harlan county public schools covid distance learning (cdl...

Harlan County Public Schools COVID Distance Learning (CDL)

English 10, Mrs. Mitchell Spring 2020 Days 18-27

Introduction: Complete the following Study Island assignments (either online or paper packet) each day for CDL days 11-15. Standard:

RL.10.2 Determine a theme or central idea of a text and analyze in detail its development over the course of the text, including how it emerges and is shaped and refined by specific details; provide an objective summary of the text.

RL.10.3 Analyze how complex characters (e.g., those with multiple or conflicting motivations) develop over the course of a text, interact with other characters, and advance the plot or develop the theme. RI.10.1 Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text. Activities: Monday, 4/20— Summary Tuesday, 4/21— Figurative Meaning Wednesday, 4/22—Analyzing Documents Thursday, 4/23— Reference Materials Friday, 4/24— Evaluating Arguments Monday, 4/27— Introducing and Closing Arguments Tuesday, 4/28— Evidence Wednesday, 4/29— Organizing Ideas Thursday, 4/30— Citation Formats Friday, 5/1— Multi-Meaning Words

CONTACT

Website: www.catemitchell.weebly.com, CONTACT tab, (CDL tab contains assignments and resources for extended cancellation)

Phone: 606-574-2020 ext 3575, between 8am and 3pm on Mondays

Email: [email protected]

Remind: Sign up with Mrs. Mitchell ASAP

Messenger: if we are not already connected, send me a request on Facebook. Facebook Group: Join “Mrs. Mitchell’s English 10” group on Facebook

http://www.catemitchell.weebly.com/

mailto:[email protected]

Generation Date: 04/17/2020

Generated By: Andrea Mitchell

CDL 18: SUMMARY

Cereal

Considering that nine out of ten households in America serve ready-to-eat cereals, there’s a good chance that you

have a box in your home. But how was cereal invented? How is cereal made? These very questions popped into my mind

one morning, and how little I knew about this convenient and tasty breakfast food surprised me. I immediately set out

to find answers. Here is what I learned.

How was cereal invented?

The cereal phenomena all started at the Western Health Reform Institute in Battle Creek, Michigan, today known as

the “cereal city of the world.” There, in 1894, Will Keith Kellogg and his brother, physician John Harvey Kellogg, invented

the first precooked flaked cereal. The brothers worked together to develop grain-based vegetarian options for their

patients. One day, the brothers forgot about a pot of boiled wheat, which they were going to use to make ground

wheat. Trying to salvage it, they rolled the softened wheat and let it dry. What emerged were large, thin flakes that

turned out to be a tasty cereal. The patients at the sanitarium loved it so much that they even ordered it via mail when

they checked out.

Two years later, Will invented corn flakes. He wanted to start selling the cereals to grocery stores, but John refused to

participate in a commercial endeavor. So, in 1906, after buying out his brother’s portion of the patents, Will went on to

create the Kellogg Company. Inspired by the Kellogg brothers, C. W. Post, a patient at the sanitarium, also began a

cereal-making enterprise. Cunning advertising campaigns turned their health food creations into must-have breakfast

foods. A hundred years later, their companies are still among the leading manufacturers of breakfast cereals.

How is cereal made?

The most important ingredient to any breakfast cereal is grain. The grain can consist of corn, wheat, oats, rice, and/or

barley. The manufacturing process usually begins with the processing of the grain, where it is inspected and cleaned. It

may be left as whole grain, or it may get crushed between large metal rollers to remove the outer layer of the bran. The

latter allows for the grain to be ground into flour.

Next, the grain is mixed with flavoring agents, vitamins, minerals, sweeteners, salt, and water in a large rotating

pressure cooker. When this is finished, the cooked grain passes through a drying oven on a conveyer belt and turns into

a malleable, solid mass.

The cooked grain is then cooled and shaped by large metal rollers. The shape and pressure of the rollers depends on

the type of cereal being made (flaked, puffed, or shredded). Large ovens then cook the grain to the desired color, flavor,

and dryness.

Grain ground into flour is cooked in a cooking extruder, which has a long screw and a heating mechanism. The screw

mixes the flour with water, flavorings, salt, sweeteners, vitamins, minerals, and sometimes food coloring while the

extruder cooks the mixture. The extruder then squeezes the mixture out into a ribbon, and a rotating knife cuts the

ribbon into pellets. These pellets are then cooled and baked in much the same way as cooked grain.

Cereals can be made in a wide variety of shapes, such as circles and letters of the alphabet, with a cooking extruder. A

die of the desired shape is added to the end of the extruder which forms a ribbon of cooked dough.

After shaping, the cereal may be coated with vitamins, minerals, sweeteners, and flavors. Frosted cereals are made by

spraying a thick, hot syrup of sugar on the cereal in a rotating drum.

1. Which of the following is the best summary of "Cereal"?

W. In 1894, Will Keith Kellogg and his brother, physician John Harvey Kellogg, invented the first precooked flaked

cereal. The most important ingredient to any breakfast cereal is grain. Large ovens cook the grain to the desired

color, flavor, and dryness. Grain ground into flour is cooked in a cooking extruder, which has a long screw and a

heating mechanism. After shaping, the cereal may be coated with flavors.

X. Cereal was invented at the Western Health Reform Institute, located in Battle Creek, Michigan. Will Keith Kellogg

and his brother John Harvey Kellogg made healthy food for their patients. Cereal was one of their inventions. Will

founded the Kellogg Company, and C.W. Post, a patient of theirs, founded a company of his own. Cereal is made by

cleaning and inspecting corn, wheat, oats, rice, and/or barley. It is cooked in a pressure cooker or cooking extruder.

Y. Nine out of ten homes in America eat cereal, but not many people know how cereal was invented or how it is

made. The passage answers these questions. Will Keith Kellogg and his brother John Harvey Kellogg invented the

first cereal. Will went on and founded the Kellogg Company, which makes the best corn flakes. The manufacturing

process begins with the most important ingredient, grain. It is cleaned and inspected, mixed with other ingredients,

and then baked in an oven.

Z. The author of the passage shares what he or she has learned about the invention and the production of cereal. Will

Keith Kellogg and John Harvey Kellogg invented the first precooked cereal when they accidentally forgot about a

pot of boiled wheat; the resulting food became a huge success. Today, cereal is made by processing grain, mixing

and cooking it with other ingredients, and shaping it with metal rollers. The grain is then cooked again in large

ovens.

A. X

B. Z

C. W

D. Y

There was once a tin soldier who stood firmly on only one leg. He had been made last, and there hadn’t been enough

melted tin to finish him. The table where he stood was covered with other playthings, but the most beautiful was a

paper castle with the prettiest little lady, standing at the open door. She was also made of paper, and she wore a dress

with a blue ribbon. In front was fixed a glittering tinsel rose. The lady was a dancer, and she stretched out her arms and

raised one leg so high that the tin soldier thought that she also had only one leg. That is the wife for me, he thought. He

hid behind a box so that he could secretly admire her.

When evening came, the people of the house went to bed, and the playthings began to play. Only the tin soldier

and the dancer remained still. The tin soldier never took his eyes from the dancer. Suddenly, a black goblin jumped

up.

“Tin soldier,” said the goblin, “don’t wish for what does not belong to you.”

But the tin soldier pretended not to hear.

“Very well, wait until tomorrow,” said the goblin.

The next morning, the children placed the tin soldier in the window. It might have been the wind or the goblin, but

the window flew open, and out fell the tin soldier. The children searched but could not find him.

A storm came, but when it ended, two boys passed and noticed the tin soldier. They made a boat out of a newspaper

and sent the soldier sailing down the gutter. The boat shot under a bridge, and then it was dark.

The soldier heard a terrible roaring sound. At the end of the tunnel, the drain fell into a large canal over a steep place,

which made it as dangerous as a waterfall. He couldn’t stop, so the boat rushed on. The boat filled with water, and the

paper became soft and loose until the water closed over the soldier’s head. He thought of the elegant little dancer, who

he thought he would never see again.

