a world divided: western kingdoms, byzantine...

ix

A WORLD DIVIDED: WESTERN KINGDOMS, BYZANTINE EMPIRE, AND THE ISLAMIC WORLD P17

Western Kingdoms P-17The Byzantine Empire P-18

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY P.6: The Expansion of Islam to 750 P-19

Founding of Islam P-19The Spread of Islam P-20

MEDIEVAL EUROPE P20Charlemagne’s Empire P-20

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT P.2: Charlemagne Promotes Educational Reforms P-21

Dissolution of Charlemagne’s Empire P-21Manors and Feudal Ties P-22

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY P.7: Medieval France, England, and Germany, Tenth through Fourteenth Centuries P-23

The High Middle Ages P-23Church Architecture and Universities P-24Growth of Centralized Monarchies P-24The Imperial Papacy and the Crusades P-24

LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD P25

BEYOND THE CLASSROOM P27

CHAPTER 9

THE WEST STRUGGLES AND EASTERN EMPIRES FLOURISH: THE LATE MIDDLE AGES, CA. 13001500 265ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL MISERY 266

Famine 266The Black Death: A Pandemic Strikes 266

PROLOGUE

THE WEST BEFORE 1300: THE ANCIENT MIDDLE EAST AND EUROPE TO 1300 P3THE ROOTS OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION P4

The Fertile Crescent: Mesopotamia and the Mediterranean Coast, ca. 3000–1000 B.C.E. P-4

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY P.1: Mesopotamia and Egypt, ca. 2000 B.C.E. P-5

Rule of the God-King: Ancient Egypt, ca. 3100–1000 B.C.E. P-6

The Growth of Empires, 1200–500 B.C.E. P-6

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY P.2: The Persian Empire, ca. 500 B.C.E. P-7

THE GREEK CONTRIBUTIONS P8

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY P.3: The World of the Greeks P-8

Origins of Science and Politics P-9Athens and the Classical Age P-9Peloponnesian War and Destruction P-9Beginnings of Philosophy P-10Spread of Greek Culture: Hellenistic World P-10

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY P.4: The Successor States After the Death of Alexander, ca. 240 B.C.E. P-11

The Successor Kingdoms P-11

ROME: FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE P12The Republic P-12Conquering the Mediterranean P-12

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY P.5: Italy, 265 B.C.E. P-13

Fall of the Republic P-13

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT P.1: Conspirators Assassinate Julius Caesar P-14

The Roman Empire P-15Judaism and the Rise of Christianity P-15Crisis and Transformation of the Empire,

192–ca. 400 C.E. P-17Did Rome “Fall”? P-17

CO

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x CO N T E N T S

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 9.1: The Spread of the Black Death 267

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 9.1: Agnolo the Fat Survives the Plague 268

Peasants and Townspeople Revolt 269

IMPERIAL PAPACY BESIEGED 271Popes Move to Avignon 271Things Get Worse: The Great Schism 271

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 9.2: The Great Schism, 1378–1417 272

The Conciliar Movement 273New Critics of the Church 273

MORE DESTRUCTION: THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR, 13371453 274

England vs. France 274

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 9.3: The Hundred Years’ War, 1337–1453 275

Joan of Arc 276

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 9.2: Joan of Arc Is Defi ant 277

Results of the War 277

RESPONSES TO THE DISRUPTION OF MEDIEVAL ORDER 278

William of Ockham Reconsiders Scholasticism 278New Literary Giants 278

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Illumination from a Book of Hours, Fifteenth Century 280

A New View: Jan van Eyck 281

EMPIRES IN THE EAST 281

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 9.4: The Mongol Empire, ca. 1300 282

Eastern Universalism: The Mongols 282

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 9.3: A Franciscan Missionary Goes to China 283

The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1566 284

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 9.5: The Ottoman Empire,1300–1566 285

Russia: The Third Rome 285

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 9.6: The Rise of Moscow, 1325–1533 286

BIOGRAPHY: Vlad III Dracula (the Impaler), King of Wallachia (1431–1476) 287

LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD 288

CHAPTER 10

A NEW SPIRIT IN THE WEST: THE RENAISSANCE, CA. 13001640 291A NEW SPIRIT EMERGES: INDIVIDUALISM, REALISM, AND ACTIVISM 292

The Renaissance: A Controversial Idea 292Why Italy? 293A Multifaceted Movement 293Humanism: The Path to Self-Improvement 294The Generosity of Patrons: Supporting

New Ideas 295

BIOGRAPHY: Isabella d’Este (1474–1539) 296

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 10.1: Isabella d’Este Implores Leonardo da Vinci to Paint for Her 297

The Invention of the Printing Press: Spreading New Ideas 297

THINKING ABOUT SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: An Information Revolution: The Printing Press 298

THE POLITICS OF INDIVIDUAL EFFORT 298The Italian City-States 298

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 10.1: Italy in 1454 299

Florence: Birthplace of the Renaissance 299Venice: The Serene Republic? 300

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CHAPTER 11

“ALONE BEFORE GOD”: RELIGIOUS REFORM AND WARFARE, 15001648 323THE CLASH OF DYNASTIES, 15151555 324

Land-Hungry Monarchs 324The Changing Rules of Warfare 324

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 11.1: Europe in 1526—Habsburg-Valois Wars 325

THINKING ABOUT SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: Destruction and Amusement: The Development and Uses of Gunpowder 326

Winners and Losers 327

BIOGRAPHY: Martin Guerre (1524–1594) 328The Habsburg-Valois Wars, 1521–1544 329

A TIDE OF RELIGIOUS REFORM 329The Best Path to Salvation? 329Desiderius Erasmus: “Prince of Humanists” 330Luther’s Revolution 330

