high-z compaction to “blue”nuggets and quenching to red...
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Avishai Dekel The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
November 2014
High-z Compaction to “Blue” Nuggetsand Quenching to Red Nuggets
Barro+ 2013-14; Dekel & Burkert 2014; Zolotov+ 2014
“Blue” Nugget
Red Nugget
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Red Nuggets
z~2 M~1011M�
Re~1 kpc low-SFR
Van Dokkum, Franx, Kriek, Bouwens, Labbe+ 08,10,14, Damjanov+09, Newman+10, Damjanov+11, Whitaker+12, Bruce+12, …
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Dekel & Burkert 2013
Wet Compaction
Inflow is “wet” if inflow > SFR
Compact stellar spheroid → dissipative “wet” inflow to a “blue nugget”
In violent disk instability (VDI): torques drive AM out and mass in
Expect compact nuggets:- at high z, where fgas is high- for low spin λ, where initial Rgas is low
1SFR
inflow 2cold
1sfr >≈≡ − fw ε 2.002.0 coldsfr ≥≤ fε
Wetness parameter
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Cosmological Simulations
Run by CeverinoCode: AMR ART (Kravtsov, Klypin) 3x30 galaxies zoom-inMax resolution 25 pc Max resolution 25 pc SN and radiative feedback
Collaborators:Mandelker, Danovich, Tweed, Zolotov, DeGraf, Inoue Krumholz+, Burkert+, Bournaud+, Primack+, Faber+, Genzel+
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Fraction of bulge stars born in
Zolotov, Dekel, Mandelker, Tweed, DeGraf, Ceverino, Primack 2014
Wet Origin of Bulge in Simulations
in bulge
bulge stars born in different components
Most of the bulge stars formed in the bulge → wet inflow
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Observations: Blue Nuggets –> Red Nuggets Barro+ 13 CANDELS z=1-3
Evolution: diffuse compaction quenchingEvolution: diffuse → compaction → quenching
central density
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RN
BN
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Compaction and quenching
Zolotov+ 14 ART cosmological simulations, res. 25pc, rad fdbk, no AGN
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Compaction and quenching
self-gravitating Mstars>Mdm
gas
starsDM
mergers
mergers +VDI
wet inflow > SFR
SFR~outflow~recycling
outflow
inflow
SFR
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wet compaction max density core: blue nugget
gas + young stars
vela v2 07
vdi disk core depletion: a hole and a ring
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wet compaction max density core: blue nugget
stars
vela v2 07
green nugget red nugget + envelope
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Blue Nugget – Red Nugget
blue nugget red nugget
gas stars gas stars
gas depletion from core, gas ring may form, -> inside-out quenching
stellar core remains dense from BN to RN
dense gas core -> dense stellar core
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naked red nugget
Blue Nugget – Red Nugget
red nugget + envelope = elliptical
a stellar envelope may gradually grow by dry mergers
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Inside-Out Quenching:Slower Quenching in the Outer Disk
inner 1 kpc whole galaxy
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Inside-Out Quenching
Tacchella+ 2014 profiles of sSFR (=SFR/Mstar) at z~2 galaxies
sSFR
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Stellar Component at z=2.3, edge-on
Overall Sersic n=2-4Classical bulge n=3-5
Ceverino+ 2014
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“line width” evolution in simulated galaxies
Inoue, Zolotov+
extended disk
blue nugget red nugget
compaction
quenching
BN
RN
Barro+ 14
stars: rotation and dispersiongas: mostly rotation
RN
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What is the Trigger of wet Compaction?
- VDI-driven inflow (Dekel, Burkert 14)
- Mergers (major, minor) (Barnes, Hernquist 91; Hopkins+ 06)
- Tidal compression (Dekel+03; Renaud+14)
- Counter-rotating streams (Danovich+14)
- Return of recycled low-AM gas (Elmegreen+ 14)
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Gas streams + mergers along the cosmic web
AMR RAMSESTeyssier, ADbox 300 kpcres 50 pcz = 5 to 2.5
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Hi-z galaxies are fed by intense streams,including minor and major mergers
Tweed, Dekel, TeyssierRAMSES Res. 50 pc
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disk
streams
Ceverino, Dekel, Bournaud 2010 ART 35-70pc resolution
How do the streams join the disk?
interface region
A messy interface region:breakup due to shocks, hydro and thermal instabilities, collisions between streams and clumps, heating
30 kpc
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gas density
An Extended Tilted Ring about the Disk
expressway entrance
stream lines30 kpc
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Clumpy Disk: streams & mergersz=4-2.110 kpc
Ceverino, Dekel et al.
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Violent disk instability (VDI) and mergers (mostly minor) work in concert
VDI deviates from linear Toomre instability VDI deviates from linear Toomre instability Q=2-5 -> nonlinear instability stimulated by in-streams with minor mergers
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Violent Disk Instability (VDI) at High zCeverino+ ART-AMR cosmological simulations at 25pc resolution
highly perturbed, clumpy rotating disk: H/R ~ σ/V ~ fcold ~ 0.2
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Observations vs. Simulations
Elmegreen et al
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What is the Trigger of wet Compaction?