When the soldier sank into the water, he was immediately swallowed by a fish. It was darker there than in the tunnel,

but the tin soldier remained firm. The fish swam to and fro but then became quite still. After a while, the soldier saw

light, and a voice cried, “Here is the tin soldier!”

The fish had been caught and sold to the cook, who had just cut him open. She carried the soldier into a room. Many

were anxious to see this soldier who had traveled inside a fish. The cook placed him on a table, and there he was in the

very same room from the window of which he had fallen! There was the pretty castle with the elegant little dancer at

the door. The tin soldier was so happy to see her that he almost wept. He looked at her but remained silent.

Then, for no reason at all, one boy took up the tin soldier and threw him into the stove. The flames engulfed the tin

soldier. He looked at the dancer, and she looked at him. Suddenly the door of the room flew open, and the air caught up

the dancer. She fluttered right into the stove beside the soldier and was instantly in flames and gone. The tin soldier

melted down into a lump, and the next morning, when the maid took the ashes out of the stove, she found him in the

shape of a tin heart. Of the little dancer, only the tinsel rose remained.

adapted from "The Steadfast Tin Soldier" by Hans Christian Andersen

2. Which is the best summary for this passage?

W. A tin soldier sees a beautiful lady in front of her paper castle and falls in love with her. A storm comes, and two

boys see the toy soldier. They put him in a paper boat and send the soldier sailing down the gutter. The boat goes

under a bridge, and the soldier sails down a dark tunnel. At the end of the tunnel, the soldier falls down a waterfall

and is then eaten by a fish.

X. A tin soldier with one leg falls in love with a toy dancer made from paper. A goblin warns him to stop admiring her,

but the soldier ignores him. The next day, he falls from a window. After surviving several dangers, the soldier is

returned home, and he sees the dancer again. Then, a boy throws the tin soldier into the fire, and a draught blows

the dancer into the fire with him.

Y. A tin soldier stands on one leg. He never stops looking at a dancer. A goblin says "don't wish for what does not

belong to you." But the tin soldier doesn't listen. The next morning, the children place the tin soldier in the window.

A storm comes, but when it ends, two boys see the tin soldier. The soldier goes into a tunnel, but after a while, the

soldier hears, "Here is the tin soldier!"

Z. A tin soldier, who is in love with a beautiful toy dancer, becomes enemies with a goblin. The goblin pushes him out

of a window, and the soldier sails down a gutter on a paper boat. The soldier ends up back at the house, and a boy

throws him into the stove. The dancer cannot live without him, so she follows the wind and joins him in the stove.

They both die together.

A. X

B. Y

C. W

D. Z

Cereal

Considering that nine out of ten households in America serve ready-to-eat cereals, there’s a good chance that you

have a box in your home. But how was cereal invented? How is cereal made? These very questions popped into my mind

one morning, and how little I knew about this convenient and tasty breakfast food surprised me. I immediately set out

to find answers. Here is what I learned.

How was cereal invented?

The cereal phenomena all started at the Western Health Reform Institute in Battle Creek, Michigan, today known as

the “cereal city of the world.” There, in 1894, Will Keith Kellogg and his brother, physician John Harvey Kellogg, invented

the first precooked flaked cereal. The brothers worked together to develop grain-based vegetarian options for their

patients. One day, the brothers forgot about a pot of boiled wheat, which they were going to use to make ground

wheat. Trying to salvage it, they rolled the softened wheat and let it dry. What emerged were large, thin flakes that

turned out to be a tasty cereal. The patients at the sanitarium loved it so much that they even ordered it via mail when

they checked out.

Two years later, Will invented corn flakes. He wanted to start selling the cereals to grocery stores, but John refused to

participate in a commercial endeavor. So, in 1906, after buying out his brother’s portion of the patents, Will went on to

create the Kellogg Company. Inspired by the Kellogg brothers, C. W. Post, a patient at the sanitarium, also began a

cereal-making enterprise. Cunning advertising campaigns turned their health food creations into must-have breakfast

foods. A hundred years later, their companies are still among the leading manufacturers of breakfast cereals.

How is cereal made?

The most important ingredient to any breakfast cereal is grain. The grain can consist of corn, wheat, oats, rice, and/or

barley. The manufacturing process usually begins with the processing of the grain, where it is inspected and cleaned. It

may be left as whole grain, or it may get crushed between large metal rollers to remove the outer layer of the bran. The

latter allows for the grain to be ground into flour.

Next, the grain is mixed with flavoring agents, vitamins, minerals, sweeteners, salt, and water in a large rotating

pressure cooker. When this is finished, the cooked grain passes through a drying oven on a conveyer belt and turns into

a malleable, solid mass.

The cooked grain is then cooled and shaped by large metal rollers. The shape and pressure of the rollers depends on

the type of cereal being made (flaked, puffed, or shredded). Large ovens then cook the grain to the desired color, flavor,

and dryness.

Grain ground into flour is cooked in a cooking extruder, which has a long screw and a heating mechanism. The screw

mixes the flour with water, flavorings, salt, sweeteners, vitamins, minerals, and sometimes food coloring while the

extruder cooks the mixture. The extruder then squeezes the mixture out into a ribbon, and a rotating knife cuts the

ribbon into pellets. These pellets are then cooled and baked in much the same way as cooked grain.

Cereals can be made in a wide variety of shapes, such as circles and letters of the alphabet, with a cooking extruder. A

die of the desired shape is added to the end of the extruder which forms a ribbon of cooked dough.

After shaping, the cereal may be coated with vitamins, minerals, sweeteners, and flavors. Frosted cereals are made by

spraying a thick, hot syrup of sugar on the cereal in a rotating drum.

3. Which statement best summarizes how the first precooked flaked cereal was invented?

A. Will Keith Kellogg rolled cooked grains of corn and toasted the resulting flakes.

B. John Harvey Kellogg liked to create healthy vegetarian options for his patients.

C. Two brothers made the first precooked flaked cereal in Battle Creek, Michigan.

D. The Kellogg brothers tried to save a pot of boiled wheat that they forgot about.

Did I Just Marry an African Chief?

by Katrina Manson

KURUBONLA, Sierra Leone (Reuters) - The chief is gesticulating wildly and I see spit flying out of his mouth. I am pretty

sure I have offended him but don't understand much of the local Kuranko language, so I ask the man next to me who

speaks some English.

"Oh, he's just saying he's made you his wife," he replies.

I'm still trying to come to terms with accidentally eating monkey last night.

I am not sure what I was expecting when I took a motorbike taxi tour across 200 miles of Sierra Leone's eastern back

roads. But marriage and eating monkeys weren't what I had in mind.

I ride behind Ibrahim Koroma, who agreed to rev his Chinese-made machine smuggled from Guinea along village paths,

with me hanging on the back. He says he will minimize the "gallops" for me and drive like I'm his old mother. As the

bones in my back clonk against each other I'm glad he doesn't see me as his younger brother.

Apart from our noisy passage, the sense of isolation from the modern world is complete. There is no phone coverage for

days, tall grasses brush my crash helmet and the area is so remote that there is not even a discarded Coca Cola bottle in

sight.

When we reached Kurubonla town, a collection of mud-built homes topped off with thatch or tin, someone was sent to

beat a drum to gather everyone to see an unannounced stranger—me.

Not long afterwards, I seemed to have acquired a husband. The very least I can do is say thank you and shake his hand.

Oh, and ask his name. He takes off his hat and puts on special ceremonial headgear, colored gold with burnt red

patches, and we pose for marriage snaps. Possibly into his 70s, Chief Mamburu Marah looks quite fetching.

Despite his public declaration of our betrothal, I was able to slip away later with a promise to come back and see him

soon.