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 11.1: Germans Rage Against Papal Exploitation 331

Protestant Religious Ideas 332The Reformed Church Takes Root in Germany 333Bringing Reform to the States in Switzerland 334Anabaptists: The Radical Reformers 335Calvinism and the Growing Middle Class 335

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 11.2: Marie Dentière Defends Reformation Women’s Rights 336

Henry VIII and the English Church 337

THE CATHOLIC REFORMATION 340The Stirring of Reform in Spain 340

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 11.2: Religions in Europe, ca. 1600 341

The Society of Jesus 342

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 11.3: Ignatius Loyola Argues for Education as a Solution 343

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 10.2: Friar Savonarola Ignites a “Bonfi re of the Vanities” 301

Milan and Naples: Two Principalities 301

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 10.2: The Venetian Empire in the Fifteenth Century 302

The Papal States 303The Art of Diplomacy 304

INDIVIDUALISM AS SELFINTEREST: LIFE DURING THE RENAISSANCE 305

Growing Intolerance 305Economic Boom Times 305Slavery Revived 306Finding Comfort in Family 307Children’s Lives 308

AN AGE OF TALENT AND BEAUTY: RENAISSANCE CULTURE AND SCIENCE 309

Artists and Artisans 309Architecture: Echoing the Human Form 309Sculpture Comes into Its Own 311Painting from a New Perspective 312

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Raphael, School of Athens, 1510–1511 313

Celestial Music of Human Emotions 313Science or Pseudoscience? 314Leonardo da Vinci: The “Renaissance Man” 314

RENAISSANCE OF THE “NEW MONARCHIES” OF THE NORTH, 14531640 315

France: Under the Italian Infl uence 315Visual Arts in Northern Europe 316

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 10.3: France in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries 317

English Humanism 317

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 10.3: A Courtier Describes a Suspicious King—Louis the Spider 318

Renaissance London: A Booming City 319England’s Pride: William Shakespeare 319


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xii CO N T E N T S

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 12.1: Amerigo Vespucci Describes the New World 366

The Northern Europeans Join the Race, 1497–1650 366

CONFRONTATION OF CULTURES 367The Original Americans South of the Rio Grande 367

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 12.2: European Expansion, ca. 1700 368

The Original Northern Americans 369

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 12.3: Indigenous Peoples and Empires in the Americas, ca. 1500 370

Early Contacts 371Conquest of the Great Empires, 1520–1550 371North American Contacts 372

GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Inca Empire Falls 373

Life and Death Under European Rule, 1550–1700 374The African Slave Trade 375Gathering Souls in the New Lands 377

THE WORLD MARKET AND COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION 378

High Prices and Profi ts: Trading on the World Stage 378

The Rise of Commercial Capitalism 379

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 12.2: Thomas Mun Praises Trade 380

Mercantilism: Controlling the Balance of Trade 381The Growth of Banking 381The Danger of Overspending: Spain

Learns a Lesson 381Redefi ning Work Roles 382Piracy: Banditry on a World Scale, 1550–1700 382

BIOGRAPHY: Maria Sibylla Merian (1647–1717) 383

THE WORLD TRANSFORMED 384European Culture Spreads 384European Culture Transformed 385

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Festival Scene Painted on a Screen, Mexico, ca. 1650 386

A New Worldview 387


The Council of Trent, 1545–1563 343Catholics on the Off ense 344

EUROPE ERUPTS AGAIN: A CENTURY OF RELIGIOUS WARFARE, 15591648 346

French Wars of Religion, 1562–1598 346A “Council of Blood” in the Netherlands,

1566–1609 347The Thirty Years’ War, 1618–1648 348

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 11.3: The Thirty Years’ War, 1618–1648 350

Peace at Westphalia 351

LIFE AFTER THE REFORMATION 351New Defi nitions of Courtship and Marriage 351

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 11.4: Europe, 1648 352

Forging a Link Between Education and Work 353Anxiety and Spiritual Insecurity 354Searching for Scapegoats: The Hunt for Witches 354


CHAPTER 12

FAITH, FORTUNE, AND FAME: EUROPEAN EXPANSION, 14501700 359THE WORLD IMAGINED 360

The Lure of the East 360Imagined Peoples 361Ptolemy’s Map 361

THE WORLD DISCOVERED 361Fame, Fortune, and Faith: The Drive to Explore 361New Technologies and Travel 362The Portuguese Race for the East, 1418–1600 363

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 12.1: Exploration and Conquest, Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries 364

Spain’s Westward Discoveries, 1492–1522 364

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CO N T E N T S xiii

Protestantism Revitalized 410James I Invokes the Divine Right of Kings 411Charles I Alienates Parliament 411

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 13.4: The English Civil War, 1642–1649 412

“God Made Men and the Devil Made Kings”: Civil War, 1642–1649 412

The King Laid Low 413A Puritan Republic Is Born: The

Commonwealth, 1649–1660 414Who Has the Power to Rule? 415The Monarchy Restored, 1660–1688 416The Glorious Revolution 417Royalism Reconsidered: John Locke 417

BIOGRAPHY: Samuel Pepys (1633–1703) 418The Netherlands Maintain a Republic 419

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 13.5: The United Provinces and the Spanish Netherlands, 1609 419

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 13.3: An Ambassador Describes the Dutch Government 420


CHAPTER 14

A NEW WORLD OF REASON AND REFORM: THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION AND THE ENLIGHTENMENT, 16001800 425QUESTIONING TRUTH AND AUTHORITY 426

