his 101 chapter 7b western european kingdoms
TRANSCRIPT
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WESTE
RN EUROPE
AN
KINGDOMS
50
0 -
80
0
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KINGDOMS OF WESTERN EUROPE
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GREGORY OF TOURS (538-594)
Considered himself a Roman
He ruled by right of birth and status
Spoke and wrote Latin
By the 7th century there came a break with the Roman past that was profound
200 years later—Charlemagne’s court sought to renew the empire of the Romans even though one could ride for 100 miles in any direction from Charlemagne’s castle and not find anyone who could read
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INCREASED REGIONALIZATION
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INSTABILITY
Temporary disruptions by Muslim raiders
Disruption of Roman systems of law, infrastructure and commerce
Movement away from urban centers to manorial lands in the countryside
Breakdown of coinage system
By 660 gold was too expensive to use as a medium of exchange
Trade, plunder, extortion
Rulers often lacked legitimacy and pattern of violent overthrow of one leader by the troops of another leader continued
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VISIGOTH KINGDOM
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CLOVIS I (481-511)
Converted to Roman Christianity (from Arianism) and obtained alliance with bishops in Gaul.
Defeated the Visigoths in 507.
Created a network of monasteries linked to the Merovingian Court.
Redistributed wealth from Southern Gaul to the Rhineland and northward to the North Sea through conquest.
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CLOVIS FIGHTS THE VISIGOTHS
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CLOVIS I (481-511)
Converted to Roman Christianity (from Arianism) and obtained alliance with bishops in Gaul.
Defeated the Visigoths in 507.
Created a network of monasteries linked to the Merovingian Court.
Redistributed wealth from Southern Gaul to the Rhineland and northward to the North Sea through conquest.
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MONASTERIES & LOCAL RULERS
Innovation in agriculture –heavy wheeled plow
Prosperity & Christianity made local chieftains legitimate
Chieftains—soon called “Lords” gave monasteries more independence and privileges
Siding with monasteries against local Bishops Permitting them legal authority over their own lands
Powerful Families Law of primogeniture Marriage alliances Church/ monastic affiliation
Opportunities for women to wield political power Freed from the role of sinful temptress Control over minds and bodies
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BEDE (673-735) CHURCH HISTORY IN BRITAIN
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HISTORIA ECCLESIASTICA GENTIS ANGLORUM
Completed in 731
Scope: 33 B.C.E. campaign of Julius Caesar to 731—includes both primary and secondary sources, oral and documentary history
Themes: How Christianity united diverse peoples in Britain National origins myth: English people were dynamically guided by
Providence from heathendom to Christendom
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BURIAL MOUND AT SUTTON HOO
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FALL OF MEROVINGIAN KINGS
Pepin (635-714) made himself the King’s right hand man and exercised royal authority as the Loyal Servant
Charles Martel (688-741) aka Charles the Hammer, illegitimate son of Pepin
defeats the Moors at the battle of Tours (733 or 734) Creates alliance with St. Boniface of the English Benedictines to convert the
Netherlands and central Germany to Christianity Loose connection to the Papacy through Boniface
750 Pepin the Short (Charles Martel’s son) seized the throne for himself Turned to the Pope for support Pope Gregory realized that alliance with powerful Frankish leader could help
him with his own enemies 751, Boniface (on behalf of Pope Gregory) anoints Pepin as King of the Franks
Ritual based on Biblical imagery from Old Testament when Samuel anointed Kings
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CHARLES MARTEL
Charles de Steuben,Bataille de PoitiersEn Octobre 782
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SAINT BONIFACE
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PEPIN THE SHORT
Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest, "Tomb Of Pepin 'the Short' ", accessed 8 Oct 2012, http://quest.eb.com/images/108_304112
Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest, "PEPIN THE SHORT (714-768). - King Of The Franks, 751-768. Detail From The Liber Aureus Of The Abbey Of Prm.", �accessed 8 Oct 2012, http://quest.eb.com/images/140_1660494
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CHARLEMAGNE (742-814)R. 12/25/800-1/28/814
Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest, "Charlemagne / Bust / Goldsmithery / C14", accessed 8 Oct 2012, http://quest.eb.com/images/109_101717
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Militarized state
Conquests against Lombards
Counts appointed to supervise new lands
Coinage system
Ruler of Christendom Kingly government is a sacred office designed by God
to protect the church, defend Christians and promote salvation
No kingdom can prosper if lives of its subjects are displeasing to God
PLUNDER, BOOTY & LAND
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• Controlled Bishops and Abbots
• Changed liturgy
• Prohibited pagan practices
• Imposed Holy Baptism on subjects
• Crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope on 12/25/800
CAROLINGIAN REFORMS
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Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest, "Coronation Of Charlemagne", accessed 8 Oct 2012, http://quest.eb.com/images/312_1013187
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• Classical learning is foundation of Christian wisdom
• Collating, correcting and copying Latin texts, including the Bible
• New style of handwriting: Carolingian Miniscule
CAROLINGIAN RENAISSANCE
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CAROLINGIAN MINISCULE
From 10th century manuscript of the Vulgate, Luke 1: 1-5
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Charlemagne succeeded by Louis the Pious
Upon Louis’s death, kingdom divided into 3 Western France Eastern France Germany
Civil War between Eastern and Western France 856 Kingdom at limit of power Not enough booty and plunder and land for the counts Viking raids
COLLAPSE OF CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE AFTER 814
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EUROPE AT THE DEATH OF CHARLEMAGNE
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THE VIKINGS 900-1100
Mid-twelfth century paintingOf Danish Seamen Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest, "Viking Ship In Museum",
accessed 8 Oct 2012, http://quest.eb.com/images/131_1388137
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VIKING RAIDERS
Vikings means “robbers”
Raided Europe and British Isles for Silver from the middle of the 9th century
PlunderRansomTribute collectionslaving
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• England, Scotland, Ireland and Northern France
• Normandy “land of the Northmen”
• 1066 Battle of Hastings
VIKING RAIDS 900-1000
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Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest, "Viking Chariot", accessed 8 Oct 2012, http://quest.eb.com/images/115_2844439
Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest, "Viking Sword / Hedeby (Haithabu)", accessed 8 Oct 2012, http://quest.eb.com/images/109_107901
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WHICH HEIR WAS ROME’S TRUE SUCCESSOR?
• Byzantium copied Rome’s fundamental legal and political institutions
• Muslim Caliphates combined the rich legacy of the Near East, Egypt and much of the Hellenistic world
Promoted commerce and cultural exchange
• Geographic and cultural Rome: most closely emulated by the Kingdoms of northwestern Europe
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INTERCONNECTIONS
Byzantium, Muslim Caliphates and Kingdoms of northwestern Europe developed their defining characteristics during the 6th and 7th centuries
Fruitful if uneasy relationships Italian traders active in Constantinople Muslim traders common in Southern Italy Anglo-Saxon merchants traded within the
Mediterranean Jewish merchants in Rhineland traded with Muslim
communities in Egypt Viking traders from Novgorod in Russia to Dublin
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WESTERN EUROPE
Began to share a new sense of common identityRoman Church as spiritual guidanceLook to fellow rulers for aid against invaders
Mobilized for war against Islamic Caliphates