Monkey Business

The local chief of Mongo Bendugu, another small town, was less amorous but no less obliging, finding us a place to stay

for the night in the school principal's house.

A local policeman was kind too, offering to share his meal. He worried local food might not be suitable, mentioning rice

and potato leaf sauce. "Nonsense," I said, and we tucked in.

I took some meat too, since it's a bit of an honor to be offered it. It was the best I've ever had—rich and tender with not

a trace of gristle. As I chomped, I noticed one of the bones, flat and disc-like, and the question flew out of my mouth.

"Er, what meat is this?"

"Monkey," came the reply.

The policeman, who couldn't stop laughing, tried to make me promise that I wouldn't remember him as "the man who

made me eat monkey."

He said the monkey was probably shot in neighboring Guinea and brought over the border.

Civilians are banned from having guns in Sierra Leone following its 1991–2002 civil war. This has annoyed hunters, who

have lost their symbol of virility and main income-earning tool.

They have become more inventive, laying bush traps for deer and other animals. But everyone agrees chimpanzees are

far too clever to fall for such tricks.

Most locals aren't fussy when it comes to supplementing their diet.

"The type of monkey you net in the trap is the type of monkey you kill," was how one local put it. "It's delicious for us

and very nice to eat."

I tried to look half-disapproving, but I know by experience he is right.

Copyright 2007 Reuters. Reprinted with permission from Reuters. Reuters content is the intellectual property of Reuters

or its third party content providers. Any copying, republication or redistribution of Reuters content is expressly prohibited

without the prior written consent of Reuters. Reuters shall not be liable for any errors or delays in content, or for any

actions taken in reliance thereon. Reuters and the Reuters Sphere Logo are registered trademarks of the Reuters group of

companies around the world. For additional information about Reuters content and services, please visit Reuters website

at www.reuters.com.

4. Which sentence best summarizes the author's overall opinion of monkey meat?

A. "He worried local food might not be suitable, mentioning rice and potato leaf sauce."

B. "I noticed one of the bones, flat and disc-like, and the question flew out of my mouth."

C. "It was the best I've ever had—rich and tender with not a trace of gristle."

D. "He said the monkey was probably shot in neighboring Guinea and brought over the border."

Fifteenth-century Italian printer Aldus Manutius the Elder is best known for printing Greek classics in pocket editions

known as octavos, creating the italic font type, and introducing the modern use of the semicolon. For centuries, the

semicolon was rarely used, and its usage was largely unregulated. Under Manutius' influence, the semicolon became

more standardized, and it was used to separate words and phrases with opposite meanings and to connect interrelated

sentences. Manutius' grandson, Aldus the Younger, produced the first book on punctuation, Orthographiae Ratio, in

1566; he also worked for the Aldine Press, which his grandfather founded. In 1984, a new software company was named

in honor of Aldus Manutius. The Aldus Corporation, a leader in the software field, is generally credited with creating the

desktop publishing field.

5. Which of the following is an idea that would be important to include in a summary of this passage?

A. ". . . it was used to separate words and phrases with opposite meanings and to connect interrelated sentences."

B. "Manutius' grandson, Aldus the Younger, produced the first book on punctuation, Orthographiae Ratio, in

1566 . . ."

C. "The Aldus Corporation, a leader in the software field, is generally credited with creating the desktop publishing

field."

D. "For centuries, the semicolon was rarely used, and its usage was largely unregulated."

Ray Charles Robinson was born on September 23, 1930 in Albany, Georgia. Both his mother and father were

extremely poor, and Ray grew up in an impoverished home. When Ray was still very young, his mother and father

moved from Albany to Greenville, Florida. His father worked as a railroad mechanic, so he was frequently absent from

the house. When Ray was five years old, he began to lose his eyesight. His parents did what they could to treat his

condition, but the young boy was completely blind by the age of seven. When Ray was ten, his father died, and his

mother passed away ten years later.

Shortly after Ray lost his eyesight, his mother sent him to the Florida School for the Deaf and Blind in St. Augustine,

Florida, where Ray discovered his great love of music. In school, Ray learned classical piano. During the summers, he

would return home to visit his mother where he would learn blues and jazz piano at a local juke joint called the Red

Wing Café.

After touring with several musical groups as a singer, songwriter, and pianist, Ray signed with Atlantic Records and

produced two instant hits in 1954. His song “I Got a Woman” brought him national fame. Ray enjoyed numerous hits

throughout the 1950s and 1960s. In 1965, Ray was arrested for possession of narcotics and spent a year in a

rehabilitation clinic. After recovering from his addiction, Ray returned to music and continued to release hit album after

hit album.

Ray Charles is a legend in American music as a performer, songwriter, and pianist. His style has influenced gospel

music, rhythm and blues, jazz, and pop musicians for the past 50 years. In addition to being a well-respected influence to

rhythm and blues, Ray successfully crossed over to dominate the pop charts as well with his hit “Georgia on My Mind” in

1960. Ray enjoyed a bright, successful career and entertained millions of people around the world. He passed away in

2004 after a long battle against liver cancer.

6. Read the following summary to answer the question. Ray Charles is a legend in the recording industry. He began to lose his sight at the age of five and was blind by the age of 7. Despite this, he went on to tour with many jazz and gospel groups before becoming successful. His most popular songs include "Georgia on My Mind" and "I Got a Woman." Which information is missing from this summary?

A. why he chose to change his name

B. where he was born and grew up

C. his influence of the music industry

D. where he studied Braille and music

(1) Did you know that some animals can regrow or grow new body parts? It sounds like something out of a science

fiction movie, but it is true. Some animals can regenerate, or grow new body parts in order to replace those that have

been damaged. Other animals can grow entirely new animals!

(2) Most animals that regenerate grow new body parts. Lizards, for example, can often grow new tails after losing all

or part of their tails. This is especially helpful for getting away from predators. A lost tail wiggles for a little while, which

can distract the predator and give the lizard time to get away. Most lizards can regrow their tails in about nine months.

(3) Spiders, sharks, and starfish also grow new parts. Spiders regrow missing legs and can even regrow part of a leg if it

was damaged. Sharks are constantly growing new teeth, and their rows of teeth move as one row gets worn and falls

out. One shark can grow up to 24,000 teeth in a lifetime. Starfish can grow a new arm if they lose one. Sometimes a new

starfish has grown from a lost arm!

(4) Some animals are able to regenerate new animals entirely from a piece of them. It is not as common among

starfish, but worms, sea cucumbers, and sponges can regenerate new animals. If a flat worm, for example, is cut into

pieces, each piece will grow into a new worm. Sea cucumbers can also multiply after being cut into pieces. Their bodies

can be up to three feet long, and each new piece, after being cut, can become a new sea cucumber. And if sponges are

divided, the sponges’ cells will regrow and combine in the exact same way they did before being divided.

(5) Though regeneration may be purely science fiction for people, these animals prove that regeneration is not fiction

but is instead scientific fact!

7. Which is the best summary of the fourth paragraph?

A. Animals like sea cucumbers can grow from a piece of the same kind of animal. Sea cucumbers are about three

feet long. If they are cut up, new sea cucumbers will grow from each old piece.

B. Some animals can regrow new animals from one piece. A new worm or sea cucumber can grow from one piece of

an old one. Divided sponges regrow to be exactly how they were before the division.

C. Some animals can regrow new animals from a small piece of an old animal. If a flat worm is cut up, each piece will

grow into a new worm. It is exactly the same way that sea cucumbers can regenerate.

D. Flat worms can be grown from pieces of another flat worm. So if a flat worm was cut into four pieces, four flat

worms would grow—one from each piece. Sponges do not regenerate in the same way.

There was once a tin soldier who stood firmly on only one leg. He had been made last, and there hadn’t been enough

melted tin to finish him. The table where he stood was covered with other playthings, but the most beautiful was a

paper castle with the prettiest little lady, standing at the open door. She was also made of paper, and she wore a dress

with a blue ribbon. In front was fixed a glittering tinsel rose. The lady was a dancer, and she stretched out her arms and

raised one leg so high that the tin soldier thought that she also had only one leg. That is the wife for me, he thought. He

hid behind a box so that he could secretly admire her.

