Specht, PhD, “The gradual increase in soybean yields in the United States has been due to a combination of improved varieties (i.e., genetic technology) and improved production technology.” “Prior to about 1945, varieties were simply releases of plant introductions from the Orient or pure line selections from these. The calculated annual yield gain trend for pre-1945 releases was near zero. After 1945, varieties were developed from selection within the progenies derived from the planned hybridization of two parents. In effect, the implementation of a different breeding procedure caused a ‘quantum jump’ in yield potential of about 36% for maturity group II varieties based on 1943 trend line intercepts (Figure 1). The average ‘quantum jump’ considering all maturity groups was 25%!”

1983 Jan. 20 – The Wall Street Journal publishes an article titled “Monsanto scientists say they succeeded in inserting foreign gene into plant cells.” The author, J.E. Bishop, comments that this “would mark a major new development in the decade-old fi eld of genetic engineering.”

1983 April – Monsanto purchases Jacob Hartz Seed Co. (Stuttgart, Arkansas). Hartz fi rst produced soybeans for seed in 1926.

1985-1988 – Protection under the Utility Patent Act, related to plants in general and soybeans in particular, becomes more important (especially after 1988 amendments) than protection under the Plant Variety Protection Act of 1970 (Sibley 1991).

1985– Canada takes the lead, worldwide, in developing an identity preserved system for soybeans and other grains. This is used for “food-grade” soybeans, non-GMO soybeans, organically grown soybeans, etc. The pioneers in developing this system were Paul King and his father (who founded King Grain) and W.G. Thompson & Sons Limited (Blenheim, Ontario) (Cooper 2000).

1992 mid-March – An article in Soybean Digest titled “Breeders tailor soybeans for the 21st century” by Susan Davis states: “Biotechnology will also change the use of herbicides. By 1996 Monsanto expects the seed industry to release Roundup-resistant soybean varieties. Roundup-



resistant seed grown in the Midwest in 1989 and 1990 had lower than hoped for yields and tolerance. But introduction of new genes should enable researchers to develop varieties with a higher tolerance to Roundup. The goal is to have soybeans sprayed with Roundup to yield well while looking as though they haven’t been sprayed, says Xavier Delannay, Monsanto’s manager for applied genetics.”

1995 Mid-Feb. – An advertorial by Pioneer Hi-Bred in Soybean Digest states that low-linolenic acid soybeans are now available from Pioneer. They must be channeled into Pioneer’s low-linolenic identity-preserved (IP) program. Now entering its second year,…”

1996 spring – Monsanto launches Roundup Ready transgenic/genetically-engineered soybeans. It convinces the FDA not to regulate them or test them for food safety on the doctrine that they are “substantially equivalent” to regular soybeans. Monsanto’s theory is that when you introduce a new gene from another species into a plant, nothing else in the plant changes. Monsanto’s Roundup Ready soybeans have been implanted with a gene from a petunia which prevents the herbicide from killing the soybean plants while it kills every weed in the soybean fi eld. Monsanto hopes the new seed, mixed with regular soybeans, will be readily accepted in export markets. But many European countries refuse to take them, demanding that the FDA prove that they are safe in long-term use as feed and food. However American soybean growers quickly embrace the new technology. Within ten years of its introduction, the great majority of soybean acres in the United States were planted to herbicide-resistant, transgenic soybeans. The terms “non-GMO” and “not genetically modifi ed” are incorrect – even though they have come to be widely used. Ever since crop plants were domesticated, ancient farmers began to modify them to make them better. The earliest soybeans, for example, were viny and procumbent in growth habit. They had very small black seeds, which shattered (scattered). Farmers saved the seed of any soybean plant that grew upright, had larger seeds, and held its seeds longer – to plant next time. The new seeds were genetically modifi ed – naturally. Starting in the 1920s, when soybean breeders and geneticists began to breed better soybeans, they used what are now called traditional techniques of selection and crossing.

1999 Sept. 30 – The Wall Street Journal, in an article titled “DuPont Co.: Accord to purchase 80% of Pioneer is set to close,” states: Tomorrow, DuPont Co. is expected to close its $7.7 billion cash and stock purchase of the 80% of Pioneer Hi-Bred International Inc. that it doesn’t already own. A major chemicals company from Wilmington, Delaware,

DuPont is moving into the fi eld of seed biotechnology.

1999 Oct. – The United Soybean Board, in its “National report on consumer attitudes about nutrition – 1999-2000,” states: “Consumer perceptions of genetically modifi ed food, biotechnology, and labeling: Aware of the term “genetically modifi ed food” – 42% in 1999 vs. 48% in 1998; aware of “biotechnology” – 36% in 1999 vs. 41% in 1998. “Consumers continue to view biotechnology more favorably than genetically modifi ed. When asked if they would continue to purchase a product with these terms on the label, 71% said yes or maybe to the term biotechnology, while 58% said yes or maybe to the term genetically modifi ed.”

2000 March 31 – Monsanto, the world’s leading agricultural biotech company, merges with Pharmacia & Upjohn (a large pharmaceutical company), and the new company is renamed Pharmacia Corporation. During the year 2000 Pharmacia’s share price increased 72%. Monsanto’s products include Roundup, “the world’s best-selling herbicide, and leading seed brands such as DeKalb and Asgrow. Sales of Roundup and Monsanto’s glyphosate herbicides exceed those of the next six leading herbicides combined.”

2000 Sept. – Monsanto’s patent on glyphosate expires. The company meets generic competition with new proprietary formulations of its herbicide.

2004 Feb. – As predicted, weeds are developing resistance to the herbicide Roundup (glyphosate). Horseweed (marestail) is the main resister, followed by waterhemp. With time, more and more weeds develop resistance, which is often countered with the use of more and stronger herbicides.

2005 summer – The Non-GMO Project starts, certifying that certain consumer products do not contain any genetically-engineered ingredients. The Project’s widely-recognized logo with an orange butterfl y on a green “V” originated in the fall of 2007 – probably in September.

2007 July 1 – A long, important article in the New York Times titled “A challenge to gene theory, a tougher look at biotech,” by Denise Caruso, states: “Last month, a consortium of scientists published fi ndings that challenge the traditional view of how genes function. The exhaustive four-year effort was organized by the United States National Human Genome Research Institute and carried out by 35 groups from 80 organizations around the world. To their surprise, researchers found that the human genome might not be a ‘tidy collection of independent genes’ after all, with each sequence of DNA linked to a single function, such as a predisposition to diabetes or heart disease. Instead, genes appear to operate in a complex network, and interact and



overlap with one another and with other components in ways not yet fully understood. According to the institute, these fi ndings will challenge scientists ‘to rethink some long-held views about what genes are and what they do.’ The rest of this article is fascinating; read it!

2008 – 92% of all farmers growing soybeans in the United States grow genetically engineered soybeans. By 2012 about 95% of U.S. soybean acres are planted to genetically-engineered crops.

2012 Feb. – The number of glyphosate-resistant weeds, called superweeds, is growing rapidly. So far, in Iowa, three glyphosate-resistant weeds have been confi rmed: Waterhemp, horseweed, and ragweed. In the USA, 13 weeds are currently resistant to glyphosate, and 21 weeds are resistant worldwide (Corn and Soybean Digest, p. 18-19, 42-43). By 2012, herbicide use on herbicide-tolerant crops was increasing by about 25% a year (Benbrook, in Environmental Sciences Europe).

2015 – Altered Genes, Twisted Truth: How the Venture to Genetically Engineer our Food has Subverted Science, Corrupted Government, and Systematically Deceived the Public, by Steven M. Druker is published (528 p.). This is by far the best book seen to date on the problems with genetic engineering.

2016 Sept. 15 – Bayer AG of Germany has offered $66 billion in an all-cash deal to acquire Monsanto Co. The deals faces politically charged scrutiny.