Reasoning and Technology: East and West 426The Old View 426Undermining the Old View 427

DEVELOPING A MODERN SCIENTIFIC VIEW 428Astronomy and Physics: From Copernicus to

Newton 428

CHAPTER 13

THE STRUGGLE FOR SURVIVAL AND SOVEREIGNTY: EUROPE’S SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ORDER, 16001715 391STRESSES IN TRADITIONAL SOCIETY 392

Mounting Demands on Rural Life 392

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Louis le Nain, The Cart, 1641 393

Pressures on the Upper Orders 394

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 13.1: Bishop Bossuet Justifi es Monarchical Absolutism 395

ROYAL ABSOLUTISM IN FRANCE 395Henry IV Secures the Monarchy 396Richelieu Elevates Royal Authority 396Mazarin Overcomes the Opposition 397The Sun King Rises 397

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 13.2: Louis XIV Describes Monarchical Rights and Duties 398

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 13.1: France Under Louis XIV, 1661–1715 402

THE STRUGGLE FOR SOVEREIGNTY IN EASTERN EUROPE 403

Centralizing the State in Brandenburg-Prussia 403

Austria Expands Its Control 403The Ottoman Challenge 403

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 13.2: Central and Eastern Europe, 1648 404

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 13.3: Central and Eastern Europe, 1640–1725 405

Russia and Its Tsars Gain Prominence 406The Victory of the Nobility in Poland 407

GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Rise and Fall of the Mughal Empire in India 408

THE TRIUMPH OF CONSTITUTIONALISM 409The Nobility Loses Respect 409

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THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 15.1: Landlords and Serfs in Russia 455

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 15.2: The Expansion of Russia and the Partition of Poland, 1721–1795 456

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 15.3: Prussia and the Austrian Empire, 1721–1772 458

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 15.2: Austria’s Empress Explains the Diplomatic Revolution 459

Warfare in the Eighteenth Century 459Western Europe and the Great Colonial Rivalry 460

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 15.4: Overseas Colonies and Trade, 1740 461

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 15.3: Olaudah Equiano Describes the Middle Passage 465

GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Western Africa, Brazil, and the Atlantic Slave Trade 467

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 15.5: India, 1756–1805 468

THE TWILIGHT OF MONARCHIES? THE QUESTION OF ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM 468

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 15.6 AND 15.7: North America, 1755 and 1763 469

CHANGES IN COUNTRY AND CITY LIFE 471The Agricultural Revolution 471Manufacturing Spreads in the Countryside:

Cottage Industry 472

THINKING ABOUT SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: The Golden Age of Canals 473

More People, Longer Lives 474Deepening Misery for the Poor 474Prosperity and the Bourgeoisie 475

THE CULTURE OF THE ELITE: COMBINING THE OLD AND THE NEW 476

The Advent of the Modern Novel 476Pride and Sentiment in Art and Architecture 476Reaching New Heights in Music 477

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Jean-Baptiste Greuze, The Father’s Curse, ca. 1778 478

The Grand Tour 478

CULTURE FOR THE LOWER CLASSES 478Festivals and Popular Literature 478

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 14.1: Kepler and Galileo Exchange Letters About Science 430

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 14.2: Isaac Newton: God in a Scientifi c Universe 431

The Revolution Spreads: Medicine, Anatomy, and Chemistry 432

The Methodology of Science Emerges 433

SUPPORTING AND SPREADING SCIENCE 434Courts and Salons 435The Rise of Royal Societies 435Religion and the New Science 435The New Worldview 436

LAYING THE FOUNDATIONS FOR THE ENLIGHTENMENT 436

Science Popularized 436Skepticism and Religion 438Eastern Customs and Criticism of Authority 439

THE ENLIGHTENMENT IN FULL STRIDE 439The Philosophes 439

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 14.3: Condorcet Lauds the Power of Reason 440

The Encyclopedia 441Battling the Church 441Reforming Society 442

BIOGRAPHY: Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) 444

The Culture and Spread of the Enlightenment 445

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Léonard Defrance, At the Shield of Minerva, 1781 447


CHAPTER 15

COMPETING FOR POWER AND WEALTH: THE OLD REGIME, 17151789 451STATEBUILDING AND WAR 452

Rising Ambitions in Eastern Europe 452

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THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 16.2: The Jacobins’ Revolutionary Politics 498

The Terror 499

BIOGRAPHY: Manon Roland (1754–1793) 500The Republic of Virtue 501

The Revolution Spreads Outside of France 503

Resistance to the Republic Rises 503

Reaction: The “White” Terror and the Directory 504

NAPOLEON BONAPARTE 505Napoleon’s Rise to Power 505

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 16.3: France and Its Sister Republics 506

Napoleon Consolidates Control 507

Reforming France 507

Creating the Empire 507

War and Conquest 508

The Impact Overseas 509


THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 16.3: Napoleon Issues an Imperial Decree at Madrid 511

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 16.5: Latin America After Independence 512

Decline and Fall 512

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Francisco de Goya, The Executions of the Third of May, 1808 513


CHAPTER 17

FACTORIES, CITIES, AND FAMILIES IN THE INDUSTRIAL AGE: THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION, 1780–1850 517THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BEGINS 518

Why the West and Not the East 519

Britain’s Unique Set of Advantages 519

BIOGRAPHY: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791) 479

Gin and Beer 480

Religious Revivals 480

FORESHADOWING UPHEAVAL: THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 481