When evening came, the people of the house went to bed, and the playthings began to play. Only the tin soldier

and the dancer remained still. The tin soldier never took his eyes from the dancer. Suddenly, a black goblin jumped

up.

“Tin soldier,” said the goblin, “don’t wish for what does not belong to you.”

But the tin soldier pretended not to hear.

“Very well, wait until tomorrow,” said the goblin.

The next morning, the children placed the tin soldier in the window. It might have been the wind or the goblin, but

the window flew open, and out fell the tin soldier. The children searched but could not find him.

A storm came, but when it ended, two boys passed and noticed the tin soldier. They made a boat out of a newspaper

and sent the soldier sailing down the gutter. The boat shot under a bridge, and then it was dark.

The soldier heard a terrible roaring sound. At the end of the tunnel, the drain fell into a large canal over a steep place,

which made it as dangerous as a waterfall. He couldn’t stop, so the boat rushed on. The boat filled with water, and the

paper became soft and loose until the water closed over the soldier’s head. He thought of the elegant little dancer, who

he thought he would never see again.

When the soldier sank into the water, he was immediately swallowed by a fish. It was darker there than in the tunnel,

but the tin soldier remained firm. The fish swam to and fro but then became quite still. After a while, the soldier saw

light, and a voice cried, “Here is the tin soldier!”

The fish had been caught and sold to the cook, who had just cut him open. She carried the soldier into a room. Many

were anxious to see this soldier who had traveled inside a fish. The cook placed him on a table, and there he was in the

very same room from the window of which he had fallen! There was the pretty castle with the elegant little dancer at

the door. The tin soldier was so happy to see her that he almost wept. He looked at her but remained silent.

Then, for no reason at all, one boy took up the tin soldier and threw him into the stove. The flames engulfed the tin

soldier. He looked at the dancer, and she looked at him. Suddenly the door of the room flew open, and the air caught up

the dancer. She fluttered right into the stove beside the soldier and was instantly in flames and gone. The tin soldier

melted down into a lump, and the next morning, when the maid took the ashes out of the stove, she found him in the

shape of a tin heart. Of the little dancer, only the tinsel rose remained.

adapted from "The Steadfast Tin Soldier" by Hans Christian Andersen

8. Which of the following best summarizes the tin soldier's adventures outside of the house?

A. The tin soldier almost drowns, but a fish eats him. After being caught, the fish is purchased by the cook of the

soldier's home.

B. After hearing a roaring sound, the tin soldier falls down a waterfall. The boat fills with water, and the paper

becomes soft and loose.

C. It rains, and the soldier sails on a paper boat. He gets eaten by a fish and returns to his home. Then, a boy throws

him into a stove.

D. Two boys send the tin soldier down a gutter in a paper boat. A small waterfall sinks the boat, and the soldier is

then eaten by a fish.

B.B. King plays great American blues on his classic guitar named “Lucille.” He invented the urban blues “sound,”

which is a style of playing that features a wavering sound, loud vibrato notes, and solos filled with electronic feedback

from the amplifier. King is a veteran showman with decades of experience on stage, and he is amazingly popular too. He

is a major influence on musicians from all genres, but especially British musicians who emerged in the 1960s as part of

the British Invasion, such as Eric Clapton, Mick Jagger, or John Mayall.

Born as Riley B. King on a plantation in Itta Bena, Mississippi, King bought his first guitar at the age of 12 and taught

himself how to play. He became familiar with the local variety of Mississippi Delta blues before moving to Memphis,

Tennessee, 11 years later. There, he landed a gig singing at a local radio station on Beale Street, an area of town known

for its many blues clubs. From here, King became known as the "Beale Street Blues Boy," then "Blues Boy King," and,

finally, as "B. B. King." He recorded his first paying gig in 1949.

King has sold millions of records and is known for hits like “Every Day I Have the Blues” and “The Thrill is Gone.” He

was the recipient of two Grammy Awards in 2001. One was for a pop song he sang with Dr. John called “Is You Is, or Is

You Ain’t.” The second was for a blues album entitled Riding With the King, for which he collaborated with Eric Clapton.

In 1996, he published his autobiography titled Blues All Around Me.

9. Read the following summary from a student's paper. B. B. King is a well-known and talented blues musician who invented the Urban Blues sound. King got his start in Memphis, Tennessee where he earned his famous name. He influenced many musicians in other genres such as Eric Clapton and Mick Jagger. He recorded his first paying gig in 1949. What information should be removed from this summary?

A. "He influenced many musicians in other genres such as Eric Clapton and Mick Jagger."

B. "King got his start in Memphis, Tennessee where he earned his famous name."

C. "B. B. King is a well-known and talented blues musician who invented the Urban Blues sound."

D. "He recorded his first paying gig in 1949."

Friday the 13th is considered an unlucky day in many parts of the world, including North America, Western Europe,

and Australia. People often avoid completing business deals, signing contracts, and traveling on Friday the 13th. Some

tall buildings even bypass the number thirteen when numbering floors—one goes from the twelfth floor to the

fourteenth. This day is considered unlucky because the number thirteen as an “unlucky” number has roots in Norse

mythology and Christianity. To this day, it is considered unlucky to have thirteen people at dinner. Many people are

afraid of the number thirteen, a phobia known as Triskaidekaphobia. Whether or not thirteen and Friday the 13th are

unlucky, they both have tarnished reputations even today.

10. Which sentence would be best to begin a summary of this paragraph?

A. Some buildings number floors without using the number thirteen.

B. The number thirteen has an unlucky history dating back centuries.

C. People around the world think that Friday the 13th is unlucky.

D. Even today, people avoid doing business or traveling on Friday the 13th.



CDL 19-FIGURATIVE MEANINGS

1. Mayflies

Mayflies are unique winged aquatic insects. They are commonly found living in freshwater environments during warm

weather. Adult mayflies are most notably known for their short lifespans. The mayfly goes through four stages in its life:

egg, nymph, subimago, and imago. A mayfly in the nymph stage can remain in that stage for more than a year. In

contrast, a mayfly in imago, or adult, stage can expire within a few hours or days.

Based on the passage, what does the euphemism expire mean?

A. die

B. pollute

C. ban

D. annoy

2. Which of the following sentences contains an oxymoron?

A. "How should we format our summary? Should it be typed?" asked Tim after raising his hand.

B. Standing in front of the entire class, Owen begins to read his paper about The Great Gatsby.

C. Mrs. Kitts announced, "I would like you all to write a detailed summary about the book."

D. The class began reading The Tempest by William Shakespeare at the beginning of the year.

Timothy scanned the audience, looking for a girl with purple hair. That hair color was the only thing he could think of

that would distinguish Jennifer from the rest of the crowd. Unfortunately for Timothy, purple was the hair color of the

week. It seemed like every other person had chosen that color. Timothy attempted, but failed, to pinpoint Jennifer in

the sea of violet that stretched out before him.

3. What does the word "pinpoint" mean as it is used in the passage above?

A. touch with a pin

B. visit with

C. locate exactly

D. know the direction

Louis was a good dog. He wasn’t the kind of dog that would save your life. He wasn’t the kind of dog that would get

your paper. He wasn’t even the kind of dog that would listen to you. However, he was a good dog. He was pretty grumpy

most of the time. He was probably grumpy because he was older than dirt. My grandma said that old dogs have bad

attitudes. Anyway, even when he was grumpy, he was still pretty friendly. He would lick your face. He would let you rub

his belly. Then he’d go to sleep. That’s pretty much all he did.