2017 May – Syngenta and ChemChina merge, with ChemChina paying Syngenta shareholders about $44 billion. It is the largest ever acquisition of a foreign company by a Chinese company. Syngenta is the Swiss seeds and pesticides group.

2017 Aug. 31 – Dow Chemical and Dupont merge (in an all-stock transaction) to become DowDuPont, the world’s largest chemical company. The intention to merge was announced on 11 Dec. 2015. Within 18 months of the completed merger the company was split into three publicly-traded companies with focuses on the following: agriculture, materials science, and specialty products. The agriculture division is named Corteva Agriscience – which unites Dow and DuPont’s seed and crop protection unit, with an approximate revenue of $16 billion.

2017 Nov. – Whitewash: the Story of a Weed Killer, Cancer and the Corruption of Science, by Carey Gillam published (xiv, 305 p). An experienced researcher and writer, she argues convincingly that Roundup causes cancer – non-

Hodgkin lymphoma.

2018 Aug. 10 – A San Francisco jury fi nds that Roundup caused non-Hodgkin lymphoma in groundskeeper Dewayne ‘Lee’ Johnson. The jury awards him $39.3 million in compensatory damages and $250 million in punitive damages – to punish Monsanto. It was shown that Monsanto was aware of this risk but failed to notify users.

2020 June – An estimated 94% of the soybean acres in the United States are planted to genetically engineered soybeans.



ABOUT THIS BOOK

This is the most comprehensive book ever published about the history of soybean variety development. It has been compiled, one record at a time over a period of 42 years, in an attempt to document the history of this very important and interesting subject. It is also the single most current and useful source of information on this subject.

This is one of more than 100 books compiled by William Shurtleff and Akiko Aoyagi, and published by the Soyinfo Center. It is based on Bibliographyal principles, listing all known documents and commercial products in chronological order. It features detailed information on:

• 65 different document types, both published and unpublished.

• 4187 published documents - extensively annotated bibliography. Every known publication on the subject in every language.

• 195 unpublished archival documents.• 195 original Soyinfo Center interviews and overviews

never before published, except perhaps in our books.

• 9 commercial soy products.Thus, it is a powerful tool for understanding the development of this subject from its earliest beginnings to the present.

Each bibliographic record in this book contains (in addition to the typical author, date, title, volume and pages information) the author’s address, number of references cited, original title of all non-English language publications together with an English translation of the title, month and issue of publication, and the fi rst author’s fi rst name (if given). For most books, we state if it is illustrated, whether or not it has an index, and the height in centimeters.

All of the graphics (labels, ads, leafl ets, etc) displayed in this book are on fi le, organized by subject, chronologically, in the Soyinfo Center’s Graphics Collection.

For commercial soy products (CSP), each record includes (if possible) the product name, date of introduction, manufacturer’s name, address and phone number, and (in many cases) ingredients, weight, packaging and price, storage requirements, nutritional composition, and a description of the label. Sources of additional information on each product (such as advertisements, articles, patents, etc.) are also given.

A complete subject/geographical index is also included.



A&M = Agricultural and MechanicalAgric. = Agricultural or AgricultureAgric. Exp. Station = Agricultural Experiment StationARS = Agricultural Research ServiceASA = American Soybean AssociationAssoc. = Association, AssociateAsst. = AssistantAug. = AugustAve. = AvenueBlvd. = Boulevardbu = bushel(s)ca. = about (circa)cc = cubic centimeter(s)Chap. = Chaptercm = centimeter(s)Co. = companyCorp. = CorporationDec. = DecemberDep. or Dept. = DepartmentDepts. = DepartmentsDiv. = DivisionDr. = DriveE. = Easted. = edition or editore.g. = for exampleExp. = ExperimentFeb. = Februaryfl oz = fl uid ounce(s)ft = foot or feetgm = gram(s)ha = hectare(s)i.e. = in other wordsInc. = Incorporatedincl. = includingIllust. = Illustrated or Illustration(s)Inst. = InstituteJ. = JournalJ. of the American Oil Chemists’ Soc. = Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ SocietyJan. = Januarykg = kilogram(s)km = kilometer(s)Lab. = LaboratoryLabs. = Laboratorieslb = pound(s)Ltd. = Limitedmcg = microgram(s)mg = milligram(s)ml = milliliter(s)

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS BOOK

mm = millimeter(s)N. = NorthNo. = number or NorthNov. = NovemberOct. = Octoberoz = ounce(s)p. = page(s)photo(s) = photograph(s)P.O. Box = Post Offi ce BoxProf. = Professorpsi = pounds per square inchR&D = Research and DevelopmentRd. = RoadRev. = RevisedRPM = revolutions per minuteS. = SouthSANA = Soyfoods Association of North AmericaSept. = SeptemberSt. = Streettonnes = metric tonstrans. = translator(s)Univ. = UniversityUSB = United Soybean BoardUSDA = United States Department of AgricultureVol. = volumeV.P. = Vice Presidentvs. = versusW. = West°C = degrees Celsius (Centigrade)°F = degrees Fahrenheit> = greater than, more than< = less than



1. Read the Introduction and Chronology/Timeline located near the beginning of the book; it contains highlights and a summary of the book.

2. Search the book. The KEY to using this digital book, which is in PDF format, is to SEARCH IT using Adobe Acrobat Reader: For those few who do not have it, Google: Acrobat Reader - then select the free download for your type of computer.

Click on the link to this book and wait for the book to load completely and the hourglass by the cursor to disappear (4-6 minutes).

Type [Ctrl+F] to “Find.” A white search box will appear near the top right of your screen.

Type in your search term, such as genetically engineered or Monsanto.

You will be told how many times this term appears, then the fi rst one will be highlighted.

To go to the next occurrence, click the down arrow, etc.

3. Use the indexes, located at the end of the book. Suppose you are looking for all records about tofu. These can appear in the text under a variety of different names: bean curd, tahu, doufu, to-fu, etc. Yet all of these will appear (by record number) under the word “Tofu” in the index. See “How to Use the Index,” below. Also:

Chronological Order: The publications and products in this book are listed with the earliest fi rst and the most recent last. Within each year, references are sorted alphabetically by author. If you are interested in only current information, start reading at the back, just before the indexes.

A Reference Book: Like an encyclopedia or any other reference book, this work is meant to be searched fi rst - to fi nd exactly the information you are looking for - and then to be read.

How to Use the Index: A subject and country index is located at the back of this book. It will help you to go directly to the specifi c information that interests you. Browse through it briefl y to familiarize yourself with its contents and format. Each record in the book has been assigned a sequential number, starting with 1 for the fi rst/earliest reference. It is this number, not the page number, to which the indexes refer. A publication will typically be listed in each index in

HOW TO MAKE THE BEST USE OF THIS DIGITAL BOOK - THREE KEYS

more than one place, and major documents may have 30-40 subject index entries. Thus a publication about the nutritional value of tofu and soymilk in India would be indexed under at least four headings in the subject and country index: Nutrition, Tofu, Soymilk, and Asia, South: India. Note the extensive use of cross references to help you: e.g. “Bean curd. See Tofu.”

Countries and States/Provinces: Every record contains a country keyword. Most USA and Canadian records also contain a state or province keyword, indexed at “U.S. States” or “Canadian Provinces and Territories” respectively. All countries are indexed under their region or continent. Thus for Egypt, look under Africa: Egypt, and not under Egypt. For Brazil, see the entry at Latin America, South America: Brazil. For India, see Asia, South: India. For Australia see Oceania: Australia.

Most Important Documents: Look in the Index under “Important Documents -.”

