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Midterm Preparation DocumentThe midterm is a comprehensive test covering the first three units for History 20. In order to prepare for the exam, students must:

1. Review all the Chapter Summaries (pages 1-4).2. Review all the Thinking about History PowerPoints (pages 5-7).3. Review all of the Glossary Terms (page 8).4. Review the Logical Fallacies handout (slides 1-9) (see handout on course website).5. Write the Midterm Practice Tests on the course website (www.vcanada2.com).

Note: a series of mastery learning games and activities are available on the course website in the Midterm section. The midterm is a comprehensive exam; therefore, you must acquaint yourself with all of the information presented in this handout.

CHAPTER SUMMARIESChapter 21: The Industrial Revolution

1. The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the mid-1700s. The coming of the revolution was aided by a revolution in agriculture. Inventions improved the textile industry. Machines and workers were brought together in the factory system. As the Industrial Revolution unfolded, new sources of power such as the steam engine were developed.

2. Between 1850 and 1914, industrialization spread in Western Europe and the United States. Scientific research led to the development of technologies such as electricity and the internal combustion engine. Powerful corporations and banks provided the money to finance new industries.

3. Industrialization contributed to population growth, the rise of large cities, and the development of a new social structure. The early cities that grew up in the Industrial Revolution were overcrowded and filthy. Workers lived under terrible conditions, working long hours for low pay. The middle class expanded and enjoyed a comfortable way of life.

4. During the late 1800s, conditions improved for workers. In Britain, Parliament passed laws to limit the workday and to protect workers. Labor unions slowly won the right to organize workers and to strike in support of their demands. Conditions in the cities improved as well.

Chapter 22: Currents of Thought1. Philosophers, economists, and other thinkers proposed different ways to deal with problems

created by the Industrial Revolution. Laissez-faire economists thought that governments should not interfere in the economy because it was ruled by natural laws. Other economists thought reforms were needed. Utopian socialists and Marxist socialists argued that the capitalist economic system needed to be replaced.

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2. During the 1800s, scientists in many fields made discoveries that had long-lasting effects. Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution sparked a continuing controversy among scientists and religious leaders. Research about the causes of disease helped improve the lives of people. Discoveries in chemistry and physics laid the groundwork for major developments in the 1900s. The fields of sociology and psychology were born when scientists began to study society and human behavior.

3. Writers, artists, architects, and composers developed styles in the 1800s that showed their reaction to the Industrial Revolution. Romantics often rejected life in industrial society while realists tried to portray what that life was really like. Much painting and music of the period reflected feelings of nationalism. Advances in science and technology were reflected in skyscrapers that appeared on urban skylines.

Chapter 23: The Growth of Democracy1. During the 1800s, Great Britain became more democratic. First middle-class men and then

working-class men won the right to vote. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, Parliament passed laws to protect workers from some of the hardships of industrialization.

2. Parts of the British Empire demanded greater self-rule and political freedom. The Irish struggled to win the right to rule themselves. Canadians gained control over their own domestic affairs, becoming a self-ruling dominion in 1867. Australia and New Zealand won self-government and pioneered in several democratic advances.

3. France had to struggle to achieve a more democratic government in the 1800s. The Second Empire under Napoleon III began as a repressive regime, although Napoleon eventually allowed an elected assembly to exercise some power. After France was defeated in the Franco-Prussian War, the Second Empire collapsed, and the Third Republic was set up.

4. Territorial expansion, civil war, and industrial growth marked the 1800s in the United States. The nation spread across the continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific. In mid-century, divisions between the North and South over the expansion of slavery led to the Civil War. After the war, industries grew, and the United States became an industrial leader.

5. Late in the century, progressives campaigned for reforms to improve life in the United States. They wanted to end corruption in government, limit the power of trusts, and improve life for workers. Women and blacks struggled to win equality, especially the right to vote. As the United States became a leading industrial nation, it took a more active role in world affairs.

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Chapter 24: Triumph of Nationalism1. Nationalism helped unify Italy. Cavour and Garibaldi led the struggle to forge a united country.

Once united, however, Italy still faced major problems.

2. Prussia took the lead in unifying Germany. Under the firm hand of William I and Bismarck, Prussia fought Denmark, Austria, and France until it created a large and powerful empire.

3. Bismarck used his political skills to unite the Second Empire. He moved against the Catholic Church and socialists because he considered them threats to the empire. When William II became emperor, he directed German affairs himself.

4. During the 1800s, Russian czars maintained their autocratic leaders. Alexander II freed the serfs in 1861 and eased some of his predecessors’ harsh laws. When he was assassinated, however, his successors renewed repression. Russia’s defeat in a war against Japan helped trigger the revolution of 1815.

