harshit saket

8/8/2019 harshit saket

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PRESENTED BY

HARSHIT VERMA

SAKET NEMA


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` Refers to a bilateral accord on civil nuclear cooperation between the

United States of America and the Republic of India

` Framework: July 18, 2005 joint statement by Indian Prime Minister

Manmohan Singh and then U.S. President George W. Bush, under

which: India agreed to separate its civil and military nuclear facilities and,

Place all its civil nuclear facilities under International Atomic Energy

Agency (IAEA) safeguards and,

In exchange, the United States agreed to work toward full civil nuclear

cooperation with India` The agreement was signed by Indian External Affairs Minister

Pranab Mukherjee and his counterpart Secretary of State

Condoleezza Rice, on 10 October,2008.


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` The deal took more than 3 years to come to fruition,as it had to go through several complex stages,

mainly being: Amendment of U.S. domestic law

Civil-military nuclear Separation Plan in India

India-IAEA safeguards (inspections) agreement

Grant of an exemption for India by the Nuclear Suppliers Group(an

export-control cartel that had been formed mainly in response to India's

first nuclear test in 1974)

Stiff Opposition in India


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` India's long term plan is to expand and fuel its civilian nuclear

power generation capacity from its current output of about 4GWe

(GigaWatt electricity) to a power output of 20GWe by 2020.

` Estimated annual Uranium production 300 tonnes

` Estimated annual Uranium consumption 450 tonnes

` And, India's estimated reserve of uranium represents only 1% of the

world's known uranium reserves which affects Indian nuclear power

generation capacity


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` The separation plan appears to serve two purposes:

Politically, it could help demonstrate Indias commitment to

nonproliferation, and

Legally, it must ensure U.S. compliance with Article I of the Nuclear

NonproliferationTreaty (NPT) that U.S. cooperation does not in any

way assist a nuclear weapons program in a non-nuclear weapon state

` The plan includes 14 reactors to be declared as civilian, or

approximately 65% of Indias total operating energy capacity


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` Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT or NNPT) is a treatyto limit the spread of nuclear weapons, opened for signatureon July 1, 1968.

` Out of the 189 countries party to the treaty, five have nuclear

weapons: the United States, Russia, the United Kingdom,China and France (also permanent members of the UNSecurity Council).

` All signatories, including nuclear weapon states, arecommitted to :

the goal of total nuclear disarmament non proliferation, and

right to peacefully use nuclear energy and an obligation to cooperate oncivilian nuclear technology


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` IAEA or International AtomicEnergy Agency has been designedto verify that nuclear energy is notdiverted from peaceful use to

weapons programs.` The agreement currently applies

safeguards to six Indian nuclearreactors under safeguardsagreements concluded between

1971 and 1994.` It aims to bring a total of 14 Indian

reactors under safeguards by 2014.

IAEA Director General MohamedElBaradei and Ambassador SaurabhKumar of India sign the IndiaSafeguards agreement, Vienna, 2 Feb,2009.


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` The NSG Nuclear Suppliers Group was originally established "to ensurethat nuclear trade for peaceful purposes does not contribute to theproliferation of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices."

` Under the waiver, India can proceed to import uranium fuel, nuclearmaterials, equipment and technologies for its civilian nuclear programme.

But it can also divert domestic uranium exclusively for weapons purposes.` In addition, India can produce more bomb fuel from its dedicated military

nuclear facilities and fast-breeder reactors, which it can maintain andexpand.

` History : On resistance from some countries, India was asked to acceptthree conditions to resume nuclear trade - periodic review of compliance

with India's non-proliferation pledges, exclusion from trade of sensitivetechnologies such as uranium enrichment and spent fuel reprocessing, andcessation of nuclear commerce in case India tests. India only accepted thefirst condition.


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` The opposition was due to inconsistency between the PrimeMinister Manmohan Singh's statement in Indian Parliament andBush Administration's communication to the House Foreign AffairsCommittee, which says that: The 123 Agreement is not inconsistent with the Hyde Act's stipulationthe

little-known 'Barack Obama Amendment' -- that the supply of nuclear fuelshould be "commensurate with reasonable operating requirements". Thisimplies a severe restriction to the 'strategic reserve' that is crucial to India'snuclear program.

Moreover, the agreement, as a result of its compliance with the Hyde Act,contains a direct linkage between shutting down US nuclear trade with Indiaand any potential future Indian nuclear weapons test.

T

he NSG waivers Section 3(e), in the event of an explosion of a nucleardevice refers to the paragraph, which allows a supplier to call for a specialNSG meeting, and seek termination of cooperation, in the event of a test orany other violation of a supplier-recipient understanding.


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July10,2008 Vote of Confidence in Parliament

Aug13,2007 to July08,2008 Hue and cry in Indian Parliament

Nov16,2006 Passed 'United States-India PeacefulAtomic Energy Cooperation and USAdditional Protocol Implementation Act'

July26,2006 Passed Henry J Hyde United States-India Peaceful Atomic EnergyCooperation Act of 2006

July18,2005 Joint statement at Washington (intention to enter into nuclear agreement)


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Oct10,2008 - Deal is signed by External Affairs Minister Pranab Mukherjee and his counterpart Secretary of StateCondoleezza Rice in Washington D C.

Oct 8,2008 - President Bush signs legislation to enact the landmark US-India civilian nuclear agreement

- The 123Agreement between India and US is finally operationalized

Oct01,2008 U.S. Senate approves the deal

Sep27,2008 U.S. House of Representatives approve the Indo US deal

July22,2008 UPA Government wins trust vote in Lok Sabha


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` Nuclear non-proliferation - important in helping to advance the non-proliferation framework : India has maintained a non-proliferationrecord, though it hasnt signed the NPT

` Economic considerations - India's stated objective is to increase theproduction of nuclear power generation from its present capacity of4,000 MWe to 20,000 MWe in the next decade. Financially, the U.S.expects the deal would bring in $150 billion in the next decade, ofwhich the U.S. wants a share

` Strategic Certain U.S. ambassadors (since the end of Cold War and Pentagon), have

requested increased strategic ties with India and a de- hyphenization ofPakistan with India separate policies toward India and Pakistan

U.S. also sees India as a viable counter-weight to the growing influence ofChina


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` Indias economical growth is 8-10 % a year and it wont beable to keep up without clean nuclear energy.

` Nuclear energy is a must to become a developed nation.

` Reliable power resources bring more foreign investments to

India.` This will bring more and more job opportunities to India.

` Some of India's largest and most well-respected corporationslike Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, National ThermalPower Corporation and Larsen & Toubro eyeing a $100 billion

(U.S.) business in this sector over the same time period.` According to Hindustan Times, nuclear energy will produce

52,000 MW of electricity in India by 2020.


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