Organizations: Many of the larger, more innovative, or pioneering soy-related companies appear in the subject index – companies like ADM / Archer Daniels Midland Co., AGP, Cargill, DuPont, Kikkoman, Monsanto, Tofutti, etc. Worldwide, we index many major soybean crushers, tofu makers, soymilk and soymilk equipment manufacturers, soyfoods companies with various products, Seventh-day Adventist food companies, soy protein makers (including pioneers), soy sauce manufacturers, soy ice cream, tempeh, soynut, soy fl our companies, etc. Other key organizations include Society for Acclimatization (from 1855 in France), American Soybean Association, National Oilseed/Soybean Processors Association, Research & Development Centers (Peoria, Cornell), Meals for Millions Foundation, and International Soybean Programs (INTSOY, AVRDC, IITA, International Inst. of Agriculture, and United Nations). Pioneer soy protein companies include Borden, Drackett, Glidden, Griffi th Labs., Gunther, Laucks, Protein Technologies International, and Rich Products.

Soyfoods: Look under the most common name: Tofu, Miso, Soymilk, Soy Ice Cream, Soy Cheese, Soy Yogurt, Soy Flour, Green Vegetable Soybeans, or Whole Dry Soybeans. But note: Soy Proteins: Isolates, Soy Proteins: Textured Products, etc.

Industrial (Non-Food) Uses of Soybeans: Look under “Industrial Uses ...” for more than 17 subject headings.



Pioneers - Individuals: Laszlo Berczeller, Henry Ford, Friedrich Haberlandt, Artemy A. Horvath, Englebert Kaempfer, Mildred Lager, William J. Morse, etc. Soy-Related Movements: Soyfoods Movement, Vegetarianism, Health and Dietary Reform Movements (esp. 1830-1930s), Health Foods Movement (1920s-1960s), Animal Welfare/ Rights. These are indexed under the person’s last name or movement name.

Nutrition: All subjects related to soybean nutrition (protein quality, minerals, antinutritional factors, etc.) are indexed under Nutrition, in one of more than 70 subcategories.

Soybean Production: All subjects related to growing, marketing, and trading soybeans are indexed under Soybean Production, e.g., Soybean Production: Nitrogen Fixation, or Soybean Production: Plant Protection, or Soybean Production: Variety Development.

Other Special Index Headings: Browsing through the subject index will show you many more interesting subject headings, such as Industry and Market Statistics, Information (incl. computers, databases, libraries), Standards, Bibliographies (works containing more than 50 references), and History (soy-related).

Commercial Soy Products (CSP): See “About This Book.”

SoyaScan Notes: This is a term we have created exclusively for use with this database. A SoyaScan Notes Interview contains all the important material in short interviews conducted and transcribed by William Shurtleff. This material has not been published in any other source. Longer interviews are designated as such, and listed as unpublished manuscripts. A transcript of each can be ordered from Soyinfo Center Library. A SoyaScan Notes Summary is a summary by William Shurtleff of existing information on one subject.

“Note:” When this term is used in a record’s summary, it indicates that the information which follows it has been added by the producer of this database.

Asterisks at End of Individual References: 1. An asterisk (*) at the end of a record means that Soyinfo Center does not own that document. Lack of an asterisk means that Soyinfo Center owns all or part of the document. 2. An asterisk after eng (eng*) means that Soyinfo Center has done a partial or complete translation into English of that document. 3. An asterisk in a listing of the number of references

[23* ref] means that most of these references are not about soybeans or soyfoods.Documents Owned by Soyinfo Center: Lack of an * (asterisk) at the end of a reference indicates that the Soyinfo Center Library owns all or part of that document. We own roughly three fourths of the documents listed. Photocopies of hard-to-fi nd documents or those without copyright protection can be ordered for a fee. Please contact us for details.

Document Types: The SoyaScan database contains 135+ different types of documents, both published (books, journal articles, patents, annual reports, theses, catalogs, news releases, videos, etc.) and unpublished (interviews, unpublished manuscripts, letters, summaries, etc.).

Customized Database Searches: This book was printed from SoyaScan, a large computerized database produced by the Soyinfo Center. Customized/personalized reports are “The Perfect Book,” containing exactly the information you need on any subject you can defi ne, and they are now just a phone call away. For example: Current statistics on tofu and soymilk production and sales in England, France, and Germany. Or soybean varietal development and genetic research in Third World countries before 1970. Or details on all tofu cheesecakes and dressings ever made. You name it, we’ve got it. For fast results, call us now!

BIBLIO: The software program used to produce this book and the SoyaScan database, and to computerize the Soyinfo Center Library is named BIBLIO. Based on Advanced Revelation, it was developed by Soyinfo Center, Tony Cooper and John Ladd.

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Soyinfo CenterP.O. Box 234,Lafayette, CA 94549 USAPhone: 925-283-2991 Fax: 925-283-9091 www.soyinfocenter.com



Howard Dorsett and David Fairchild (seated), 1938

Frank N. Meyer, plant explorer



Clyde M, Woodworth, 1936America’s fi rst Soybean Geneticist


© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020

1. Times of India (The) (Bombay). 1902. Improving Indian agriculture: Some recent experiments. Dec. 1. p. 6.• Summary: “In two previous articles we described the highly interesting experiments, now in progress at the Bombay Government farms established at Poona and Surat, in the improvement of Indian cotton... These farms are intended to benefi t Indian agriculture. “The Bombay government for many years enjoyed the services of Mr. J. Mollison, the present Inspector-General of Agriculture, a most experienced and practical agriculturist. Under his supervision the work of the farms was framed on lines which ensure that any discoveries made shall be of direct value to the ryots” [farmers]. “The seed store is the microcosm of the experimental farm, for there are gathered together specimens of every kind of grain and vegetable which is being tested. A single example will give an idea of the work which is in progress. Here are some half dozen sealed jars containing different varieties of the soy bean. This is largely utilized as human food in Japan, and is much richer in albuminoids than any other pulse. It is grown to a certain extent in Northern India, but the quality is far inferior to that produced in Japan. So Japanese seed has been procured, with a view to its acclimatization and substitution for the inferior Indian variety. “A curious circumstance transpired in connection with this particular bean. In one small area in the Central Provinces it was found that a kind was growing far superior to any raised elsewhere in India. Traced to its source, it was ascertained that this exception rose from fi ve seeds carried thither by a wandering fakir” [Muslim Sufi ascetic]. The groundnut is also discussed. Note: This is the earliest document seen (June 2020) that concerns soybean varietal development.

2. Piper, C.V. 1907. Re: Job offer at USDA. Letter to Mr. W.J. Morse, 402 Huestis St., Ithaca, New York, Feb. 16. 1 p. Typed, without signature (carbon copy).• Summary: “Dear Sir: Prof. Thos. F. Hunt has recommended you for a vacancy which we have in this offi ce. This position is on Arlington Farm adjacent to the city here and will involve breeding work with the grasses and legumes and also testing of a large number of miscellaneous new forage plants. For the fi rst year the position will pay

$900. I shall be very glad if you will write me directly in regard to this matter and would appreciate further information concerning your experience. It will be necessary to have the appointee on the ground by March 15th.” Note 1. This is the earliest document seen (June 2020) concerning William J. Morse and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Note 2. This is the earliest English-language document seen (June 2020) that uses the word “breeding” (or “breeder,” etc.) in connection with soybeans. Location: National Archives, College Park, Maryland. Record group 54–Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils and Agricultural Engineering. Subgroup–Div. of Forage Crops and Diseases. Series–General Correspondence, 1905-29. Box 92–Morgan-Morse. Folder #1–Morse, W.J. Sent to Soyfoods Center by Jacob Jones of Purdue Univ., Aug. 1998. Address: Agrostologist, in Charge of Forage-Crop Investigations, Seed and Plant Introduction and Distribution, Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, DC.

