high-operang-temperature heat-transfer fluids for …...heat-transfer fluids for solar thermal power...
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energy.gov/sunshotenergy.gov/sunshotCSPProgramSummit2016
energy.gov/sunshotenergy.gov/sunshotenergy.gov/sunshot
CSPProgramSummit2016
High-Opera+ng-TemperatureHeat-TransferFluidsforSolarThermalPowerGenera+on(LiquidMetals)
AlanBolind,Ph.D.AssistantProjectScienFstUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley
PrincipalInvesFgators:MarkAsta(UCBerkeley) Y.SungtaekJu(UCLA)PeterHosemann(UCBerkeley) JanSchroers(Yale)
energy.gov/sunshotenergy.gov/sunshotCSPProgramSummit2016 2
Outline
§ Overview§ ProblemStatement§ ValueProposiFon§ ObjecFves§ Milestones§ Results§ PathtoMarket
energy.gov/sunshotenergy.gov/sunshotCSPProgramSummit2016 3
Overview
• ProjectName:
• FundingOpportunity:
• PrincipleInvesFgators:
• OtherContributors:
• ProjectDuraFon:• ProjectBudget:
HighOperaFngTemperatureHeatTransferFluidsforSolarThermalPowerGeneraFonMURI:HighOperaFngTemperatureFluids(DE-FOA-0000567)MarkAsta,UCBerkeleyPeterHosemann,UCBerkeleyY.SungtaekJu,UCLAJanSchroers,YaleAlanBolind,UCBerkeleyGopinathWarrier,UCLA5years(10/2012–12/2017)$1,104,727includingcostshare,forPhase3
energy.gov/sunshotenergy.gov/sunshotCSPProgramSummit2016 4
ProblemStatement
Theproblem,then,is…• todevelopaliquid-metalheat-transferfluidforCSPthatcanoperateabove650°C,
whilesFllsaFsfyingtradiFonalCSPrequirements,namely,
• chemicalstability,• lowmelFngtemperature,• exisFngorpotenFalcommercialavailability,• andreasonablyslowcorrosionofpipes.
6¢/kWhEfficiency≥50%
(heattoelectricity)
OperaFngTemperature≥650°C
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ProblemStatement
Defactomainproblem: CORROSIONofpipematerialsbyliquid-metalalloys
Thecorrosiontakestwoforms:
1. Dissolu+onofthepipe-materialconsFtuentelements2. Excessiveoxida+onofthepipematerial
Fight#1(dissoluFon)withslight#2(oxidaFon).
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ValueProposi+on
Inwords…A liquid-metal heat-transfer fluid that solves the statedproblem will enable CSP companies to operate their CSPplantsathighertemperaturesandtherebyachievegreaterefficienciesandconcomitantlowercosts.Unlikehigh-temperaturegasesthatneedhighpressuresforsufficientdensity,andunlikemoltensaltsthateitherfailtomelt at low temperatures or decompose at hightemperatures, liquid metals stay liquid, without excessivepressure, over the temperature range of interest for CSPoperaFons.
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ValueProposi+on
Inpictures… 800°C!!η>50%!!
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Objec+ves
Mark Asta
Modeling
ThermodynamiccalculaFonsof…• ProperFesofLM• ProtecFvescalesonPM
• OxygendissolvedinLM
Jan Schroers
Sungtaek Ju
Peter Hosemann
Fast-screeningexperiments• LMthermophysicalproperFes• LM/PMcorrosionreacFons
LM:LiquidMetalPM:PipeMaterial
Sta+c,autoclaveexperiments
• CorrosiontesFngofPMstripsincruciblesofLM
• DevelopmentofcontrolofoxygendissolvedinLM
Flowing,loopexperiments• CorrosiontesFnginflowingLM• OperaFonaldataforaLMloop
ObjecFvesofeachteammember
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Milestones
• IdenFfied>50LMalloyswithTmelFng<300°C.• EstablishedopFmaloxygenconcentraFonrange;quanFfiedoxide
growthanddissoluFonratesasfuncFonsoftemperatureandoxygenconcentraFon;andidenFfied1PMalloywithcorrosion<150µm/yr
• CalculatedfreeenergiesofformaFonofprotecFveoxideandintermetallicscalesforLMalloysofLBE+athirdaddiFve.
• QuanFfiedLM/PMreacFonwithaddiFves(e.g.,Zn,Sb,Ge),bybothfastscreeningandstaFccorrosiontests.