4. Which sentence from the passage above contains figurative language?

A. "My grandma said that old dogs have bad attitudes."

B. "He was probably grumpy because he was older than dirt."

C. "He wasn't the kind of dog that would save your life."

D. "However, he was a good dog."

5. Bad News

At the end of her freshman year in high school, Marisa never imagined that she would be struggling with her classes.

She just had a meeting with her parents and Mr. Ortiz, the school counselor, to discuss her progress. Mr. Ortiz, in a grave

voice, had told them that Marissa needed to be retained the next school year. Mr. Ortiz believed that Marisa needed to

develop better reading skills to advance to the older grades. Outside the hallway, she thought sadly, I, Marisa Torres, will

be a ninth grader again. This is so unfair.

The euphemism retained is another way to say that

A. Marisa has failed her freshman year.

B. Marisa has a difficult personality.

C. Marisa needs to transfer to a new school.

D. Marisa needs to make a new set of friends.

6. "Goodness, Tony was a real phony. He tried to pretend that he needed help in Mrs. Dawson's class so that he could copy off of our homework," Yolanda said, frustrated. "Yeah, I know. Thank goodness Mrs. Dawson found out and helped us with this problem," agreed Melanie. "Who would have thought Tony would have been so devious?" Yolanda and Melanie walked and talked all the way to their English class. As they approached the front door, they found Tony waiting for them. Yolanda and Melanie looked each other, and their hearts began to beat faster. Which sentence from the passage contains an oxymoron?

A. Yolanda and Melanie looked each other, and their hearts began to beat faster.

B. "Who would have thought Tony would have been so devious?"

C. "Goodness, Tony was a real phony."

D. As they approached the front door, there waiting for them was Tony.

I tried as hard as I could to hide my shock and anger, but it was useless. My best friend, Jason, could tell how I felt. I

could tell he could tell by the way he wouldn't look me in the eyes. There he was, standing on the other end of the court

from my team wearing the other team's jersey.

I never felt so betrayed!

Just two weeks ago, I called to ask him if he would play for our team. He hemmed and hawed about it, and finally said

that he didn't really like basketball that much. He said he wasn't very good, and he hurt his femur or something like that.

Now I'm staring across the court at a liar and a coward. He never had the stomach to tell me he was already on a

different team, and he fed me made up excuses instead of telling me the truth.

7. The author inserts an exclamation point at the end of the second paragraph in order to

A. express the narrator's displeasure at seeing his friend on the other team.

B. show how much better Jason was at playing basketball than the narrator.

C. express the narrator's competitive nature when it comes to sports.

D. show how angry Jason was at the narrator for asking him to play with him.

Over the heads

Of passers-by

Where the ocean

Meets the sky

A golden ball

Begins descent

As seagulls provide

Accompaniment.

Just above

The boardwalk below,

I stop to catch

This evening show.

I seem to be

The only one

That marvels

At the setting sun.

These passers-by

Don't see the worth

Of the greatest show

On planet Earth.

8. Melody and rhythm are achieved in this poem by

A. rhyming the second and third lines of each stanza.

B. rhyming the first and last lines of each stanza.

C. rhyming the first and second lines of each stanza.

D. rhyming the second and fourth lines of each stanza.

Many of us began to watch television at a very young age. Television offered us a source of entertainment as well as a

way for us to stay inside and away from trouble. However, have you ever thought of how television has affected you?

Many recently released studies report that if children watch a significant amount of television, it can have a negative

effect on their lives. Some studies note that television can impact children's interactions with others, their learning, and

their level of physical activity. The effects of television can be seen most notably in how television advertisements

influence children.

Although parents have a great amount of influence on their children, television commercials can still affect the

choices children make. Commercials geared toward children are as covert as con artists. These advertisements play

when children are most vulnerable—during their favorite shows. The commercials pretend to be harmless and kid

friendly; however, they can be extremely detrimental to children. After children watch these commercials, they

inevitably ask their parents to purchase the products. This can have a negative impact on the food children choose to

eat. Children may pick more unhealthy options because of the exciting and vibrant way advertisements depict the foods.

As a result, children are becoming obese and unfit because of their poor food choices and their reluctance for physical

activity. To stop this growing trend, parents should be mindful of what their children watch. Parents, after all, are the

watchful sentinels of their children's well-being.

9. In the passage, the author directly compares parents to

A. purchased products.

B. extreme detriment.

C. exciting advertisements.

D. watchful sentinels.

10. Read the following sentence from the passage. Commercials geared toward children are as covert as con artists. Why does the author compare commercials to con artists?

A. The author thinks that commercials lack artistry.

B. The author believes that commercials are deceitful.

C. The author sees that con artists act in commercials.

D. The author feels that con artists show vulnerability.



CDL 20 – Analyzing Documents

In 1895, African American leader and former slave Booker T. Washington gave a speech known as the "Atlanta

Compromise" at the Cotton States and International Exposition. Below is an excerpt.

A ship lost at sea for many days suddenly sighted a friendly vessel. From the mast of the unfortunate vessel was seen

a signal, "Water, water; we die of thirst!" The answer from the friendly vessel at once came back, "Cast down your

bucket where you are." A second time the signal, "Water, water; send us water!" ran up from the distressed vessel, and

was answered, "Cast down your bucket where you are." And a third and fourth signal for water was answered, "Cast

down your bucket where you are." The captain of the distressed vessel, at last heeding the injunction, cast down his

bucket, and it came up full of fresh, sparkling water from the mouth of the Amazon River. To those of my race who

depend on bettering their condition in a foreign land or who underestimate the importance of cultivating friendly

relations with the Southern white man, who is their next-door neighbor, I would say: "Cast down your bucket where you

are"—cast it down in making friends in every manly way of the people of all races by whom we are surrounded.

Cast it down in agriculture, mechanics, in commerce, in domestic service, and in the professions. And in this

connection it is well to bear in mind that whatever other sins the South may be called to bear, when it comes to

business, pure and simple, it is in the South that the Negro is given a man's chance in the commercial world, and in

nothing is this Exposition more eloquent than in emphasizing this chance. Our greatest danger is that in the great leap

from slavery to freedom we may overlook the fact that the masses of us are to live by the productions of our hands, and

fail to keep in mind that we shall prosper in proportion as we learn to dignify and glorify common labour, and put brains

and skill into the common occupations of life; shall prosper in proportion as we learn to draw the line between the

superficial and the substantial, the ornamental gewgaws of life and the useful. No race can prosper till it learns that

there is as much dignity in tilling a field as in writing a poem. It is at the bottom of life we must begin, and not at the top.

Nor should we permit our grievances to overshadow our opportunities.

To those of the white race who look to the incoming of those of foreign birth and strange tongue and habits for the

prosperity of the South, were I permitted I would repeat what I say to my own race, "Cast down your bucket where you

are." Cast it down among the eight millions of Negroes whose habits you know, whose fidelity and love you have tested

in days when to have proved treacherous meant the ruin of your firesides. Cast down your bucket among these people

who have, without strikes and labour wars, tilled your fields, cleared your forests, builded your railroads and cities, and

brought forth treasures from the bowels of the earth, and helped make possible this magnificent representation of the

progress of the South. Casting down your bucket among my people, helping and encouraging them as you are doing on

these grounds, and to education of head, hand, and heart, you will find that they will buy your surplus land, make

blossom the waste places in your fields, and run your factories. . . .

1. Based on the passage, what can be assumed regarding the common attitude and environment in which Booker T. Washington delivered his speech?

A. It was tense and racially biased.

B. It was politically restless and unstable.

C. It was economically sound and promising.

D. It was neighborly and good-willed.

from House Divided Speech

by Abraham Lincoln (1858)

This paragraph is an excerpt from Abraham Lincoln's speech upon accepting the Illinois Republican Party's nomination for

the US Senate.

If we could first know where we are, and whither we are tending, we could better judge what to do, and how to do it.