3. Ball, Carleton R. 1907. Soy bean varieties. USDA Bureau of Plant Industry, Bulletin No. 98. 30 p. + 5 plates. May 27.• Summary: See next page. This publication started a new system for naming soybeans, giving them common names such as Buckshot, Ogemaw, and Ito San. Contents: Origin and introduction of the soy bean. Variability. Classifi cation: Key to the varieties. Descriptions of the varieties (23–including the source of the name and the numbers and sources of lots grown, incl. Agrost. No. and S.P.I. No.): Black-seeded group (Buckshot, Nuttall, Kingston, Ebony, Flat King, Riceland), Brown-seeded group (Ogemaw, Eda, Baird, Brownie), Mottled-seeded group (Hankow {with patch or saddle, and usually eccentric lines or stripes outside the patch}, Meyer), Green-seeded group (Samarow, Guelph), Greenish-yellow-seeded group (Yosho, Haberlandt, Tokyo {incl. Best Green}), Yellow-seeded group (Ito San {“It has long and widely sold under the names, ‘Yellow,’ ‘Early Yellow,’ ‘Early White,’ etc.”}, Manhattan, Butterball, Amherst, Hollybrook, Mammoth). List of synonyms. Note 1. This is the earliest document seen (June 2020) containing a list and descriptions of early U.S. soybean varieties. Details on each of the 23 individual varieties discussed by Ball are given in separate records in this database with titles of the format “Buckshot: New U.S.

HISTORY OF SOYBEAN VARIETY DEVELOPMENT, BREEDING AND GENETIC ENGINEERING (1902-2020)



domestic soybean variety” (for Buckshot). Note 2. This is the earliest document seen (June 2020) which tries to standardize early soybean varietal names / nomenclature to prevent confusion. Note 3. This is the earliest English-language document seen (Feb. 2019) that uses the word “mottled” or the word “mottling” or the word “stripes” to describe the color of soybean seeds. Note that both the mottled Hankow and Meyer varieties came from China. “Classifi cation: The fi rst separation of the numerous forms or agricultural varieties of this species will naturally be through the colors of the seeds. The varieties having seeds of the solid colors black and yellow are by far the most numerous and most striking. The greens and browns are much less common and are also very variable in shade. The browns are of various shades of reddish brown and are also closely related to the mottled group. The yellows vary commonly into greenish shades, and any line drawn between the yellow and greenish yellow is only arbitrary. The yellows also vary into paler shades, and some have even been called ‘white’ in Japan. This is most noticeable in old seeds, but is never carried farther than pale yellow. It seems likely

that none of the legumes commonly cultivated in Japan can have pure white seeds, like our navy beans for example, or the term ‘white’ would never be applied to a pale-yellow form. All yellow soy beans gradually turn paler with age for at least three to four years, although some varieties are originally paler than others. Although the black group shows more variation in the size of the seeds, the yellow is much more variable in color shades... Figure 1 shows an attempt to represent graphically the relationships and importance of the various color groups.” Six color groups are recognized and described herein. Distribution numbers: Part I is “serial numbers under which soy beans were distributed by the former Division of Agrostology, with the name of the variety to which each has been referred.” Part II is a “list of the serial numbers under which soy beans have been distributed by the Offi ce of Seed and Plant Introduction and Distribution, with the name of the variety to which each is referred in this bulletin. Several S.P.I. numbers representing soy beans not studied by the writer are not included in the list. 3870–Hollybrook. 4285–Mammoth. 4912–Hollybrook. 4913–Amherst. 4914–Tokyo. 5764–Hollybrook,” etc. up to “17852–Meyer.” Note



4. One variety was often introduced several different times under different S.P.I. numbers, and that many varieties have an “Agrostology No.” [Number] separate from their S.P.I. number. Description of plates. “Origin and introduction of the soy bean (p. 7-8): The soy bean (Glycine hispida (Moench.) Maxim.) is an annual leguminous plant from the Orient. Its native home is said to be from southern Japan southward through eastern China and Indo-China to Java. In China and Japan it has been in cultivation for many centuries, certainly since before the beginning of the Christian era. In those countries it is easily the most important legume grown, and in some provinces it is the most important of all crops. Owing, perhaps, to the almost complete isolation of that part of the Orient, its cultivation spread only slowly to other lands. It is now grown to some extent in India, but its introduction there seems to be of recent date. It reached Europe probably in the latter part of

the eighteenth century, and its arrival in England is credited to 1790. For several decades it was grown merely as a curiosity in botanic and private gardens. Investigation of the economic value of this plant began more than thirty years ago in Europe, rather earlier than in this country, but the soy bean has not yet attained any great prominence there. “The soy bean has been known in the United States for more than three-quarters of a century. In the New England Farmer of October 22, 1829, Thomas Nuttall wrote of its possibilities as a crop for this country. For many years it was grown only in gardens as a curious plant from the Far East. The Perry expedition to Japan in 1853 brought back two varieties, a yellow and a red sort [azuki?], which were tested here in a limited way. “During the last twenty years the soy bean has been the subject of many experiments to determine its agricultural value and adaptations. The agricultural experiment stations of Kansas and Massachusetts were pioneers in these investigations and seed was imported directly from Japan by both stations. Through these efforts considerable interest was aroused, and two or three varieties soon became available commercially. The number of forms and varieties in this country was further increased by additional importations made by enterprising seedsmen. Since 1898 the Offi ce of Seed and Plant Introduction of the United States Department of Agriculture has secured from seven different countries of the old world no less than 65 different lots of soy bean seeds, representing about twenty varieties.” Page 2 lists the 28 people and divisions in the Bureau of Plant Industry. Beverly T. Galloway is chief of the Bureau. Merton B. Waite and Irwin F. Smith are pathologists. Walter

T. Swingle is physiologist in charge of plant life history investigations. Mark A. Carleton is cerealist in charge of grain investigations. David Fairchild is in charge of seed and plant introduction. Charles V. Piper is agrostologist in charge of forage crop investigations. Palemon H. Dorsett is pathologist in charge of the plant introduction garden, Chico, California. Note 4. This is the earliest document seen (Aug. 2011) that mentions Palemon H. Dorsett in connection with plant introduction or with soy beans. List of synonyms (p. 27): Adzuki = Ito San. Black = Buckshot. Brown Eda Mame = Eda. Crossbred No. 6 = Ogemaw. Early Black = Buckshot. Early Green = Guelph. Early Japan = Butterball. Early White = Ito San. Early Yellow = Ito San. Extra Early Black = Buckshot. Green = Guelph. Green Samarow = Samarow. Hollybrook =



Hollybrook [sic]. Ito San = Ito San [sic]. Japanese No. 15 = Kingston. Kaiyuski Daizu = Ito San. Kiyusuki Daidzu = Ito San. Kysuki = Ito San. Large Black = Buckshot. Late Yellow = Mammoth. Mammoth Yellow = Mammoth. Medium Black = Buckshot. Medium Early Black = Buckshot. Medium Early Green = Guelph. Medium Green = Guelph, Ogema = Ogemaw. Southern = Mammoth. Yellow = Mammoth. Yellow Eda Mame = Ito San. A color illustration (frontispiece, facing the title page) shows one or two views of the seeds of 22 different soy bean varieties, lined-up and numbered. Diagrams show: The probable relationships of the different groups of soy beans (block style; p. 10). The number of days required to reach maturity and the height of the plant in inches, with averages, for each variety of soy bean (graph plot; p. 13). The 1st plate, facing the title page, showing the seeds of 22 soybean varieties, is in color. Four full-page photos at the end show the pods (side view) and seeds (side and front views) of (typically) fi ve soybean varieties. Note 5. This is the earliest document seen (Nov. 2019) that mentions the following soybean varieties: Amherst, Baird, Brown Eda Mame, Brownie, Buckshot, Butterball, Ebony, Eda, Flat King, Guelph, Haberlandt, Kingston, Large Black, Manhattan, Meyer, Nuttall, Riceland, Samarow, Tokyo, Yosho. Note 6. This is the earliest document seen (June 2020) which states that Black, Early Black, Extra Early Black, Large Black, Medium Black, and Medium Early Black are all the same as Buckshot, or that Early Japan is the same as Butterball, or that Brown Eda Mame is the same as Eda, or that Early Green, Green, Medium Early Green, and Medium Green are all the same as Guelph, or that Yellow is the same as Mammoth. Address: Agronomist, Grain Investigations, USDA Bureau of Plant Industry.