Insults, Interests, and Principles: The Seeds of Revolt 481

A War for Independence 482

Creating the New Nation 482


THE WORLD & THE WEST: Moving into the Modern World 484

CHAPTER 16

OVERTURNING THE POLITICAL AND SOCIAL ORDER: THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON, 1789–1815 487“A GREAT FERMENT”: TROUBLE BREWING IN FRANCE 488

The Financial Crisis Weakens the Monarchy 488

The Underlying Causes of the Revolution 488

The Tennis Court Oath 490

Storming the Bastille 491

The End of the Old Order 492

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 16.1: New Laws End the Feudal System in France 493

THE CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY: ESTABLISHING A NEW ORDER 494

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 16.1 AND 16.2: Reorganizing France in 1789 495

The King Discredited 495

Reactions Outside France 496

TO THE RADICAL REPUBLIC AND BACK 496War and the Breakdown of Order 497

Radical Republicans Struggle for Power 497

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Seeking Medical Care 537

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 17.3: The Spread of a Cholera Epidemic 538

Promising Developments for Public Health 539

FAMILY IDEALS AND REALITIES 539Middle-Class Ideals: Aff ection, Children, and

Privacy 539Separate Spheres: Changing Roles for Middle-Class

Women and Men 540

BIOGRAPHY: The Cadburys 542

Working-Class Realities 542Prostitution 543Stress and Survival in the Working Classes 544


CHAPTER 18

COPING WITH CHANGE: IDEOLOGY, POLITICS, AND REVOLUTION, 18151850 547THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA: A GATHERING OF VICTORS 548

The Concert of Europe: Securing the Vienna Settlement 549


IDEOLOGIES: HOW THE WORLD SHOULD BE 551

Conservatism: Restoring the Traditional Order 551

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 18.1: A Conservative Theorist Attacks Political Reform 552

Liberalism: Individual Freedom and Political Reform 552

Nationalism: A Common Identity and National Liberation 553

GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Cross-Cultural Misunderstandings: China and Great Britain 520

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 17.1: Eighteenth-Century England 521

A Revolution in Agriculture 522

NEW MARKETS, MACHINES, AND POWER 522The Rising Demand for Goods 522Cotton Leads the Way 522

THINKING ABOUT SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: The Electric Motor 523

Iron: New Processes Transform Production 524The Steam Engine and the Factory System 524

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 17.1: Andrew Ure Defends Industrial Capitalism 525

Coal: Fueling the Revolution 525Railroads: Carrying Industrialization Across the

Land 525

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: William Powell Frith, The Railway Station, 1862 527

Britain’s Triumph: The Crystal Palace Exhibition 528

INDUSTRIALIZATION SPREADS TO THE CONTINENT 528

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 17.2: The Industrial Revolution in Europe, 1850 530

BALANCING THE BENEFITS AND BURDENS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION 530

The Middle Class 531The Working Classes 531

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 17.2: Factory Owners Establish Discipline for Workers 532

Developing Working-Class Consciousness 533

LIFE IN THE GROWING CITIES 534The Promise and Pitfalls of Work in the Cities 534Living with Urban Growth 535Worrying About Urban Society: Rising Crime 535

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 17.3: A Middle-Class Reformer Describes Workers’ Housing 536

PUBLIC HEALTH AND MEDICINE IN THE INDUSTRIAL AGE 536

The Danger of Disease 536

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CHAPTER 19

NATIONALISM AND STATEBUILDING: UNIFYING NATIONS, 18501870 577BUILDING UNIFIED NATIONSTATES 578

THE DRIVE FOR ITALIAN UNIFICATION 578

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 19.1: Garibaldi Appeals to Italians for Support 580

GERMANY “BY BLOOD AND IRON” 580

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Garibaldi Landing in Sicily 581

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 19.1: The Unifi cation of Italy 582

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 19.2: Bismarck Masters Politics in Prussia 583

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 19.2: The Unifi cation of Germany 584

THE FIGHT FOR NATIONAL UNITY IN NORTH AMERICA 585

DIVIDED AUTHORITY IN THE AUSTRIAN AND OTTOMAN EMPIRES 586

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 19.3: Language Groups of Austria-Hungary 587

USING NATIONALISM IN FRANCE AND RUSSIA 587

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 19.4: The Decline of the Ottoman Empire, 1683–1914 588

Napoleon III and the Second Empire 588Alexander II and Russia 589

BIOGRAPHY: Florence Nightingale (1820–1910) 590

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 19.3: A Serf Reacts to the Russian Emancipation Proclamation 593


BIOGRAPHY: John Stuart Mill (1806–1873) and Harriet Taylor (1807–1858) 554

Romanticism: Freedom, Instinct, and Spontaneity 556

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Karl Friedrich Schinkel, Medieval Town on a River, 1815 558

Early Socialism: Ending Competition and Inequities 559

“Scientifi c Socialism”: Karl Marx and The Communist Manifesto 560

RESTORATION AND REPRESSION 561The Return of the Bourbons in France 561Reaction and Repression in the German

States 562Restoration in Italy 562Conservatism in Russia 563Holding the Line in Great Britain 563

A WAVE OF REVOLUTION AND REFORM 564

The Greek War for Independence 564Liberal Triumphs in Western Europe 565Testing Authority in Eastern and Southern

Europe 566Liberal Demands in Great Britain 566

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 18.2: European Revolts, 1820–1831 567

THE DAM BURSTS, 1848 568The “Glory Days” 568

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 18.2: France’s Provisional Government Issues Decrees 570

The Return to Order 571

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 18.3: European Revolts, 1848–1849 571

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 18.3: German Liberals and Nationalists Rally for Reform 572

What Happened? 573


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THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 20.3: Imperialism in Africa, 1914 615