• IdenFfiedthebestPb-BialloycomposiFonforLM/PMreacFon.• ConductedtensiletesFngtoshowabsenceofliquid-metal
embriwlement.• Verifiedtheleak-Fghtnessoftheflowloopatroomtemperature.
energy.gov/sunshotenergy.gov/sunshotCSPProgramSummit2016 10
Results
=rejectedayeriniFalscreenings
=rejectedayerstaFccorrosiontesFng
=testedandmostacceptable
=sFlltobetested,asanaddiFve
SelecFonofLMcomponents
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Results
• Lead-BismuthEutecFc(LBE)is45%Pb,55%Bi,bymass.• ThisLBEisourdefaultliquidmetalofchoice,because…
• itisnottooexpensive(Pbisverycheap),• itisnotexcessivelychemicallyreacFveortoxic,• PbandBiaretheleastcorrosiveoftheelements,• andtheeutecFccomposiFonhasthelowestmelFngtemperature(125°C).
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Results
• ExamplesofcalculaFons
6"8"10"12"14"16"18"20"22"24"26"
0"
50"
100"
150"
200"
250"
300"
1.3" 1.4" 1.5" 1.6" 1.7" 1.8" 1.9" 2.0"
Density
(at(Liquidu
s(Tem
p.((g/cm
3 )(
Liqu
idus(Tem
perature((°C)(
Volumetric(Heat(Capacity((J/(cm3(K))(
Liquidus"T."Density"
PbO(s)->Pb(LBE)+O(LBE)
Al(Kanthal)+O(LBE)->Al2O3(s)
GeO2(s) -> Ge(LBE) + 2 O(LBE)
LMproperFes
Windowforproperoxygencontrol
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Results
Ding,S.,Y.Liu,Y.Li,Z.Liu,S.Sohn,F.Walker,andJ.Schroers,NatureMaterials,13,494,(2014).
Yale’ssetupforfastscreening:dropsofLMonaPMdisk
energy.gov/sunshotenergy.gov/sunshotCSPProgramSummit2016 14
Results
• Exampleoffast-screeningofLM/PMcorrosionreacFons
Figure 2.1.2‑3: The effect of Sn content on the penetration depth (denoted by the dotted yellow lines) �of LM into Kanthal steel PM. �
(1) Bi55.4Sn38.3Zn6.3 (2) Bi43.3Sn51.6Zn5.1 (3) Bi25.1Sn72Sb2.9 (4) Sb9.9Zn1.6Sn88.5
38.3% Sn 51.6% Sn
72.0% Sn 88.5% Sn
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Results
• Longer-termstaFccorrosiontests• DissoluFonprotecFonisbyaluminum-oxidescales(Al2O3).
• Therefore,weuseKanthalsteelsbecausetheyhave6%Al,bymass.
ALK-type Kanthal Steel
LBE (Pb-Bi Eutectic)
Fe Cr
Al O
Pb Bi
GoodExample
1000hours
700°C
10-6wt.%dissolvedoxygen
20µm
Steelstrips
CrucibleofLM
Holder
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Results
LBE
APMT-typeKanthalsteel
DetachedAloxidescale Adherent
Aloxidescale
BadExample
1000hours
800°C
10-6wt.%dissolvedoxygen
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Results
Oxide growth on Fe-Cr-Alferri+c steels (Kanthal)during exposure to sta+cLBEat700°Cwith1·10-6wt.%Oforupto660h
energy.gov/sunshotenergy.gov/sunshotCSPProgramSummit2016 18
Results
• Aforced-convecFonliquid-metalflowloophasbeendesigned,constructed,andleaktestedwithgasatroomtemperature.
• WorkisconFnuingtoiniFateflowexperimentsusingaliquidmetal(LBE).
Radiant heater
EM flow meter
Plenum (O2 sensor, hot-leg) Supply tank
Melt/drain tank
EM pump
HX (cooling section)
Sampling station
Magnetic trap
2.2 m
1.2 m
0.6 m
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PathtoMarket
• Thisresearchproject
• IndustrialcollaboraFon
• Industry
èExperimentalevidenceofLBEasahigh-temperatureheat-transferfluid
èBuildascaledtestloopwithCSP-likeconfiguraFon,andtestoveramoreexhausFverangeofoperaFngparameters
è BuildaprototypeCSPplantwithliquidmetalastheheat-transferfluid
energy.gov/sunshotenergy.gov/sunshotCSPProgramSummit2016 20
Outline
§ Overview§ ProblemStatement§ ValueProposiFon§ ObjecFves§ Milestones§ Results§ PathtoMarket