“REMEMBRANCE OF THINGS PAST IS NOT NECESSARILY THE REMEMBRANCE

OF THINGS AS THEY WERE.” ― M A R C E L P R O U S T

Memory

MEMORY INC Henry Molaison (H.M.)

AP Psych Darling 2017

Amnesic at 27

Opener:

 Ethics of Erasing Bad Memories: Would it fundamentally change who they are? If it is true that our actions, our personalities, our very notions of self are based on the experiences we have had and on the memories we have collected, then to delete our memories would be to destroy a part of ourselves. Turn & Talk: Discuss you thoughts in pairs.

Have you ever forgotten someone’s name five seconds after you were

introduced?

What went wrong?

�  In February of 2002, James Smith, a warden at Westville Correctional Facility reported he lost 2 master keys

� 2,559 inmates lockdown for 8 days¡ Warden who lost his keys was demoted

Studying Memories

� Memory¡ Persistence of learning over time through the

storage and retrieval of information� Memory Depends on three basic processes

¡ Encoding – the processing of information into the memory store

¡ Storage- the retention of encoded information over time

¡ Retrieval- the process of getting information out of memory storage

Turn to page 8 in your document book

Memory Activity

Next –In-Line Effect

�  Given verbal interaction when people are required to take turns speaking – some have difficulty remembering certain parts of the interaction.

�  A person in a group has diminished recall for words of others who spoke immediately before or after the person

�  This next-in-line memory deficit reflects a failure at encoding, rather than retrieval due to rehearsal.

Serial Position

Effect

�  Immediate recall of a list of items (such as words) is best from the end of the list and worst in the middle

÷ Generally items in the middle are remembered less.

¡ Primacy effect: information at the beginning of a list is remembered better than the material in the middle

¡ Recency effect: information at the end of a list is remembered better than materials in the middle

TYPES OF MEMORY

Brain’s two-track memory processing & storage

Automatic

�  Implicit Memories / (Nondeclarative)

�  without conscious recall�  Processed in cerebellum &

basal ganglia �  Space, time, Motor Activity

CC

Effortful

�  Explicit Memories / (Declarative)

�  With conscious recall �  Processed inhippocampus & frontal lobes�  Facts & Knowledge�  Personally experienced

events

Endless biographical memory – mostly bane or blessing?

Superior Autobiographical Memory(60 minutes Part 1)

PLEASE GRAB YOUR DOCUMENT BOOKS AND TAKE OUT YOUR NAME TAGS J

* NOTE ABOUT I BLOCK SEPTEMBER 13T H

9.8

1.   L I S T E N

Please take out something to write with.

Class Check-In Serial Position Effect

Primacy Effect

Recency Effect

A= semantic distinctiveness

Toss / Turn - Chunking

Bed quilt Dark silence fatigue clock snoring night toss Tired night artichoke turn night rest dream

Memory Models

�  Three processing stages in the Atkinson-Shiffrin model (*computer model input – process - output) ¡  sensory memory a quick, fleeting memory activated by any

of the 5 senses •  Iconic memory: momentary sensory memory (tenths of a second) •  Echoic memory: momentary sensory memory (3-4 seconds)

¡  short-term memory, activated memory that holds a few items (on avg 7) for a brief time (typically 18 - 30 seconds) * located in the frontal lobe

¡  long-term memory relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system that includes knowledge, skills and experiences

STM Demonstration

WORKING MEMORY (not unitary system) The central executive in working memory integrates information from two assistants (the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketch pad) and also drawing on information held in a large database (long-term memory). central executive -system which controls attentional processes

Silently review the instructions on the ½ sheet of paper

Key – Discuss your results!

Activity demonstrates - Shallow vs. Deep Processing

Levels of Processing

� Verbal information processed at different levels which affect long-term retention ¡ Shallow processing encodes on a very basic

level (word’s letters) or a more intermediate level (word’s sound)

¡ Deep processing encodes semantically based on word meaning

§  Semantic judgment, or thinking about a word’s meaning, allows for deeper processing and best memory.

§  Rhyme judgment, or attending to the word’s sound, results in shallow processing.

§  Visual judgment, or attending to how the word looks (shallow processing), yields the lowest remembering.

Strategy for successful encoding: Deep Processing

Effortful Processing Strategies

¡ Spacing effect: the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice ÷ Distributed practice: Produces better long-

term recall ÷ Massive practice: Produces speedy short-

term learning and feelings of confidence

Please take out a blank piece of paper identify the following (no looking at your notesJ)

�  1. First association to precious stone. �  2. Second association to fish. �  3. Third association to state. �  4. Second association to insect. �  5. First association to type of music. �  6. Second association to beverage. �  7. First association to article of clothing.

A MODIFIED THREE-STAGE

INFORMATION-PROCESSING MODEL OF MEMORY

Atkinson and Shiffrin’s classic three-step model helps us to think about how memories are processed. Working memory

Newer understanding of short-term memory that stresses conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

*Compare to page 6 image

Agenda 9.11

�  “Do-Now: Please read How Accurate Are Memories of 9/11

�  Emotion and memory �  Review Key Memory

Areas in the Brain ¢ Big Think clip with

Erik Kandel ÷ Synaptic Changes in

the Brain ÷ Retrieving

Information

“Memory is assisted by anything that makes an impression on a powerful passion, inspiring fear, for example

or wonder, shame or joy”

-Francis Bacon 1620

Retaining Information in the Brain

�  Excitement or stress triggers hormone production and provokes amygdala to engage memory. ¡ Emotions often persist with or without conscious

awareness. ¡ Emotional arousal causes an outpouring of stress

hormones, which lead to activity in the brain’s memory-forming areas.