Establishing Control in Asia 616

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 20.4: The Middle East and Central Asia, 1850–1914 617

GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Opium and the West in China 619

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 20.5: Imperialism in Asia, 1840–1914 620

The Legacy of Imperialism 622


CHAPTER 21

MODERN LIFE AND THE CULTURE OF PROGRESS: WESTERN SOCIETY, 18501914 625THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 626

Steel Leads the Way 626New Transportation and

Communication Networks 627The Birth of Big Business 627The Lure of Shopping 628Western and Non-Western Worlds: The Race for

Wealth 628

GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Economic Transformation in Latin America 629

THE NEW URBAN LANDSCAPE 630Rebuilding Cities 630Sewers and Subways 630

CITY PEOPLE 630On Top of It All: The Urban Elite 631Pride and Success: The “Solid” Middle Class 631

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 21.1: John Stuart Mill Argues for Women’s Rights 632

Hardworking and Hopeful: The Lower Middle Class 632

CHAPTER 20

MASS POLITICS AND IMPERIAL DOMINATION: DEMOCRACY AND THE NEW IMPERIALISM, 18701914 597DEMANDS FOR DEMOCRACY 598

Liberal Democracy in Western Europe 598For and Against Democracy in Central and Eastern

Europe 600

INSIDERS AND OUTSIDERS: POLITICS OF THE EXTREMES 601

The Spread of Unions 602Socialism Gains Strength 602Anarchism: Freedom from All Authority 603Anti-Semitism and Ultranationalism 604

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 20.1: Jewish Migration, 1870–1914 606

Still Outsiders: Women, Feminism, and the Right to Vote 606

EMIGRATION: OVERSEAS AND ACROSS CONTINENTS 607

Leaving Europe 607

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Eugène Laermans, The Emigrants, 1896 608

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 20.1: Kaiser William II Links Nationalism and Imperialism 609

THE NEW IMPERIALISM: THE RACE FOR AFRICA AND ASIA 609

Money and Glory 609

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 20.2: Economics and Imperialism in Africa 611

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 20.3: Progress and the Struggle of Race with Race 612

The Tools of Conquest 612The Scramble for Africa 613

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 20.2: Imperialism in Africa, ca. 1885 614

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CHAPTER 22

DESCENDING INTO THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: WORLD WAR AND REVOLUTION, 19141920 655ON THE PATH TO TOTAL WAR 656

Rivalries and Alliances 656Crises in the Balkans 657

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 22.1 AND 22.2: The Balkans, 1878 and 1914 658

THE FRONT LINES 659Off to Battle 659

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 22.1: A Russian Socialist Supports the War Eff ort 660

The Schlieff en Plan 660

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 22.3: World War I 661

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 22.4: The Western Front 662

Slaughter and Stalemate on the Western Front 662

THINKING ABOUT SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: The Invention of the Tank 664

Victory and Defeat on the Eastern and Southern Fronts 664

The War Spreads Across the Globe 665

WAR ON THE HOME FRONT 666Mobilizing Resources 666New Gender Roles 666Maintaining the Eff ort 667

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Let Us Never Forget 668

TO THE BITTER END 668

ASSESSING THE LOSSES 669

THE PEACE SETTLEMENT 669

BIOGRAPHY: Käthe Kollwitz (1867–1945) 670Gathering at Versailles 670A Victors’ Peace 671Redrawing the Maps of Europe and the Middle East 672

The “Other Half”: The Working Classes 633

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Léon Frédéric, The Stages of a Worker’s Life, 1895–1897 634

What to Do About “Them” 634

SPORTS AND LEISURE IN THE CITIES 635Building Character Through Athletics 635The New Tourist 635

PRIVATE LIFE: TOGETHER AND ALONE AT HOME 635

Family: The Promise of Happiness 635A Home of One’s Own 636

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 21.2: Beeton’s Guide for Women 637

Poor Housing 637Intimacy and Morality 638Sexual Realities 638Psychic Stress and Alcoholism 639

SCIENCE IN AN AGE OF OPTIMISM 639

THINKING ABOUT SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: Universities and the Professionalization of Science 640

Science, Evolution, and Religion 640

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 21.3: Walter Bagehot on Natural Selection and Human History 642

Mysteries of the Material and Human World 642Germs, Cures, and Health Care 643

CULTURE: ACCEPTING THE MODERN WORLD 645

Realism and Naturalism: The Details of Social Life 645Impressionism: Celebrating Modern Life 646

FROM OPTIMISM TO UNCERTAINTY 647

BIOGRAPHY: Claude Monet (1840–1926) 648Everything Is Relative 648Sex, Confl ict, and the Unconscious 649Fear of Social Disintegration 649Disenchantment Sets In 649Art Turns Inward 650


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xx CO N T E N T S

The Rise of Fascism in Italy 695

NAZISM IN GERMANY 697The Young Adolf Hitler 697The Birth of Nazism in Germany’s Postwar Years 697The Growth of the Nazi Party 698The Appeal of Nazism 698Hitler Takes Power 698

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 23.2: Goebbels’s Nazi Propaganda Pamphlet 699

Life in Nazi Germany 699Rebuilding and Rearming the New Germany 701

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Felix Nussbaum, Self-Portrait with Jewish Identity Card, 1943 701

TRANSFORMING THE SOVIET UNION, 19201939 702

Lenin’s Compromise: The NEP 702The Struggle to Succeed Lenin 702Stalin’s Five-Year Plans 703

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 23.3: Stalin Collectivizes Agriculture 704

Blood and Terror: The Great Purges 705

THE GREAT DEPRESSION, 19291939 706Crash! 706In the Teeth of the Depression 706Searching for Solutions 707


