health, education and child labour
TRANSCRIPT
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A Look into the Linkages Between the Above
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1. Introduction :Inter-relations
2. Health Education - And how productivity isaffected : Case Study on
3. Child Labour Health : Case Study on
4. Child Labour Education : Case Study on
5. Conclusion : Some Solutions
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Health
LabourEducation
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Parents Socio EconomicParents Socio Economic
Status : measured byStatus : measured byincome and educationincome and education
Childs healthChilds health
Childs healthChilds healthFuture EducationFuture Education
and Incomeand Income
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y Displays an Intergenerational Transmission
y Which leads to what? - Chicken and Egg Effect
y Health is however inherently multidimensional anddifficult to summarize in a single index
y Seven health indices (smoking, drinking, body massindex, sleeping, exercise, breakfast, and snacks)
y Income : Too intertwined with education to be factored
out
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y It follows that parents with higher levels of educationtend to bring up healthier kids.
MoreAwareness
aboutHealth
Better Accessto Facilities
Plan andHave
Children
Provide morestable andnurturing
environment
Why?
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y A good education during childhood also leads to goodhealth later in life
y Sick because you cant go to school, or sick becauseyou didnt go? - New studies show that correlationDOES reflect cause and effect
y Dr. Lleras-Muneys study on income-health disparities
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y Poor Education : can lead to limited job options,lower incomes greater work-related stress limit afamily's chances to live in a healthy home andneighbourhood increasing their exposure toharmful conditions further emotional stresses thatcan lead to illness.
y
Better Education : more likely to have jobs thatprovide health insurance coverage to be moreknowledgeable about their health to have moretime to attend to their health. A good education can
lay the foundation for a healthy life.
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505560
65707580859095
100105110
65% 70% 75% 80% 85% 90% 95%
Literacy Rate
Literacy Rate and Health in Indonesia
Life Expectancy at Birth Mortality Rate (Under 5)
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Child LaborWork that harms children or keeps them from attendingschool- Child Labor Public Education Project of theUniversity ofIowa
SomeCharacteristics
Violates nations minimum age laws
Threatens childrens physical, mental or emotional well-being
Intolerable abuse, such as child slavery, child trafficking, debtbondage, forced labor etc.
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Occurrence
International LaborOrganization246 million children 5-17
WHO179 million(1 in 8) are trapped in worst forms
Majority are in agriculture, fishing, manufacturing, mining etc
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Statistics
Slavery and forced child laborSouth Asia, South-East Asia and West Africa
Prostitution and trafficking of children Girls from Belarus, Russian Federation andUkraine are being transported to Hungary, Poland and the Baltic States
AgricultureSri Lanka, developing Asian countries
MiningDeveloping countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America
Ceramics and glass factory workDeveloping countries in Asia, Morocco
Deep-sea fishingDeveloping Asian countries, especially in Myanmar, Indonesia, thePhilippines and Thailand
Child domestic workersDeveloping Asian countries, Zimbabwe,Morocco
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Causes-Conditions safe for adults may not be safe and healthyfor children due to physical differences
Unskilled & labor-intensive
Inadequate training
Illegal & inappropriate work
Lesser experience
Chemical exposure..e.g. pesticide
Machinery and sharp tools
Unhygienic sanitation
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Effects
Rapid skeletal growth
Development of organs and tissues
Greater risk of hearing loss
Greater need for food and rest
Higher chemical absorption rates
Low heat tolerance
Psychosocial effects
Long hours of work harm childrens social and educational development-US adolescents over 20 hours per week -more problem
behaviorTraumatic effects caused by slavery, soldiering, prostitution, drug trafficking
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Statistics
ILO sponsored survey undertaken in Philippines shows that-60 of economically active children hazardous working-19 exposed to biological hazards-26 chemical and 51%einvironmental
-Of all children workers, 24% suffer work related illness, much higher than thatfor adults
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Measures Taken
In 2006
ILO
set a visionary target-to end worst forms of child labor by 2016
Declining in Asia-Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean
Increasing in sub-Saharan Africa
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CycleVery poor families rely on income from child labor less child labor less
income less foodworse health less educationlow productivity badeconomy
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Inversely relatedDirectly relatedChild Labor- opportunity cost of educationDeveloping countries
Practiced modernization since 1670sFailed- didnt achieve its goal.
Child labor
Global child laborers (International LaborOrganization, ILO)-208 million (2004)- 215 million (2010)
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y Developing countries
y Considered as ridiculous by social norms.
y Poor families may have lower private returns toeducation because the opportunity cost is higher.
y Poverty positively related with hrs of child labor.(Luxury axiom)
y Parental influence (vicious cycle of receiving littleeducation reverse causality is possible)
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Positive correlation
No work more time to invest on education
Opportunity cost of education- working
Higher return on education
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Some cases can negatively effect Education
y Taking away the rights of children to work may meantaking away the minimum opportunities for their
economic subsistence.y Long term effect- no money for education leads to no
education at all.
y Coexist?
y working children attend schooly Lower quality of education receive
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y Parent income, education and employement
y Income shock
y Child wage
y Household sizey Gender
y Birth order
y School cost and quality
y Region of Residence
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In spite of the Cycle, to salvage the solution, we should increase education
standards, enhance health, and fight for child labor
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y http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/03/health/03aging.html?_r=1
y http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/03/science/2007010
3_AGING_GRAP
HIC.html
y http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10860298
y Journal of Economic Literature 2009, 47:1, 87-122
http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/jel.47.1.
87
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http://www.continuetolearn.uiowa.edu/laborctr/child_labor/about/what_is_chil
d_labor.htmlhttp://www.continuetolearn.uiowa.edu/laborctr/child_labor/about/health_issues.htmlhttp://www.who.int/occupational_health/topics/childlabour/en/http://www.ilo.org/ipec/lang--en/http://www.unicef.org/protection/index_childlabour.html
http://www.childinfo
.org/labour_education
.htmlhttp://www.thefreelibrary.com/Child+labor:+developing+country+estimates+dou
ble-a019661621The United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF), May 2006, Child ProtectionInformation Sheet from Child LaborRobin Clark-Bennett, Carol Hodne, and Jennifer Sherer, September 2004, ChildLabor and Health: Adult Education WorkshopINTERNATIONAL LABOUR CONFERENCE 99th Session 2010 ReportI(B), Accelerating action against child labourThe GlobalOccupational Health network (Summerr 2005). Topic: Child Labor &Adolescent workers, Issue No. 9, Gohnet NewsletterStephen Bazen and Claire Salmon, Institut de Recherche en Gestion et enEconomie, (May 2005). Parents health and child labor: an empirical analysis offamily labour supply in Bangladesh