¡  Flashbulb memories (is a detailed and vivid memory that is stored on one occasion and retained for a lifetime) ÷ occur via emotion-triggered hormonal changes (cortisol and

adrenaline) and rehearsal.

Review Key Memory Structures in The Brain

Frontal lobes and hippocampus: explicit memory formation Cerebellum and basal ganglia: implicit memory formation Amygdala: emotion-related memory formation

L E A R N I N G A N D M E M O R Y I N T H E B R A I N : H O W S C I E N C E C R A C K E D Y O U R M I N D ' S C O D E

* S T A R T A T 2 : 4 5 T O 6 : 1 5

http://bigthink.com/videos/eric-kandel-on-reductionism-and-the-biology-of-memory

Synaptic Changes in the Brain

�  Long-term potentiation (LTP) ¡  Increase in a synapse’s firing

potential, after brief, rapid stimulation

¡  Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory

�  Kandel and Schwartz (1982) ¡  Pinpointed changes in sea

slugs neural connection ¡  With learning, more

serotonin released and cell efficiency increased—number of synapses increase

MEMORY SLUG The much-studied California sea slug, Aplysia, has increased our understanding of the neural basis of learning.

* Discuss a few retrieval cues 1:12 to 6:00 minutes

�  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6xiN63kgeTA

Retrieval

÷  We can recognize more than we can recall. ÷  Recognition is easier than recall because it provides retrieval cues

or hints that help us remember where the information is stored in our memory.

÷  Priming – the activation of particular associations in our memory; is often unconscious. (smell)

÷  Context effects –Involves improved recall of specific information when the context present at encoding and retrieval are the same (testing) ¢  Encoding Specificity Principle

÷  State-dependent memory – we are more likely to remember something if we are in the same psychological state that we were in when we learned it (*drowsy from meds) Memories are mood-congruent – that is, if we are in a good mood, we are more likely to recall other positive experiences. If we are in a bad mood, we are more likely to recall other negative experiences.

Extremes of Memory

� As you view¡ Generate a question

referencing the content.

Forgetting and the Two-track Mind

�  Humans have two distinct memory systems controlled by different parts of the brain.

�  Forgetting has several causes ¡  Encoding failure ¡  Storage decay ¡  Retrieval failure ¡  Interference ¡  Motivated forgetting

EBBINGHAUS’ RETENTION CURVE

*Herman Ebbinghaus was a pioneer in the experimental study of memory as well as discovering spacing effect, serial position effect and the forgetting curve. * he was both researcher and the only subject *Speed of relearning is one measure of memory retention (From Baddeley, 1982.)

Forgetting

�  Encoding Failure – information never enters long-term memory; (effort) �  Storage Decay – memory deteriorates as time passes �  The “forgetting curve” indicates that over 50% of what we learn is

forgotten quickly if not used, but the remainder sticks with us for a long time.

�  Retrieval Failure – momentarily inaccessible due to interference, faulty cues, emotional states ¡  Interference – forgetting is caused by one memory competing with or

replacing another ¡  Proactive interference (forward acting interference) – the disruptive

effect of prior learning on the recall of new information. EX. teacher gets married and changes name

¡  Retroactive interference (backward-acting interference) – the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information. Ex. Naviance requests that you change THE password

¡  Motivated Forgetting – suppression (consciously inhibiting anxiety-producing thoughts) and repression (unconsciously inhibiting anxiety-producing thoughts)

Types of Amnesia and forgetting

�  Retrograde amnesia is a form of amnesia where someone will be unable to recall events that occurred before the brain insult. Form is usually temporary.

�  Anterograde amnesia is a loss of the ability to create memories after the brain insult. Form is typically permanent.

Forgetting

�  Daniel Schacter

¢ Transience- decay theory ¢ Absent-mindedness – lack of attention ¢ Blocking - interference ¢ Misattribution –memory wrong place / time ¢ Suggestibility – deliberate or inadvertent ¢ Bias – influence of personal beliefs ¢ Persistence – of emotional content

Dementia

�  Dementia is not a specific disease. It's an overall term that describes a wide range of symptoms associated with a decline in memory or other thinking skills severe enough to reduce a person's ability to perform everyday activities.

�  AD accounts for about 60-80% of cases �  At least two of the following core mental

functions must be significantly impaired to be considered dementia: ¡  Memory ¡  Communication and language ¡  Ability to focus and pay attention ¡  Reasoning and judgment ¡  Visual perception

TED Clip - Loftus

False Memory

1. What does Loftus offer to explain the contamination of our memory?

2. What information from her talk did you find most interesting or require further explanation?

3. When I got back to my work, I asked this question: if I plant a false memory in your mind, does it have repercussions? Does it affect your later thoughts, your later behaviors?

“Just because someone thinks they remember something in detail, with confidence and with emotion, does not mean that it actually happened, ... False memories have these characteristics too.” -Elizabeth Loftus

Memory Construction Errors

� Misinformation effect incorporating misleading

information into one’s memory of an event

�  Source amnesia ¡  Involves faulty memory for how, when, or where information

was learned or imagine ( at the heart of many false memories)

�  déjà vu ¡  Is sense that “I’ve experienced this before.” ¡  Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger

retrieval of an earlier experience

MEMORY CHAMPION TEACHES YOU HOW TO MEMORIZE ANYTHING

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mI96Ph-yHcA

TED Ed: How memories form and how we lose them - Catharine Young

Please take out a blank piece of paper identify the following (no looking at your notesJ)

�  1. First association to precious stone. �  2. Second association to fish. �  3. Third association to state. �  4. Second association to insect. �  5. First association to type of music. �  6. Second association to beverage. �  7. First association to article of clothing.