5. Nationalism created problems for the Austrian and Ottoman empires. The Austrians created the Dual Monarchy to satisfy the Magyars. But the other nationalities continued to demand greater autonomy. Ethnic groups within the Ottoman Empire broke away, further weakening that once powerful state.

Chapter 25: Africa in the Age of Imperialism1. Between 1870 and 1914, European nations carved up most of Africa. A variety of motives,

including nationalism, economic rivalries, and humanitarian concerns, sent Europeans to Africa in ever-increasing numbers.

2. Bitter rivalries among European nations in North Africa marked the late 1800s. Britain’s control of Egypt was challenged by France and led to the Fashoda incident. France took Algeria as a colony, while Italy gained control of Libya.

3. The end of the slave trade and the revival of Islam affected life in West and Central Africa. After King Leopold of Belgium gained control of the Congo Free State, other European nations, especially France and Great Britain, carved up West Africa. People in many parts of Africa resisted European expansion, but their resistance failed.

4. Southern and eastern Africa were also colonized by European powers. In the 1800s, the Zulu and the Boers fought for power in South Africa. Eventually, the British won control of South Africa. Britain, Germany, Portugal, and Belgium took over East Africa.

5. European rule in Africa affected African societies deeply. Most European nations governed their colonies through direct control, but Britain used indirect control, giving local leaders limited power. European rule helped to break down traditional African cultures but brought benefits such as more schools and better medical care.

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Chapter 28: World War I1. By the early 1900s, dangerous tensions existed among European nations. Increasingly, the

major powers sought allies to help them in the event of war. However, the alliance system that emerged only heightened tensions.

2. The assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand in June 1914 led to the outbreak of World War I. Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia for the murder. Efforts to resolve the crisis failed and Europe was plunged into war.

3. World War I lasted from 1914 to 1918. It involved almost all European nations, the United States, and Japan. Hopes for quick victory faded as trench warfare tied down armies. New weapons such as poison gas, tanks, and submarines were used with deadly effect.

4. Nations on both sides devoted all their efforts to achieve victory. In April 1917, the United States joined the Allies against the Central Powers. Later in 1918, the Central Powers collapsed one by one. The fighting ended in November.

5. Restoring peace in a world torn apart by war proved to be difficult. Each of the Allies had its own goals for the peace settlement. Wilson’s Fourteen Points had been accepted as the basis for the talks, but these guidelines were often ignored. The harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles (1919) created deep resentment among Germans.

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THINKING ABOUT HISTORYIntroduction: Thinking About History

Unit 1: Industrial Revolution & Currents of Thought

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Unit 2: Growth of Democracy & The Triumph of Nationalism

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Unit 3: Africa in the Age of Imperialism & The First World War

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GLOSSARY TERMS

Chapter 21: The Industrial Revolution & Chapter 22: Currents of ThoughtCorporation: a business owned by many investors.Adam Smith: a Scottish philosopher and economist and author of The Wealth of Nations. He contended that even though people acted in their own self-interest, society as a whole benefitted.Communism: a form of socialism in which there would be public ownership of all land and all other means of production.Bourgeoisie: the middle class and owners of the means of production.Proletariat: the working class.Social Darwinism: the application of Darwin’s theory of evolution to answer social, economic and political questions; it is the basis of so-called “scientific racism.”

Chapter 23: The Growth of Democracy & Chapter 24: The Triumph of NationalismMilitarism: the glorification of the military and a readiness for war.Otto von Bismarck: prime minister and minister of foreign affairs for Germany under William I. He was a conservative Junker and former military officer who believed in the importance of preserving royal power. He had no respect for representative government or for liberals. He became known as “chancellor” once German unification had been achieved.Autocracy: a government in which the ruler has unlimited power.

Chapter 25: Africa in the Age of Imperialism & Chapter 28: The First World WarSphere of Influence: is a region in which the imperial power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges, e.g. United States in Cuba.Imperialism: the domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region.Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire.Triple Entente: a “loose coalition” between Britain, France and Russia signed in 1907.Propaganda: the spreading of ideas or beliefs that further a particular cause or damage an opposing cause.Vladimir Lenin: a leader of radical revolutionaries in Russia during the Great War; he eventually led a second revolution in Russia by overthrowing the Provisional Government of Russia; he signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ending Russia’s involvement in the war.Treaty of Versailles: a treaty signed between Germany, France, England and the United States in 1919.League of Nations: an assembly of nations designed to prevent any future outbreaks of wars like World War I.