4. Williams, C.G. 1908. The soybean. Uses, varieties, culture and harvesting. Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Circular No. 78. 8 p. March 25.• Summary: Contents: Introduction. Uses: Hay, silage, seed, soiling, pasture, improving the soil. Varieties: Introduction, Medium Green, Ito San, Medium Yellow, Medium Yellow, Mammoth Yellow, Medium Brown, Medium Early Black. Soybean breeding. Culture: Soils and fertilizers, seeding, cultivation. Harvesting: When?, implements, curing, threshing. The Introduction states (p. 1): “This station began experimenting with soybeans 14 years ago [1894] and has grown them continuously since, though much of the time in a small way. For several years past it has been growing upon the average, about fi fteen acres annually.” A table (p. 8) gives the composition, digestible nutrients, and fertilizing constituents in 100 pounds of eleven feed, including soybean silage, soybean hay, and soybeans (grain).

Concerning “Implements: In so far as the Ohio Station is aware, no thoroughly satisfactory implements for cutting soybeans are on the market. We have recently tried a new bean harvester–a two-wheeled implement with two, long, steel blades, between the wheels, which is supposed to cut the bean stalks at, or just below the surface of the ground, two rows at once, and windrow them–but have to pronounce it a failure so far as cutting soybeans is concerned. “The ordinary mowing machine with side delivery attachment, and the old time self-rake reaper are probably the best implements available. The mower without side delivery is fairly satisfactory if soybeans are cut as recommended, but if allowed to mature, the passing of the mower over the cut swath will work havoc unless they are damp. “If the crop is to go into the silo, the self-binder (wheat) will be found to be the implement needed for harvesting. The bound bundles handle very nicely.” Note 1. This is the earliest English-language document seen (Oct. 2016) with the word “soybean” (or “soybeans”) in the title. Note 2. This is the earliest agricultural experiment station publication (Oct. 2016) seen with the word “soybean” or “soybeans” in the title. Note 3. This is the earliest document seen (July 2013) that mentions the soybean variety Medium Brown. Address: Wooster, Ohio.

5. Piper, C.V. 1908. Re: Soybean nomenclature. Letter to Prof. A.T. Wiancko at Agricultural College, Lafayette, Indiana, April 16. 4 p. Typed, without signature (carbon copy). [1 ref]• Summary: “Dear Sir: I have your letter of the 10th inst. in regard to soybeans... In looking over the list of names from your bulletin I feel very confi dent that there are some errors of identifi cation. We are now using the system of nomenclature advocated by Mr. C.R. Ball in his recent bulletin [titled “Soy bean varieties,” May 1907], a copy of which you doubtless have. As we have accumulated at least 60 additional varieties of soybeans since that bulletin was written, you will appreciate that the old system of naming this varieties was altogether inadequate... Of your list however, the Early Black is Buckshot, Olive Medium is Eda, Medium Early Black is Nuttall, Early Brown is Brownie or more likely Brownie and Baird mixed. Number 1973 Dwarf Early Yellow is Ito San, Medium Green is Guelph, #12399 is Hollybrook, Medium Early Yellow is probably Amherst. I should appreciate it if you would look up your record regarding these different lots and if possible, supply the actual numbers under which they were received, whether Agrostology numbers or S.P.I. numbers. The varieties you have indicated are Very Dwarf Brown and Hankow we can not identify. I do not see how the variety you call Hankow can possibly be that as this variety is so late that it never matures seed here at Washington, in fact, we have entirely



lost our original supply of this and have only a small supply of seed that we recently obtained. If you could also send us a small sample of seed of each of these lots I think we can then clear up the matter entirely. “I shall take pleasure in sending you 6 lbs. of seed of each of the following varieties of soybeans and these will be shipped from the offi ce within a few days: #16789 near Hollybrook, Ebony #17254, Flat King #17252, Haberlandt #17263, Near Hollybrook #17862, Guelph (?) #19286, Tashing #20854, Hollybrook #17269.” “There can be no doubt that a good many cases of acclimatization are due to natural selection and there is distinct need of evidence to show that there is no such thing as acclimatization without selection, natural or artifi cial.” Note 1. This is the earliest document seen (July 2013) that mentions the soybean variety Tashing. Note 2. This is the earliest document seen (July 2013) stating that Dwarf Early Yellow is a synonym of Ito San. Note 3. In May 1900 W.J. Morse was working at the Arlington Farm, Rosslyn, Virginia. Location: National Archives, College Park, Maryland. Record group 54–Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils and Agricultural Engineering. Subgroup–Div. of Forage Crops and Diseases. Series–Correspondence with State Agric. Exp. Stations, 1899-1923. Box 12–Illinois-Indiana. Folder–Indiana Experiment Station–#1. Sent to Soyfoods Center by Jacob Jones of Purdue Univ., Aug. 1998. Address: Agrostologist, in Charge of Forage-Crop Investigations, Seed and Plant Introduction and Distribution, Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, DC.

6. Wiancko, A.T. 1908. Re: Soy bean nomenclature. Letter to C.V. Piper, Agrostologist, Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, DC, April 22. 2 p. Typed, with signature on letterhead. [1 ref]• Summary: “Dear sir:–I have yours of the 16th. concerning the nomenclature of soy beans, and thank you for your full explanation. I have not seen Mr. Ball’s bulletin, and would be very glad if you could send me a copy. Concerning the varieties of soy beans we have, I may say that the Very Dwarf Brown, Ogema, Early Black, Medium Early Black, Olive Medium, Ito San, Early Brown, Medium Green, Medium Early Yellow, Hankow, were all secured from the Evans Seed Co., West Branch, Michigan, in the spring of 1903, except Hankow, which was secured a year later. The varieties secured from the Department were all dropped except two. Two got mixed, and the others were the same as what we already had. In fact the number 12399 is the only really new one, as the Dwarf Early Yellow 1973 seems to be Ito San. “I should very much like to see greater uniformity in the naming of our seeds, and anything to that end will be welcome I assure you. I presume that it will be best to adopt your names in the place of those we have been using, except

perhaps in case of some of the Michigan varieties. We shall send you the sample of each of our varieties as suggested.” “Could you supply us with inoculating material for about a peck of seed each of alfalfa and soy beans? I have in mind that determination of the necessity of inoculation on a certain soil type which has not produced these crops.” Location: National Archives, College Park, Maryland. Record group 54–Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils and Agricultural Engineering. Subgroup–Div. of Forage Crops and Diseases. Series–Correspondence with State Agric. Exp. Stations, 1899-1923. Box 12–Illinois-Indiana. Folder–Indiana Experiment Station–#1. Sent to Soyfoods Center by Jacob Jones of Purdue Univ., Aug. 1998. Address: Agriculturist, Purdue Univ. Agric. Exp. Station, Lafayette, Indiana.

7. Piper, C.V. 1909. Re: List of 186 soybean varieties grown at Arlington Farm. Letter to Dr. G.C. Hopkins, Experiment Station, Urbana, Illinois, March 24. 1 p. Typed, without signature (carbon copy).• Summary: “Dear Professor Hopkins: I am taking pleasure in sending you herewith a list of 186 varieties of soybeans grown at Arlington Farm last season, together with brief notes in regard to the same. In view of the soybean work you are doing in Illinois, I thought you might be interested in trying out many of these varieties, the diversity of which indicates much greater possibilities in the crop than we had before realized. If you should be interested in the matter, I should be glad to supply you with seed in all cases possible for small plots. I am particularly interested in the ‘long legged’ varieties, which are going to permit of their being harvested very much more satisfactorily than any of the older varieties. In view of the enormous number of varieties I also regard it as important that they be tested for each part of the country so that only the best may be introduced. Otherwise, a multiplicity of varieties will get into the hands of the seedsmen which will cause a great deal of confusion.” Location: National Archives, College Park, Maryland. Record group 54–Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils and Agricultural Engineering. Subgroup–Div. of Forage Crops and Diseases. Series–Correspondence with State Agric. Exp. Stations, 1899-1928. Box 10–Idaho-Illinois. Folder–Illinois–#1. Sent to Soyfoods Center by Jacob Jones of Purdue Univ., Aug. 1998. Address: Agrostologist, in Charge of Forage-Crop Investigations, Seed and Plant Introduction and Distribution, Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, DC.