- VDI-driven inflow (Dekel, Burkert 14)
- Mergers (major, minor) (Barnes, Hernquist 91; Hopkins+ 06)
- Tidal compression (Dekel+03; Renaud+14)
- Counter-rotating streams (Danovich+14)
- Return of recycled low-AM gas (Elmegreen+ 14)
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VDI-Driven Inflow: Gas + Clump Migration
Ceverino, Dekel, Bournaud 10
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Wet Inflow when Gas Disk has Low Spin
low-spin disk -> high Σmax
Simulations (Zolotov+14) confirm model predictions (Dekel, Burkert 14)
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compression – compaction – star formation - outflow
gas depletion - quenching
Compaction by Tidal CompressionDekel, Devor, Hetzroni 2003
Halo core
stripping
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Counter-rotating Streams
Rv
alignment with disk
counter-rotating
impact parameter
counter-rotatinginflow: J-~0.7J J=J+-J-
in torbit: J-~0.15Jdisk
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Counter-rotation -> CompactionDyda, Lovelace+14 (proto-stellar disks)
+ -
+ oscilations
+ - - -
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The Quenching Mechanism
Wet compaction: inflow > SFR+outflow
High SFR and no gas supply to the center: inflow < SFR+outflow � quenching attempt
- disk has shrunk � no immediate gas supply to center- disk has shrunk � no immediate gas supply to center- massive bulge suppresses VDI-driven inflow (morphological quen.)- AGN outflow
Long-term quenching? Hot Halo
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Diffuse SFG -> “Blue” Nuggets -> Red Nuggets
Downsizing:
More massive galaxies- compactify earlier- to higher density Σ1 , Σe
- quench more efficiently
more massive
less massive
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Hesitatnt vs. Decisive Quenching
sSF
R
-1.5
-0.5
low mass, low z high mass, high z
sSF
R
-0.5
+1.5
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Mass and Central Density at Quenching
72%
successful quenching in a narrow range of halo masses & above a threshold ~1011.5M
�
quenching attempts in a range of halo masses
Mstar
Mhalo
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Virial Shock HeatingDekel & Birnboim 2006
Kravtsov+
slow cooling -> shock
in hi-z massive hot halos
critical halo mass ~~1011.8Mʘ
11 −− < compresscool tt
fast cooling –> no shock
in hi-z massive hot halos cold streams penetrate
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Mvir [Mʘ]
all hot
1014
1012
cold filaments
in hot medium
MshockMshock>>M*
Mshock~M*
Cold Streams in Big Galaxies at High z
M*
1010
0 1 2 3 4 5
redshift z
all cold
Mshock
Dekel & Birnboim 06
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Two Quenching Mechanisms: Bulge & Halo
Compact gaseous bulge -> gas removal by high SFR, outflow, AGN, Q-quenching
quenched
outflow, AGN, Q-quenching
In halos > 1012 M�
-> long-term shutdown of gas supply by virial shock heating
Woo, Dekel, Faber, Koo+ 14
Compact bulge and halo quenching
star forming
But each can quench by itself
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The Quenching Mechanism
Wet compaction: inflow > SFR+outflow
High SFR and no gas supply to the center: inflow < SFR+outflow � quenching attempt
- disk has shrunk � no immediate gas supply- massive bulge suppresses VDI-driven inflow- massive bulge suppresses VDI-driven inflow- AGN outflow
If halo is massive (hot) � starvation of gas supply � long-term quenching
If halo is less massive � gas supply to a new disk� new compaction and SFR … until the halo is massive (hot)
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Modes of Evolution
sSFR Halo quenching
high z, fastlow z, slowquenched
Halo quenchingmaintenance
diffuse compactΣ
sSFR
hi M & Σgas disk → wet inflow → hi gas compactness → starburst
Compact quenching gas consumptionstellar & AGN fdbkmorph. bulge quenching
lower M & Σgas disk →
moderate compactness
star forming
maintenance
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Role of AGN Feedback in Quenching?
Kocevski+ 14
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star forming main sequence SFGs
Gradients Across the Main Sequence
)1(SFingas η+−≈ MMM &&&
ffgasSF / tMM ε≈&
bathtub model:
±0.3 dex
Mstar
sSFR
quenched
inSF MM && ≈
2/51-in )1(Gyr03.0M
zM
sSFR +≈><≈><&
→ steady state:
→ time evolution of main-sequence zero point:
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Compaction and quenching
Zolotov+ 14 ART cosmological simulations, res. 25pc, rad fdbk, no AGN
main sequence
Mstar Mhalo
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star forming
blue nuggetshort tdep
high fgas
Diffuse SFG
Gradients Across the Main Sequence
Mstar
sSFR/(1+z)2.5
quenched
red nugget
green nuggetlong tdep
low fgas
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Gradients Across the Main Sequence
Genzel+ 2014 z=0-2.5
tdep~sSFR-0.5 fgs~sSFR+0.5
tdep=Mgas/SFR fgs=Mgas/Mstars
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star forming
main sequence
blue nuggetshort tdep
high fgasDiffuse SFG
Small Scatter about the Main Sequence
Mstar
sSFR/(1+z)2.5
quenched
main sequence
red nugget
green nuggetlong tdep
low fgas
At late times
massive halo
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Conclusions
High-z massive galaxies are fed by cosmic-web streams with mergers:they are gas-rich disks undergoing violent disk instability (VDI)
A characteristic sequence of events in most galaxies:
- Wet compaction by streams with mergers and VDI to compact SFGs (“blue” nuggets): rotating flattened spheroids with high dispersion,above the main-sequence, short depletion time, high gas fraction above the main-sequence, short depletion time, high gas fraction
- High SFR+AGN, outflows, massive self-gravitating bulge �fast quenching inside-out to compact spheroids (red nuggets) then star-forming gas rings and stellar envelopes (ellipticals)
- Long-term quenching by hot massive halo
- Quenching downsizing:massive galaxies quench earlier, efficiently, at higher central densitiesless massive galaxies : hesitant quenching till halo shutdown
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The High-z “Hubble” Sequence
Red nuggets
Compact ellipticals
Clumpy disks
No bars Perturbed spiral patterns
Blue nuggets
Starburst in a compact bulge