We are now far into the fifth year since a policy was initiated with the avowed object and confident promise of putting

an end to slavery agitation. Under the operation of that policy, that agitation has not only not ceased, but has constantly

augmented. In my opinion, it will not cease until a crisis shall have been reached and passed. "A house divided against

itself cannot stand." I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the

Union to be dissolved; I do not expect the house to fall; but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one

thing, or all the other. Either the opponents of slavery will arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public

mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction, or its advocates will push it forward till it shall

become alike lawful in all the States, old as well as new, North as well as South.

2. Lincoln uses the phrase "A house divided against itself cannot stand" to refer to the division between

A. slave states and free states.

B. the Senate and the House of Representatives.

C. economic policy and human rights.

D. Republicans and Democrats.

As a very important source of strength and security, cherish public credit. One method of preserving it is to use it as

sparingly as possible; avoiding occasions of expense by cultivating peace, but remembering also that timely

disbursements to prepare for danger frequently prevent much greater disbursements to repel it; avoiding likewise the

accumulation of debt, not only by shunning occasions of expense, but by vigorous exertions in time of peace to

discharge the debts, which unavoidable wars may have occasioned, not ungenerously throwing upon posterity the

burden which we ourselves ought to bear. The execution of these maxims belongs to your representatives, but it is

necessary that public opinion should cooperate. To facilitate to them the performance of their duty, it is essential that

you should practically bear in mind, that towards the payment of debts there must be revenue; that to have revenue

there must be taxes; that no taxes can be devised, which are not more or less inconvenient and unpleasant; that the

intrinsic embarrassment, inseparable from the selection of the proper objects (which is always a choice of difficulties),

ought to be a decisive motive for a candid construction of the conduct of the government in making it, and for a spirit of

acquiescence in the measures for obtaining revenue, which the public exigencies may at any time dictate.

from George Washington's Farewell Address (1796)

3. According to Washington, accumulating national debt can be avoided by

A. eliminating government.

B. promoting peace.

C. fighting wars.

D. collecting taxes.

Gettysburg Address

President Abraham Lincoln

(delivered on November 19, 1863, in dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery)

Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth, upon this continent, a new nation, conceived in liberty, and

dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.

Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived, and so dedicated,

can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of it, as a final

resting place for those who died here, that the nation might live. This we may, in all propriety do. But in a larger sense,

we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who

struggled here, have hallowed it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long

remember what we say here, while it can never forget what they did here.

It is rather for us, the living, we here be dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored

dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they here gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here

highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain, that this nation shall have a new birth of freedom, and that

government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth.

4. In context of the entire speech, why does Lincoln begin with a reference to the nation's founding?

A. to express doubt about preserving the nation

B. to honor the nation's founders

C. to emphasize the significance of the Civil War

D. to condemn the South for seceding































5. Read the first sentence from the third paragraph. To those of the white race who look to the incoming of those of foreign birth and strange tongue and habits for the prosperity of the South, were I permitted I would repeat what I say to my own race, "Cast down your bucket where you are." Which of the following does Booker T. Washington support in this statement?

A. forcing immigrants to leave the country

B. hiring African Americans over immigrants

C. helping African Americans leave the South

D. rebuilding the South with immigrant labor

While, then, every part of our country thus feels an immediate and particular interest in union, all the parts combined

cannot fail to find in the united mass of means and efforts greater strength, greater resource, proportionably greater

security from external danger, a less frequent interruption of their peace by foreign nations; and, what is of inestimable

value, they must derive from union an exemption from those broils and wars between themselves, which so frequently

afflict neighboring countries not tied together by the same governments, which their own rival ships alone would be

sufficient to produce, but which opposite foreign alliances, attachments, and intrigues would stimulate and embitter.

Hence, likewise, they will avoid the necessity of those overgrown military establishments which, under any form of

government, are inauspicious to liberty, and which are to be regarded as particularly hostile to republican liberty. In this

sense it is that your union ought to be considered as a main prop of your liberty, and that the love of the one ought to

endear to you the preservation of the other.


6. Which of the following summarizes George Washington's main point in the passage?

A. Different regions should pursue their own economic and political interests.

B. A large, rich military is vital to maintaining liberty.

C. Sectionalism is beneficial because it increases diversity within the country.

D. The country will be strong as long as it remains unified.

Against the insidious wiles of foreign influence (I conjure you to believe me, fellow-citizens) the jealousy of a free

people ought to be constantly awake, since history and experience prove that foreign influence is one of the most

baneful foes of republican government. But that jealousy to be useful must be impartial; else it becomes the instrument

of the very influence to be avoided, instead of a defense against it. Excessive partiality for one foreign nation and

excessive dislike of another cause those whom they actuate to see danger only on one side, and serve to veil and even

second the arts of influence on the other. Real patriots who may resist the intrigues of the favorite are liable to become

suspected and odious, while its tools and dupes usurp the applause and confidence of the people, to surrender their

interests.

The great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign nations is in extending our commercial relations, to have with

them as little political connection as possible. So far as we have already formed engagements, let them be fulfilled with

perfect good faith. Here let us stop. Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have none; or a very remote

relation. Hence she must be engaged in frequent controversies, the causes of which are essentially foreign to our

concerns. Hence, therefore, it must be unwise in us to implicate ourselves by artificial ties in the ordinary vicissitudes of

her politics, or the ordinary combinations and collisions of her friendships or enmities.

Our detached and distant situation invites and enables us to pursue a different course. If we remain one people under

an efficient government, the period is not far off when we may defy material injury from external annoyance; when we

may take such an attitude as will cause the neutrality we may at any time resolve upon to be scrupulously respected;

when belligerent nations, under the impossibility of making acquisitions upon us, will not lightly hazard the giving us

provocation; when we may choose peace or war, as our interest, guided by justice, shall counsel.

Why forego the advantages of so peculiar a situation? Why quit our own to stand upon foreign ground? Why, by

interweaving our destiny with that of any part of Europe, entangle our peace and prosperity in the toils of European

ambition, rivalship, interest, humor or caprice?

It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world; so far, I mean, as we

are now at liberty to do it; for let me not be understood as capable of patronizing infidelity to existing engagements. I

hold the maxim no less applicable to public than to private affairs, that honesty is always the best policy. I repeat it,

therefore, let those engagements be observed in their genuine sense. But, in my opinion, it is unnecessary and would be

unwise to extend them.


7. In the first paragraph, Washington states that "history and experience prove that foreign influence is one of the most baneful foes of republican government." What does this statement reflect about Washington's attitude?

A. He is admiring of foreign nations.

B. He is skeptical of foreign interests.

C. He is scornful toward republican government.

D. He is optimistic toward U.S. prospects.

8. What is George Washington's main argument regarding the future of the United States?

A. The United States should lead in foreign diplomacy and peacekeeping.

B. The United States should isolate itself from all foreign nations.

C. The United States should form alliances with powerful nations.

D. The United States should remain as politically neutral as possible.































9. Read the following sentence from the second paragraph. No race can prosper till it learns that there is as much dignity in tilling a field as in writing a poem. Which of the following best expresses the meaning of this statement?

A. People enjoy work that pays well.

B. There is honor in all forms of work.

C. Work should consist of practical things.

D. Artistic work is highly respected.

from Message Regarding Labor Legislation (March 25, 1908)

by Theodore Roosevelt

I call your attention to certain measures as to which I think there should be action by the Congress before the close of

the present session. There is ample time for their consideration. As regards most if not all of the matters, bills have been

introduced into one or the other of the two Houses, and it is not too much to hope that action will be taken one way or

the other on these bills at the present session. In my message at the opening of the present session, and, indeed, in

various messages to previous Congresses, I have repeatedly suggested action on most of these measures.

Child labor should be prohibited throughout the Nation. At least a model child-labor bill should be passed for the

District of Columbia. It is unfortunate that in the one place solely dependent upon Congress for its legislation there

should be no law whatever to protect children by forbidding or regulating their labor.