CHAPTER 24

INTO THE FIRE AGAIN: WORLD WAR II, 19391945 711THE ROAD TO WAR, 19311939 712

International Aff airs Break Down 712

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 24.1: The Spread of Authoritarian Governments 713

Civil War in Spain 713

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Pablo Picasso, Guernica, 1937 714

Trying to Cope with Germany 714

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 24.2: The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939 715

Legacy of the Peace Treaty 672

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 22.2: In the Trenches and Beyond 673


REVOLUTIONS IN RUSSIA 674

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 22.6: The Middle East, 1923 675

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 22.3: Keynes Warns of the Economic Consequences of the Peace 676

The First Warnings, 1905 676The Fall of the Tsar 677The Provisional Government 678The Rise of the Bolsheviks 679Communism and Civil War 680

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 22.7: Civil War in Russia, 1919 681


CHAPTER 23

DARKENING DECADES: RECOVERY, DICTATORS, AND DEPRESSION, 19201939 685TRYING TO RECOVER FROM THE GREAT WAR, 19191929 686

The Victors Just Hold On 686Continuing Crises in Germany 687Conciliation and a Glimpse of Prosperity 688

THINKING ABOUT SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: Penicillin and Antibiotics 689

The Roaring Twenties? 689

THINKING ABOUT DOCUMENT 23.1: Postwar Strains in Germany 690

The Anxious Twenties 692

TURNING AWAY FROM DEMOCRACY: DICTATORSHIPS AND FASCISM, 19191929 693

Authoritarianism in East-Central Europe 693

BIOGRAPHY: Virginia Woolf (1882–1941) 694

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CO N T E N T S xxi

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 25.1: Europe After World War II 739

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 25.2: Europe During the Cold War 741

The Global Impact of the Cold War 741

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 25.1: The Cold War and Nuclear Weapons 742

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 25.3: Cold War Alliances and Confl icts 744

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 25.4: Vietnam and Southeast Asia 745

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Wolf Vostell, Miss America, 1968 746

Détente 747

EAST AND WEST: TWO PATHS TO RECOVERY IN EUROPE 747

Tight Control in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe 747

Parliamentary Politics and Prosperity in the Western Democracies 749

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 25.2: A Warning About the United States 751

Assessing the Paths Taken 751

THE TWILIGHT OF COLONIALISM 752Revolts in Southern Asia 753Confl ict in the Middle East 753

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 25.5: The Arab-Israeli Confl ict, 1947–1982 754

Liberating Africa 755

GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Apartheid in South Africa 756

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 25.6: Decolonization 757

A SENSE OF RELATIVITY IN THOUGHT AND CULTURE 758

Existentialism: Responsibility and Despair 758A Culture of Contrasts and Criticism 758

PROTESTS, PROBLEMS, AND NEW POLITICS: THE 1960s TO THE 1980s 760

A Flurry of Social Protests and Movements 760

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 25.3: An Oxford Student Explains Revolutionary Attitudes 761

Stagnant Growth and Rising Infl ation 762

BIOGRAPHY: Simone de Beauvoir (1908–1986) 763

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 24.3: German Expansion, 1936–1939 716

AXIS VICTORIES, 19391942 717Triumph of the German Blitzkrieg 717War in North Africa and the Balkans 718Operation Barbarossa: Germany Invades the Soviet

Union 718Japan Attacks 719

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 24.4: World War II in Europe 720

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 24.5: World War II in the Pacifi c 721

BEHIND THE LINES: THE STRUGGLE AND THE HORROR 721

GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Rise of Japanese Ultranationalism 722

The Holocaust 722

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 24.1: The Nazi Death Camps 724

Collaboration and Resistance 725Mobilizing the Home Fronts 725

TURNING THE TIDE OF WAR, 19421945 725The Eastern Front and the Battle of

Stalingrad 725

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 24.2: Women Go to Work in the Factories 726

The Southern Fronts 727The Western Front 727The War in the Pacifi c 728

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 24.3: “We Shall Plunge into Enemy Ships” 730

PEACE AND THE LEGACY OF WAR 730The Settlement 731The Legacy of War 731


THE WORLD & THE WEST: Forming the Present 734

CHAPTER 25

SUPERPOWER STRUGGLES AND GLOBAL TRANSFORMATIONS: THE COLD WAR, 19451980s 737ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR 738

The Heart of the Cold War 738

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xxii CO N T E N T S

REPERCUSSIONS AND REALIGNMENTS IN THE WEST 785

The United States Unchallenged and Germany Rising 785

Politics Shift to the Right 785Toward European Integration 786

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 26.5: The European Union, 2012 787

THE WORLD AND THE WEST FROM A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE 787

East Asia and the Rise of the Pacifi c Rim 788The Challenge of Islam 788International Terrorism and War 789

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 26.6: Israel and the Occupied Territories, 2010 790

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 26.7: The Middle East and Iraq, 2003 791

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 26.2: War in Afghanistan 793

Upheavals in North Africa and the Middle East 793

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 26.8: Afghanistan, Kashmir, and South-Central Asia, 2002 794

Across Borders: Cultural Confl ict and Convergence 794

Beyond Borders: Uncertainty and Opportunity in a Shrinking World 796

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 26.9: The Growth of Cities 798

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 26.10: Global Environmental Problems 799

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Charles Michael Helmken, Loveaidspeople, 1989 800

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 26.3: The Copenhagen Accord on Climate Change 801