8. Hopkins, C.G. 1909. Re: Request for soybean varieties. Letter to C.V. Piper, Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, DC, March 31. 1 p. Typed, with signature on letterhead.• Summary: “Dear Professor Piper: I have your letter of March 24, which I am referring to Mr. [O.D.] Center. He will probably write you soon in regard to your very kind offer to



furnish us with some seed of different varieties of soybeans. “Personally I should be very glad to have two or three of these varieties tried upon my own farm in south-central Illinois, perhaps the Duggar or some other of the medium early varieties and the Wilson [black seeded] and Haberlandt of the medium varieties. I would like especially to try varieties with pods borne high enough so as to permit harvesting with a machine. If you can have two or three lots sent to me at Tonti, Illinois, I shall appreciate it.” Note: Handwritten on the bottom of the letter (probably by Piper) are: “8 Meyer 17852, 3 Sherwood 17862, 8 Jet 17861 [black seeded], 8 Cloud 16790” [black seeded]. Location: National Archives, College Park, Maryland. Record group 54–Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils and Agricultural Engineering. Subgroup–Div. of Forage Crops and Diseases. Series–Correspondence with State Agric. Exp. Stations, 1899-1928. Box 10–Idaho-Illinois. Folder–Illinois–#1. Note: This is the earliest document seen (Sept. 2013) that mentions the soybean varieties Cloud, Duggar, Jet, Sherwood, or Wilson. Sent to Soyfoods Center by Jacob Jones of Purdue Univ., Aug. 1998. Address: Soil Fertility, Agric. Exp. Station, Urbana, Illinois.

9. Center, O.D. 1909. Re: Request for soybean varieties. Letter to C.V. Piper, Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, DC, April 1. 1 p. Typed, with signature on letterhead.• Summary: “It seems as though this material has reached us at a very opportune time since we have been attempting for the past two or three weeks to secure a supply of some of the same varieties you have listed. “The growing of soybeans is taking a very decided increase throughout the State, and we are attempting as far as possible to encourage the growing of these legumes by the farmers in order to provide a concentrate to feed with the large amount of corn that is fed. We are particularly interested also in the ‘long legged’ varieties of which you speak.” “We feel that the main reason why the farmers of Illinois have failed to take hold of the growing of soybeans has been because of the diffi culty they found in harvesting.” “The ‘long-legged’ varieties will certainly aid in this matter.” He orders seed of the following varieties: No. 17523 Nuttall. 20407 Brindle. 17271 Haberlandt. 19183 Wilson. 17278 Hollybrook. 18259 Pingsu [black seeded]. 14954 Acme. 20405 Habaro. 20406 Chestnut. 20854 Tashing. 21079 Shingto. 17268 Duggar. 20412 Merko. 16789 Brooks. 17263 Amherst. 17852 Meyer. 18761 Jet. 17862 Sherwood. 22406 Hongkong [black seeded]. 17252 Flat King. 17254 Ebony. 21999 Taha [black seeded]. 22333 Baird. 17267 Hope. “We are extremely anxious to develop here on the Experiment Station Farm six or eight varieties of beans,

some one of which is suited to any section of the state.” Location: National Archives, College Park, Maryland. Record group 54–Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils and Agricultural Engineering. Subgroup–Div. of Forage Crops and Diseases. Series–Correspondence with State Agric. Exp. Stations, 1899-1928. Box 10–Idaho-Illinois. Folder–Illinois–#1. Note: This is the earliest document seen (Aug. 2019) that mentions the soybean varieties Brindle, Brooks, Chestnut, Habaro, Hongkong, Hope, Merko, Pingsu, Shingto, and Taha. Sent to Soyfoods Center by Jacob Jones of Purdue Univ., Aug. 1998. Address: Crop Production, Agric. Exp. Station, Urbana, Illinois.

10. Piper, Charles V.; Nielsen, H.T. 1909. Soy beans. Farmers’ Bulletin (USDA) No. 372. 26 p. Oct. 7. Revised in 1916. [10 ref]• Summary: Contents: Introduction. Climatic and soil requirements of soy beans. Varieties of soy beans (12): Mammoth (yellow); Hollybrook (yellow); Ito San (yellow); Guelph (green); Buckshot (black); Ogemaw (brown); Wisconsin Black; Wilson (black); Meyer (mottled black and brown); Austin (greenish yellow); Haberlandt (yellow); Riceland (black). The culture and planting of soy beans. The inoculation of soy beans. Soy beans for hay: Curing the hay. Soy beans for pasturage. Soy beans in mixture: Soy beans and cowpeas, soy beans and sorgo, soy beans and millet, soy beans and corn. Soy beans for ensilage. Soy beans for grain. Soy beans in rotations. Feeding value of soy beans: Feeding value for sheep, feeding value for dairy cows, feeding value for hogs. Storing soy-bean seed. Comparison of soy-bean grain and cotton-seed meal. Comparison of soy beans and cowpeas. Summary. The bulletin begins: “The soy bean, also called the ‘soja bean’ (fi g. 1), is a native of southeastern Asia, and has been extensively cultivated in Japan, China, and India since ancient times. Upward of two hundred varieties are grown in these countries, practically every district of which has its own distinct varieties. The beans are there grown almost entirely for human food, being prepared for consumption in many different ways. Their fl avor, however, does not commend them to Caucasian appetites and thus far they have found but small favor as human food in either Europe or America. “As a forage crop, however, soy beans have become of increasing importance in parts of the United States, especially southward. They have been tested at most of the State agricultural experiment stations, and it is clear that their region of maximum importance will be south of the red clover area and in sections where alfalfa can not be grown successfully. They thus compete principally with cowpeas, but as cultivation is usually required they fi ll a somewhat different agricultural need. Their culture has



greatly increased in recent years, especially in Tennessee, North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, Kentucky, and the southern parts of Illinois and Indiana [though no statistics are given]. It seems certain that the crop will become one of great importance in the regions mentioned and probably over a much wider area. The earlier varieties mature even in Minnesota, Ontario [Canada], and Massachusetts.” “Soy beans are also decidedly drought resistant, much more so than cowpeas, and but for the depredations of rabbits would be a valuable crop for the semiarid West. Rabbits are exceedingly fond of the foliage, and where they are numerous it is nearly useless to plant soy beans unless the fi eld can be inclosed [sic] with rabbit-proof fencing.” At the present time seven varieties of soy beans are handled by American seedsmen: Mammoth (yellow seeds), Hollybrook (yellow), Ito San (yellow), Guelph (also called Medium Green, Medium Early Green, Large Medium Green), Buckshot (black; a very early variety handled by

northern seedsmen), Ogemaw (brown), and Wisconsin Black. A detailed description, with a photo showing the seeds and pods, is given of each. The best of the new varieties, most of which will be available in 1910, are: Wilson (black), Meyer (mottled black and brown), Austin (yellowish green), Haberlandt (yellow; the seed is considerably larger than that of any of the other yellow-seeded varieties), and Riceland (black). “During the past three years more than two hundred additional varieties have been introduced from China, Japan, and India, most of which have already been suffi ciently tested to give some idea of their value. Many of the new varieties are so superior in various respects that they are certain to replace all of the above-named varieties except Mammoth and, perhaps, Ito San.” A table (p. 23) gives a nutritional analysis of seven varieties of soy beans: Austin, Ito San, Kingston, Mammoth, Guelph, Medium Yellow, Samarow. Illustrations (line drawings) show: (1) A typical soy-bean plant with leaves, pods, roots and nodules (p. 5, by Boetcher). (2) A bunching attachment on an ordinary mower for bean harvesting (p. 19). Photos show: (1) A plant of the Mammoth variety of soy bean (p. 6). (2) Seeds and pods of seven varieties of soy beans (full size; p. 8). (3) A man standing in a fi eld of the Mammoth variety of soy bean in North Carolina (p. 9). (4) Roots of a Mammoth variety of soy bean with characteristic nodules (p. 13). Note 1. This is the earliest document seen (Nov. 2016) stating that USDA has tested nearly 200 soy bean varieties during the past three years. Note 2. This is the earliest publication seen (April 1917) in which H.T. Nielsen is an author. Note 3. This is the earliest publication seen about soybeans (April 1917) in which H.T. Nielsen is an author. Address: 1. Agrostologist in Charge; 2. Scientifi c Asst. Both: Forage Crop Investigations, USDA Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, DC.