I renew my recommendation for the immediate reenactment of an employers' liability law, drawn to conform to the

recent decision of the Supreme Court. Within the limits indicated by the court, the law should be made through and

comprehensive, and the protection it affords should embrace every class of employee to which the power of the

Congress can extend.

In addition to a liability law protecting the employees of common carriers, the Government should show its good faith

by enacting a further law giving compensation to its own employees for injury or death incurred1 in its service. It is a

reproach to us as a Nation that in both Federal and State legislation we have afforded less protection to public and

private employees than any other industrial country of the world.

I also urge that action be taken along the line of the recommendations I have already made concerning injunctions2 in

labor disputes. No temporary restraining order should be issued by any court without notice; and the petition for a

permanent injunction upon which such temporary restraining order has been issued should be heard by the court

issuing the same within a reasonable time—say, not to exceed a week or thereabouts from the date when the order was

issued.

1. to bring on oneself

2. bans

10. Which of the following does Roosevelt advocate in the passage?

A. prohibiting the passing of labor bills

B. prohibiting child labor in the District of Columbia

C. prohibiting people from employing laborers

D. prohibiting compensation to injured laborers



CDL 21- Reference Materials

station (sta'shen)

1. n. The place where a person or thing stands or is assigned to stand; post. 2. n. Social position; rank. 3. n. A stopping post from which operations are directed. 4. v. To assign to a position.

[Lat. statio]

1. What is the meaning of the word station in the sentence below?

Though Mir contributed much to space technology, the aging station returned to Earth in 2001.

A. definition 2

B. definition 1

C. definition 4

D. definition 3

Earth Club Seeks Revitalization of Recycling Program

by Jemima Taters

Bugle High School Gazette

It's never difficult to recognize members of Bugle High's Earth Club—they always carry bright green recycling bags

with them wherever they go. For the past four years, the club has been in charge of collecting recycled goods, sorting

them into the appropriate bins, and delivering them to the city recycling center. Principal Broadnose enacted this

volunteer system in 2006, when he assumed his current position. However, Earth Club president Hogarth Fitzwallop says

it is time for all Bugle High students to take part in the program.

"It's not fair for a small number of students to do all the work," says Fitzwallop. "The Earth Club is asking all Bugle

High students to share the burden of recycling and caring for our environment. We can work together to take care of

our school and our community. It's not just something Earth Club members should do."

The Earth Club has seen a serious drop in membership over the past year, which Fitzwallop blames on the recycling

program. He is trying to persuade Principal Broadnose to provide relief for the weary Earth Club members.

"Our school doesn't have room in the budget to pay for a professional recycling service," the principal said in a

telephone interview. "Paying students to help collect and sort recyclables would be a drain on our already limited

resources. We will have to rely on student volunteers until further notice."

If you'd like to volunteer your time to this worthy cause, contact any of the Earth Club members for more

information. In addition, the club will hold a pep rally in the north gym this Friday from 2 p.m. until 4 p.m. Prizes will be

given to the first ten students to sign up as recycling program volunteers.

2. Read the passage and use the thesaurus entry below to answer the question.

enact

verb

Synonyms: lay down, legislate, make, pass, constitute, ordain, bring about, authorize, proclaim

Antonyms: repeal, rescind, revoke, abolish, annul, cancel, invalidate, kill, overturn, void, reverse, demolish

If the author wanted to replace the word enacted in the passage with a word that means the opposite, which would be the best choice?

A. legislated

B. revoked

C. demolished

D. killed

3. Which of the following excerpts would most likely be found in a food dictionary?

A. saddle— a cut of meat (usually lamb or venison) that is not separated from the loin on both sides of the animal.

It is very tender and makes for an exquisite roast.

B. saddle— a colored marking, usually black, on the backs of dogs. Common in Beagles. Jake chose the puppy with

the black saddle across its back.

C. saddle— a piece of equipment usually made of leather and wood that sits on a horse's back as a seat for the

rider.

D. sad-dle (sad-l) v. 1. to place a heavy responsibility. The young man saddled himself with the task of protecting

his family at all costs.

Pressure

the force of pushing or of weight

Probe

a spacecraft with instruments for exploring the upper atmosphere, space, or a planet or moon in order to get

information

Propulsion

the process of propelling or driving forward

Radar

a device that sends out radio waves and picks them up again after they strike some object and bounce back

Radiation

the energy or rays sent out when certain changes happen in the atoms or molecules of an object or substance; light,

heat, radio waves, and X-rays are forms of radiation

Reflective

1. to throw back light, heat, or sound

2. something that is reflected from a surface such as a mirror; image

adapted from http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents

4. Use the glossary excerpt above to answer the following question. Which word means "rays sent out when certain changes happen in the atoms of an object"?

A. propulsion

B. pressure

C. radiation

D. radar

Earth Club Seeks Revitalization of Recycling Program

by Jemima Taters

Bugle High School Gazette

It's never difficult to recognize members of Bugle High's Earth Club—they always carry bright green recycling bags

with them wherever they go. For the past four years, the club has been in charge of collecting recycled goods, sorting

them into the appropriate bins, and delivering them to the city recycling center. Principal Broadnose enacted this

volunteer system in 2006, when he assumed his current position. However, Earth Club president Hogarth Fitzwallop says

it is time for all Bugle High students to take part in the program.

"It's not fair for a small number of students to do all the work," says Fitzwallop. "The Earth Club is asking all Bugle

High students to share the burden of recycling and caring for our environment. We can work together to take care of

our school and our community. It's not just something Earth Club members should do."

The Earth Club has seen a serious drop in membership over the past year, which Fitzwallop blames on the recycling

program. He is trying to persuade Principal Broadnose to provide relief for the weary Earth Club members.

"Our school doesn't have room in the budget to pay for a professional recycling service," the principal said in a

telephone interview. "Paying students to help collect and sort recyclables would be a drain on our already limited

resources. We will have to rely on student volunteers until further notice."

If you'd like to volunteer your time to this worthy cause, contact any of the Earth Club members for more

information. In addition, the club will hold a pep rally in the north gym this Friday from 2 p.m. until 4 p.m. Prizes will be

given to the first ten students to sign up as recycling program volunteers.

5. Read the passage and use the dictionary entry below to answer the question.

drain1 '(drAn)

verb

1. obsolete : FILTER.

2. a. to draw off (liquid) gradually or completely <drained all the water out>. b. to cause the gradual disappearance

of. c. to exhaust physically or emotionally.

3. a. to make gradually dry <drain a swamp>. b. to carry away the surface water of <the river that drains the valley>.

c. to deplete or empty by or as if by drawing off by degrees or in increments. d. to empty by drinking the contents of.

4. DROP, SINK <drained the putt>.

drain2 '(drAn)

noun

1. a means (as a pipe) by which liquid matter is drained.

2. a. the act of draining. b. a gradual outflow or withdrawal : DEPLETION.

3. something that causes depletion : BURDEN.

4. a state of being wasted or irretrievably lost <down the drain>.

Which definition for the word drain BEST matches the way it is used in the passage above?

A. verb form, definition 3.b

B. verb form, definition 4

C. noun form, definition 3

D. noun form, definition 1

Pressure

the force of pushing or of weight

Probe

a spacecraft with instruments for exploring the upper atmosphere, space, or a planet or moon in order to get

information

Propulsion

the process of propelling or driving forward

Radar

a device that sends out radio waves and picks them up again after they strike some object and bounce back

Radiation

the energy or rays sent out when certain changes happen in the atoms or molecules of an object or substance; light,

heat, radio waves, and X-rays are forms of radiation

Reflective

1. to throw back light, heat, or sound

2. something that is reflected from a surface such as a mirror; image

adapted from http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents

6. Use the glossary excerpt above to answer the following question. Which word means "to throw back light, heat, or sound"?

A. radiation

B. radar

C. reflective

D. probe

7.

shift, v. move, swing, alter, reallocate

shift, n. transferal, change, alteration

Using the thesaurus entries above, select the word that would best replace shifts in the sentence below.