THINKING ABOUT SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: CERN 802


The New Political Landscape 764

POSTINDUSTRIAL SOCIETY 765Changing Fortunes in the Postindustrial Society 765The Baby Boom and the Booming Cities 766The Shifting Foundations of Family and Private

Life 766The “Sexual Revolution” and the Youth Culture 767

BREAKTHROUGHS IN SCIENCE 767From the Universe Above to the Universe Within 768The Information Revolution 768Transforming Medicine 768


CHAPTER 26

INTO THE TWENTYFIRST CENTURY: THE PRESENT IN PERSPECTIVE 773THE COLLAPSE OF COMMUNISM 774

Undermining Communism in the Soviet Union 774

Gorbachev Launches Reforms 775Revolutions in Eastern Europe 776

BIOGRAPHY: Václav Havel (1936–2011) 778The Soviet Union Disintegrates 778

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 26.1: Eastern Europe, 1989 780

Life After the Collapse of Communism 780

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 26.1: The End of the Cold War 781

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 26.2: The Dissolution of the Soviet Union, 1991 782

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 26.3 AND 26.4: Disintegration of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia, 1991–2007 783

Nationalism Unleashed 783

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xxiii

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENTS P.1 Conspirators Assassinate Julius Caesar P-14

P.2 Charlemagne Promotes Educational Reforms P-21

9.1 Agnolo the Fat Survives the Plague 268

9.2 Joan of Arc Is Defi ant 277

9.3 A Franciscan Missionary Goes to China 283

10.1 Isabella d’Este Implores Leonardo da Vinci to Paint for Her 297

10.2 Friar Savonarola Ignites a “Bonfi re of the Vanities” 301

10.3 A Courtier Describes a Suspicious King—Louis the Spider 318

11.1 Germans Rage Against Papal Exploitation 331

11.2 Marie Dentière Defends Reformation Women’s Rights 336

11.3 Ignatius Loyola Argues for Education as a Solution 343

12.1 Amerigo Vespucci Describes the New World 366

12.2 Thomas Mun Praises Trade 380

13.1 Bishop Bossuet Justifi es Monarchical Absolutism 395

13.2 Louis XIV Describes Monarchical Rights and Duties 398

13.3 An Ambassador Describes the Dutch Government 420

14.1 Kepler and Galileo Exchange Letters About Science 430

14.2 Isaac Newton: God in a Scientifi c Universe 431

14.3 Concorcet Lauds the Power of Reason 440

15.1 Landlords and Serfs in Russia 455

15.2 Austria’s Empress Explains the Diplomatic Revolution 459

15.3 Olaudah Equiano Describes the Middle Passage 465

16.1 New Laws End the Feudal System in France 493

16.2 The Jacobins’ Revolutionary Politics 498

16.3 Napoleon Issues an Imperial Decree at Madrid 511

17.1 Andrew Ure Defends Industrial Capitalism 525

17.2 Factory Owners Establish Discipline for Workers 532

17.3 A Middle-Class Reformer Describes Workers’ Housing 536

18.1 A Conservative Theorist Attacks Political Reform 552

18.2 France’s Provisional Government Issues Decrees 570

18.3 German Liberals and Nationalists Rally for Reform 572

19.1 Garibaldi Appeals to Italians for Support 580

19.2 Bismarck Masters Politics in Prussia 583

19.3 A Serf Reacts to the Russian Emancipation Proclamation 593

20.1 Kaiser Wilhelm II Links Nationalism and Imperialism 609

20.2 Economics and Imperialism in Africa 611

20.3 Progress and the Struggle of Race with Race 612

21.1 John Stuart Mill Argues for Women’s Rights 632

21.2 Beeton’s Guide for Women 637

21.3 Walter Bagehot on Natural Selection and Human History 642

22.1 A Russian Socialist Supports the War Eff ort 660

22.2 In the Trenches and Beyond 673

22.3 Keynes Warns of the Economic Consequences of the Peace 676

23.1 Postwar Strains in Germany 690

23.2 Goebbels’s Nazi Propaganda Pamphlet 699

23.3 Stalin Collectivizes Agriculture 704

24.1 The Nazi Death Camps 724

24.2 Women Go to Work in the Factories 726

24.3 “We Shall Plunge into Enemy Ships” 730

25.1 The Cold War and Nuclear Weapons 742

25.2 A Warning About the United States 751

25.3 An Oxford Student Explains Revolutionary Attitudes 761

26.1 The End of the Cold War 781

26.2 War in Afghanistan 793

26.3 The Copenhagen Accord on Climate Change 801

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS Illumination from a Book of Hours, Fifteenth

Century 280

Raphael, School of Athens, 1510–1511 313

Festival Scene Painted on a Screen, Mexico, ca. 1650 386

Louis le Nain, The Cart, 1641 393

Léonard Defrance, At the Shield of Minerva, 1781 447

Jean-Baptiste Greuze, The Father’s Curse, ca. 1778 478

Francisco de Goya, The Executions of the Third of May, 1808 513

William Powell Frith, The Railway Station, 1862 527

Karl Friedrich Schinkel, Medieval Town on a River, 1815 558

Garibaldi Landing in Sicily 581

Eugène Laermans, The Emigrants, 1896 608

Léon Frédéric, The Stages of a Worker’s Life, 1895–1897 634

Let Us Never Forget 668

Felix Nussbaum, Self-Portrait with Jewish Identity Card, 1943 701

Pablo Picasso, Guernica, 1937 714

Wolf Vostell, Miss America, 1968 746

Charles Michael Helmken, Loveaidspeople, 1989 800

LIST

OF

PRIM

ARY

SO

URC

E S

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xxiv

LIST

OF

MA

PS

17.1 Eighteenth-Century England 521 17.2 The Industrial Revolution in Europe, 1850 530 17.3 The Spread of a Cholera Epidemic 538 18.1 Europe, 1815 550 18.2 European Revolts, 1820–1831 567 18.3 European Revolts, 1848–1849 571 19.1 The Unifi cation of Italy 582 19.2 The Unifi cation of Germany 584 19.3 Language Groups of Austria-Hungary 587 19.4 The Decline of the Ottoman