11. Indian Trade Journal (The) (Calcutta). 1909. Indian soy beans. 15(189):145-46. Nov. 11. Summarized in Agricultural Journal of India (Calcutta) 5:375 (1910).• Summary: “As long ago as 1885 the seed was tentatively grown as a possible food crop by the Agricultural Department at Nagpore; and the annual report of the agricultural stations in the Central Provinces, which has just issued, contains a reference to the cultivation of a small plot and to the absence of a local demand. Other provinces also made some experiments. In those days, the merits of the soy bean as a source of oil were scarcely recognised, and no demand for it on this account existed in western countries. Consequently the cultivator found small profi t and the agricultural authorities as little encouragement in their



attempts. But the crop was never quite lost sight of...” Tables show: (1) Analyses of the moisture and oil content of 14 soybean samples grown from seed of Japanese origin at the Manjri Experimental Farm showed that the products are of good quality, with 6 samples containing more than 20% oil. “The crusher to whom the samples were submitted” commented that 11 of the 14 were distinctly good, and those containing more than 20% oil better in this respect than the best Sakura Manchurian beans. (2) The range of oil content of soy beans grown in fi ve countries or continents, as quoted by the Reporter on Economic Products: China 17.60 to 26.18. Japan 13.36 to 25.55. Java 18.37 to 26.18. Europe 15.16 to 21.89. North America 18.42 to 19.52. (3) The yields per acre obtained in 1906-07 on various plots at the Manjri Farm averaged 660 lb, with a high of 1,166 lb. Address: India.

12. Piper, C.V. 1910. Re: Names of soybean varieties. Letter to Prof. A.T. Wiancko at Experiment Station, Lafayette, Indiana, April 11. 3 p. Typed, without signature (carbon copy).• Summary: “I have your letter of the 8th instant, relative to the ‘Medium Early Yellow’ soy bean and its identity; also your previous letter of March 23rd. I am sorry for the delay in this matter, but the case was a bit mixed and I want to be sure to straighten it out from our records before replying. In May, 1908, Mr. Nielsen, formerly with me, obtained from you a full set of the soy beans that you were growing, and all of which we grow. Mr. Nielsen’s notes, which seem to be amply verifi ed by the samples of the original seed and of the crop, were as follows: “Indiana name ‘Olive Medium’ proved to be the same as Ogemaw, S.P.I. No. 17258.” “Very Dwarf Brown” same as Eda, No. 17257. “Ogemaw” same as Eda, No. 17257. “Medium Early Yellow” same as true Hollybrook, No. 17278. “Early Brown” is a brown-seeded derivative of Ito San, which we are also growing as Early Brown, No. 25161. “Hankow” same as Flat King, No. 17252. “Medium Green” is correctly named, though we are now calling it Guelph, No. 17261. “Early Black” same as Buckshot, No. 17251. “Medium Early Black” same as Buckshot, No. 17251. “Ito San” same as Ito San, No. 17268. “Dwarf Early Yellow” same as Ito San, No. 17269 [sic, 17268 (?)]. “Indiana name ‘Medium Early Yellow.’ This was not the same as the Medium Early Yellow secured in 1907 from you, but it proved to be Ito San. We have, therefore, obtained two varieties from you under the name ‘Medium Early Yellow.’ That obtained in 1908 was Hollybrook; that obtained in 1909, Ito San. “Of the two samples that you now send, that labeled ‘Mammoth’ is in all probability correctly named. That labeled ‘Medium Early Yellow’ is Hollybrook, at least it matches seed of that absolutely and the sample of the seed of

the Medium Early Yellow obtained from you in 1908. What has been grown under the name ‘Medium Early Yellow’ by the Indiana Experiment Station is our S.P.I. No. 17269, and which apparently you have never grown. I am taking pleasure in sending you a pound of seed of it. “In regard to the Wing Seed Company, I had a little correspondence with Mr. C.B. Wing last fall. He sent in a specimen of a plant of a variety under the name of ‘Hollybrook.’ The particular plant he sent us was not Hollybrook at all, but seemed to me to be identical with our S.P.I. No. 17269, Medium Yellow. Mr. Wing was growing a good many varieties of soy beans last year that we had furnished, and I did not know but what this might have been a stray plant. In reply, however, he wrote me under date of October 12th, ‘The bean that we sent is one that we have been calling the Hollybrook, that being the name given by the Purdue University when we purchased it.’ It is quite possible that I may have been mistaken in identifying the plant that Mr. Wing sent me, but I do not think that such was the case. As I did not save the samples, I cannot now verify it. I am, however, writing to Mr. Wing, asking for a sample of the seed they are now advertising as ‘Medium Early Yellow,’ so that I may see what it is. The name I gave them for the sample that was sent me was Medium Yellow, adopting the name which the Tennessee Experiment Station had given to S.P.I. No. 17269. “In regard to the matter of cowpeas mentioned in your letter of March 23rd, I will write you within a few days.” Note: Trying to standardize soy bean names was very complex and confusing, but very important. USDA and state experiment station workers were still grappling with the problem as late as 1923. Location: National Archives, College Park, Maryland. Record group 54–Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils and Agricultural Engineering. Subgroup–Div. of Forage Crops and Diseases. Series–Correspondence with State Agric. Exp. Stations, 1899-1923. Box 12–Illinois-Indiana. Folder–Indiana Experiment Station–#1. Sent to Soyfoods Center by Jacob Jones of Purdue Univ., Aug. 1998. Address: Agrostologist, Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, DC.

13. Williams, Thomas A. 1910. La “soya.” La haba soya como forraje [The soy bean as a forage crop]. Boletin de la Sociedad Agricola Mexicana 34(15):292-95. April 17; 34(16):307-11. April 25; 34(17):331-33. May 1; 34(18):348-50. May 9. Translation of USDA Farmers’ Bulletin No. 58 (1897, revised 1899). [7 ref. Spa]• Summary: Contents: Part 1. Origin and general characteristics. Varieties. Growth. Illustrations show: Soy bean seedling with roots (p. 292, 294-95). A fl owering soy bean plant, with close-ups of pods and one fl ower (p. 293). Part 2. Cultivation. Harvest. Production and yield. Chemical composition.



Part 3. Digestibility. Value and uses: As pasture (como pasto), as ensilage, as hay. Part 4. As pasture (como pastura), as a plant for soil improvement, value of the seeds as feed. Summary. The entire 4-part document contains many non-original illustrations of soy bean plants. Note: This is the earliest Spanish-language document seen that uses the term “la haba soya” to refer to the soy bean. Address: Asst. Agrostologist, Div. of Agrostology, USDA (agrologista auxiliar).