Empire, 1683–1914 588 20.1 Jewish Migration, 1870–1914 606 20.2 Imperialism in Africa, ca. 1885 614 20.3 Imperialism in Africa, 1914 615 20.4 The Middle East and Central Asia,

1850–1914 617 20.5 Imperialism in Asia, 1840–1914 620 22.1 and 22.2 The Balkans, 1878 and 1914 658 22.3 World War I 661 22.4 The Western Front 662 22.5 Europe, 1923 674 22.6 The Middle East, 1923 675 22.7 Civil War in Russia, 1919 681 24.1 The Spread of Authoritarian Governments 713 24.2 The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939 715 24.3 German Expansion, 1936–1939 716 24.4 World War II in Europe 720 24.5 World War II in the Pacifi c 721 25.1 Europe After World War II 739 25.2 Europe During the Cold War 741 25.3 Cold War Alliances and Confl icts 744 25.4 Vietnam and Southeast Asia 745 25.5 The Arab-Israeli Confl ict, 1947–1982 754 25.6 Decolonization 757 26.1 Eastern Europe, 1989 780 26.2 The Dissolution of the Soviet Union, 1991 782 26.3 and 26.4 Disintegration of Czechoslovakia

and Yugoslavia, 1991–2007 783 26.5 The European Union, 2012 787 26.6 Israel and the Occupied Territories, 2010 790 26.7 The Middle East and Iraq, 2003 791 26.8 Afghanistan, Kashmir, and South-

Central Asia, 2002 794 26.9 The Growth of Cities 798 26.10 Global Environmental Problems 799

P.1 Mesopotamia and Egypt, ca. 2000 B.C.E. P-5 P.2 The Persian Empire, ca. 500 B.C.E. P-7 P.3 The World of the Greeks P-8 P.4 The Successor States After the Death

of Alexander, ca. 240 B.C.E. P-11 P.5 Italy, 265 B.C.E. P-13 P.6 The Expansion of Islam to 750 P-19 P.7 Medieval France, England, and Germany,

Tenth Through Fourteenth Centuries P-23 9.1 The Spread of the Black Death 267 9.2 The Great Schism, 1378–1417 272 9.3 The Hundred Years’ War, 1337–1453 275 9.4 The Mongol Empire, ca. 1300 282 9.5 The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1566 285 9.6 The Rise of Moscow, 1325–1533 286 10.1 Italy in 1454 299 10.2 The Venetian Empire in the Fifteenth

Century 302 10.3 France in the Fifteenth and

Sixteenth Centuries 317 11.1 Europe in 1526—Habsburg-Valois Wars 325 11.2 Religions in Europe, ca. 1600 341 11.3 The Thirty Years’ War, 1618–1648 350 11.4 Europe, 1648 352 12.1 Exploration and Conquest, Fifteenth

and Sixteenth Centuries 364 12.2 European Expansion, ca. 1700 368 12.3 Indigenous Peoples and Empires in

the Americas, ca. 1500 370 13.1 France Under Louis XIV, 1661–1715 402 13.2 Central and Eastern Europe, 1648 404 13.3 Central and Eastern Europe, 1640–1725 405 13.4 The English Civil War, 1642–1649 412 13.5 The United Provinces and the Spanish

Netherlands, 1609 419 15.1 Europe, 1721 453 15.2 The Expansion of Russia and the Partition

of Poland, 1721–1795 456 15.3 Prussia and the Austrian Empire, 1721–1772 458 15.4 Overseas Colonies and Trade, 1740 461 15.5 India, 1756–1805 468 15.6 and 15.7 North America, 1755 and 1763 469 16.1 and 16.2 Reorganizing France in 1789 495 16.3 France and Its Sister Republics 506 16.4 Europe, 1810 510 16.5 Latin America After Independence 512

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY

xxiv

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xxv

OTH

ER F

EATU

RES John Stuart Mill and Harriet Taylor 554

Florence Nightingale 590

Claude Monet 648

Käthe Kollwitz 670

Virginia Woolf 694

Simone de Beauvoir 763

Václav Havel 778

GLOBAL CONNECTIONS The Inca Empire Falls 373

The Rise and Fall of the Mughal Empire in India 408

Western Africa, Brazil, and the Atlantic Slave Trade 467

Cross-Cultural Misunderstandings: China and Great Britain 520

Opium and the West in China 619

Economic Transformation in Latin America 629

The Rise of Japanese Ultranationalism 722

Apartheid in South Africa 756

THE WORLD & THE WEST Moving into the Modern World 484

Forming the Present 734

THINKING ABOUT SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY An Information Revolution: The Printing Press 298

Destruction and Amusement: The Development and Uses of Gunpowder 326

The Golden Age of Canals 473

The Electric Motor 523

Universities and the Professionalization of Science 640

The Invention of the Tank 664

Penicillin and Antibiotics 689

CERN 802

BIOGRAPHIES Vlad III Dracula (the Impaler), King of Wallachia 287

Isabella d’Este 296

Martin Guerre 328

Maria Sibylla Merian 383

Samuel Pepys 418

Jean-Jacques Rousseau 444

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 479

Manon Roland 500

The Cadburys 542

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