14. Wiancko, A.T. 1910. Re: Names of soy bean varieties. Letter to C.V. Piper, Agrostologist, Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, DC, April 20. 2 p. Typed, with signature on letterhead. [1 ref]• Summary: “Dear Sir:–Thanks for your favor of the 11th containing information on the identity of the soy bean varieties we have been growing here. It is unfortunate that there is still so much confusion concerning the names of some of our most common varieties. It has been of considerable trouble to us in connection with securing seed for our cooperative experiments for which we seldom have enough of our own production. Nearly every year we buy seed and fi nd it to be something different from what we had bought it for. “I am not yet satisfi ed concerning the identity of the Hollybrook and Medium Early Yellow. It is quite possible that mistakes were made in the samples sent you under these names, in fact I think there is no doubt but what the sample sent you as Medium Early Yellow last year was Ito San because it proved afterward that the boys had gotten these two varieties wrongly labeled. The seeds sent you in 1907 I think were correctly labeled. It is certain at any rate that our Medium Early Yellow and Hollybrook are quite distinct varieties. “Mr. Wing secured seed of what we were directed to call Hollybrook (S.P.I. No. 12399) two or three years ago. “Concerning names in general, I should like to express the opinion that such names as Medium Yellow and Medium Early Yellow should not be used as they are more or less misleading and are not real names anyway.” Location: National Archives, College Park, Maryland. Record group 54–Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils and Agricultural Engineering. Subgroup–Div. of Forage Crops and Diseases. Series–Correspondence with State Agric. Exp. Stations, 1899-1923. Box 12–Illinois-Indiana. Folder–Indiana Experiment Station–#1. Sent to Soyfoods Center by Jacob Jones of Purdue Univ., Aug. 1998. Address: Agriculturist, Purdue Univ. Agric. Exp. Station, Lafayette, Indiana.

15. Parker, Edward C.; Hoagland, Ralph. 1910. The soy bean of Manchuria. Minnesota Farm Review 15(6):121-23, 138-39. June.

• Summary: Contents: Introduction. Soy beans the basis of Manchurian commerce: The only large cash crop. Original habit and limits of growth. Methods of production and transportation. Exports–local and foreign usage. Manchuria and world commerce. Imports of Manchurian products in the United States. Plant breeders should develop a soy bean for the American corn belt. Composition and feeding value of soy beans and soy bean cake. Fertilizing value of soy-bean cake. It is estimated that Manchuria produces about 50 millions bushels per year of soybeans. Photos show: 1. “Manchurian soy bean-cake awaiting shipment on the Japanese railway to the seaboard where steamers carry most of it to Japan to fertilize the rice fi elds. Small shipments go to America.” 2. “A station on the Chinese railways in Manchuria where native carts unload their stores of soy beans for shipment to the seaboard and thence through the Suez Canal to England.” An illustration shows the University Farm–St. Anthony Park. Several tables show the composition of soybeans and soybean cake. Address: University Farm, St. Anthony Park [Minnesota].

16. Agricultural J. of India (Calcutta). 1910. Cultivation of soy-beans in India. 5(3):277-78. Reprinted in Quarterly Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Bengal. 4:17 (1910). For the year 1910-11.• Summary: “Soy-bean should be grown as a kharif (rainy season) crop. The seed should be sown in June-July. The cultivation is similar to that of other pulses grown in India, e.g., gram, which however, is grown in the cold weather. The crop is ripe in October-November.” Detailed instructions for cultivation are given. “In a good year, the crop yields from 500 to 1,000 lb of grain per acre. In an experiment at the Poona farm in 1906-07 the average yield of different varieties introduced from Japan was 660 lbs. of grain per acre. The straw affords a very valuable fodder for all kinds of stock, who eat it most readily–(Editor).”

17. Agricultural J. of India (Calcutta). 1910. Cultivation and utilisation of soy bean. 5(4):375. Summary from the Bulletin of the Imperial Institute, Vol. 7, No. 1 (1910). [3 ref]• Summary: “A study is now being made by the Reporter on Economic Products to the Government of India of the composition of soy beans of established Indian races, with a view to the determination of the proportion of oil which they contain as compared with that contained in Manchurian beans. The quantity of soy beans at present produced in India is not suffi cient for the creation of an export trade, but there is ample evidence that the beans could be grown extensively if desired. “The introduction of the soy bean into India is of comparatively recent date, and the product is not grown to any large extent except among people of Mongolian races and particularly in Burma. Experiments on the cultivation



of the plant have been carried out at various times at Nagpur, Lahore, Madras, at several localities in the Bombay Presidency and at Saharanpur in the United Provinces. Further experiments, however, are required in order to prove that the crop would be remunerative before it can be safely recommended to the ryots.” Note: In 1947 Lahore was divided between India and Pakistan. It is not clear whether the soybean experiments in Lahore were conducted in what later became India or Pakistan.

18. Piper, Charles V.; Morse, W.J. 1910. The soy bean: History, varieties, and fi eld studies. USDA Bureau of Plant Industry, Bulletin No. 197. 84 p. Dec. 31. Includes 8 plates showing plants, pods, and seeds, and an excellent 6-page index. [27 ref]• Summary: Contents: Botanical history and identity of the soy bean. Botanical classifi cations of soy-bean varieties. Varietal characteristics of soy beans: Habit of growth, foliage, pubescence, fl owers, pods, seeds. Frost resistance. Period of maturity (soybeans were planted at the Arlington Experimental Farm, near Washington, DC, from 3 June 1905 to June 1909). Changes in life period (soybeans were planted at the Arlington Farm in 1902). Pollination and hybridization. Mutations. Nomenclature and classifi cation. Early agricultural history in the United States. Varieties introduced in the United States independently of the Department of Agriculture or previous to 1898: Enumeration, Ito San, Mammoth, Buckshot, Guelph, or Medium Green, Butterball, Kingston, Samarow, Eda, Ogemaw, or Ogema. Varieties grown in Europe (p. 32-33; Early history, Samarow, Etampes, Chernie [from Khabarovsk, Siberia], “Yellow Riesen,” Buckshot, “Yellow,” “Brown,” Butterball, S.P.I. No. 5039. European seed companies carrying soybeans include Dammann & Co., Naples, Italy; Haage & Schmidt, Erfurt, Germany; Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., Paris, France). The soy bean in Asia (p. 34-35): Asiatic sources of soy beans, list of varieties with SPI numbers from each of the following countries and places: Siberia (South Usuri [Ussuri], Khabarovsk, Merkoechofka), Manchuria (Newchwang, Harbin, Tieling), Korea (Pinyang, Ko-bau), Japan (Tokyo, Kobe, Yokohama, Hokkaido, Anjo), China (many places), Formosa (Taihoku), Cochin China (Saigon), India (Darjiling [Darjeeling] and Khasi Hills–Assam; Pithoragarh–Kumaon Dist.; Safi pur, Hasangani, Ranjitpurwa–Unao, Uttar Pradesh; Etawah, Manipuri–Uttar Pradesh; Cawnpore, Dehra Dun, United Provinces; and Poona Bombay), Java (Buitenzorg), Celebes (Macassar). Desirable characters in soy-bean varieties (p. 36-37): Considerations governing choice, habit of the plant (“Erectness of stem with upright or ascending branches is a prime requisite of a desirable variety. A tall habit is also important, as dwarf varieties usually bear pods very close to the ground, so that many will be left on the stubble...”),

coarseness (a coarse, woody stem makes mowing diffi cult. However slender varieties often have small pods and seeds, often with vining tips and a tendency to lodge), ability to retain leaves, color of the seed (“Yellow or green seeds are preferable to darker colors, as the shattered seeds are more easily found by hogs pasturing the fi eld or stubble”), shattering, resistance to disease (“In sections where nematodes and cowpea wilt occur most soy-bean varieties are seriously affected by both these diseases”), nonfi lling of pods. Synopsis of the groups (plants bushy vs. twining). Synopsis of the varieties (within each group lists the total number and acquisition numbers of varieties with various colored seeds and germs: Group I–190 varieties (seeds straw-yellow, germ yellow–71 varieties; seeds olive-green, germ yellow–45 varieties; seeds chromium-green, germ green–17 varieties; seeds brown to olive, germ yellow–28 varieties; seeds black, germ yellow–18 varieties; seeds black, germ green–7 varieties; seeds bicolored, germ yellow–4 varieties).