Rising greenhouse gases are causing major shifts in the environment, such as melting ice caps and rising sea levels.

A. transferals

B. reallocates

C. changes

D. swings

8. The following excerpt would most likely be found in which source?

conceal — verb

synonyms: hide, disguise, camouflage, cloak

antonyms: reveal, disclose, uncover, expose

A. a dictionary

B. a guide to poetry

C. an encyclopedia

D. a thesaurus

Use the following dictionary entry to answer the question below.

crown (kroun) n. 1. an ornamental circular piece worn on the head to symbolize sovereignty. n. 2. the part of the

tooth covered by enamel. v. 3. the act of placing an ornamental headpiece on a ruler’s head. v. 4. to complete with

victory, to bring to a close with great achievement.

9. Which definition matches the definition of crown in the sentence? Scoring the winning goal in the final World Cup Championship match crowned his career as a soccer player.

A. 2

B. 3

C. 1

D. 4

10. astronaut (as'tre-not') n. A person trained to pilot or otherwise participate in the flight of a spacecraft. [astro + Gk. nautes, sailor] What is the origin of the word astronaut?

A. the Latin word as'tre-not'

B. the Latin word for "star," astro

C. the Greek word for "pilot," astro

D. the Greek word for "sailor," nautes



CDL 22- Evaluating Arguments

Protect Internet Privacy

by Dave McCaul

Have you ever Googled yourself? These days, blogs and social-networking sites have made information more

available—and that includes everything that you or your friends have posted. Did your friend tag you in a recent photo?

Did you just twitter a random thought about your favorite teacher? If so, you might want to ask yourself whether you’re

truly ready to share these images and thoughts with the rest of the world. In a world where information is available with

a single click, keeping your personal information secret isn’t quite as easy as it used to be.

Take Kate Smith, a local tenth-grader and an avid blogger. Last year, Kate wrote a blog about her favorite English

teacher. Pretty harmless, right? Well, not exactly. Within a few days, Kate’s blog entry received ten comments, and not

all of them were nice. Several anonymous comments went so far as to ridicule Kate’s teacher with profanity. News of

Kate’s blog then spread to her high school, and before she knew it, she ended up in the principal’s office. Though Kate

wasn’t necessarily responsible for the comments to her blog, she said she learned a lesson. “Online information spreads

fast,” she said. “Next time I’ll probably keep that sort of discussion private.”

The sooner that you can learn to control the spread of personal information online, the better. Leaked personal

information can be damaging in more ways than one, and no one is more at risk than recent graduates. A recent study

conducted by careerbuilder.com revealed that as many as twenty percent of employers have reviewed candidates’

profiles on social-networking sites such as Facebook and MySpace before making hiring decisions. Of this group, thirty-

three percent decided not to hire a candidate based on the candidate’s online profile.

Granted, privacy settings and password-protected sites have become commonplace. But we’re all learning to use the

Internet at an increasingly young age—sometimes as early as kindergarten. Thus, the ability to tell the difference

between a harmless post and a potentially damaging one must be instilled at a young age. That’s why we must demand

that today’s educators make Internet privacy a central part of the public school curriculum. Not only will this allow us to

protect our reputations as students, but also it will ensure that we remain competitive in the future job market.

1. According to the author, why should Internet privacy be taught to children at a young age?

A. because children often say cruel things on the Internet about their classmates

B. because young children use the Internet much more than adults

C. because young children are more likely to remember the information

D. because children are learning to use the Internet as early as kindergarten

Should We Do Something about Leaf Blowers?

Surely leaf blowers seem innocent enough, right? Other than the noisiness of those things, I can't really complain. I'm

all about getting things done quickly and efficiently. These garden power tools can blow at up to 200 miles per hour.

With speed like that, they have to work better than a rake or a broom.

At first I thought the yard workers in our neighborhood were using the leaf blowers to blow leaves and trash into a

pile to make them easier to pick up. When I actually sat down to watch them one day, the workers were just blowing the

trash from the yard they were working on into another.

I did some research on exactly what was being blown through the air by the leaf blowers. Some call this potent

mixture "fugitive dust," and it includes everything from carbon monoxide, mold, and pesticides to bird and animal

droppings. Mmm! Doesn't that sound like the most appetizing thing to have on your picnic table? Let's not even think

about how that mixture will impact the elderly, children, and people with breathing problems.

Are leaf blowers even all they are cracked up to be? A study conducted in California had a 50-year-old grandmother

to compete against gas and battery-operated blowers. Using a rake and broom, she was able to beat the battery-

powered leaf blower. She was almost as fast as the gas-powered machines. And, in fact, she did a better job than either

of them because she was able to get the small nuts and twigs they couldn't.

You may be surprised to learn that some cities, like Los Angeles, have made it illegal to use leaf blowers near homes.

It turns out that using a leaf blower for one hour produces the same amount of pollution as driving a car 50 miles.

As homeowners, should we take the steps to have regulations against leaf blowers in our neighborhoods, too? Should

the city ban the use of leaf blowers? Should we be willing to pay a little extra for our yard crews to remove leaves and

debris from our yards manually instead of using the blowers? Or, could we just ask the workers to use lower power

levels when using them? Until we come to a consensus, it's safe to say whoever removes leaves from their yard last has

the cleanest yard.

2. What evidence does the author use to support the idea that leaf blowers are inefficient?

A. She relates a personal experience about watching a lawn care crew.

B. She compares leaf blowers to her grandmother's laundry equipment.

C. She cites the results of a study that was conducted in California.

D. She explains the proper procedure on conducting lawn care.

Technology has changed our lives. The fast-paced world we live in has come with its own ways of communication. The

text message, the email, the instant message—they’re all quick ways for us to contact each other. People are able to

instantly communicate their thoughts on things as trivial as the long checkout line in front of them to things as

important as breaking news events.

We live in the age of multitasking. Why sit down and talk to one friend when you can Facebook, instant message, and

text five friends while ordering dinner, cleaning up, and watching your favorite television show? We keep in contact with

each other constantly. But do we really communicate? I believe all the mindless messages we send to each other on a

daily basis create a false sense of closeness. Our relationships are shallow, at best.

When was the last time you wrote a letter? I mean sat down with a pen and a piece of paper and scratched out a note

to a friend or family member? I can count on one hand the number of letters I have sent and received this year: None.

How many emails have I dashed off from my phone without stopping whatever activity in which I was engaged? Too

many to count.

Writing your thoughts on paper takes time and requires your full attention. Taking a handwritten letter to post office

and sending it someone shows that you are thinking of them. All it takes is a few minutes out of your hectic schedule to

make someone feel valued and appreciated. He or she will appreciate the time you spent writing the letter and feel like

you regard or think highly of them. It also takes patience to wait for your friend or family member to receive the letter

and respond to it. Write a loved one a letter today. I promise you won’t regret it.

3. Which point used by the author supports the idea that letter writing is more personal than electronic communication?

A. Letter writing shows consideration.

B. Letter writing calls for grammar.

C. Letter writing involves thinking.

D. Letter writing requires precision.






















the cleanest yard.

4. What evidence does the author use to support the idea that leaf blowers are inefficient?

A. She relates a personal experience about watching a lawn care crew.

B. She compares leaf blowers to her grandmother's laundry equipment.

C. She cites the results of a study that was conducted in California.

D. She explains the proper procedure on conducting lawn care.












many to count.






5. Which point used by the author supports the idea that letter writing is more personal than electronic communication?

A. Letter writing shows consideration.

B. Letter writing calls for grammar.

C. Letter writing involves thinking.

D. Letter writing requires precision.

6. Which of the following best describes the author's position?

A. It is important to accept technology.

B. It is important to build real relationships.

C. Technology has changed our lives.

D. Education has changed for the worse.

Protect Internet Privacy

by Dave McCaul

Have you ever Googled yourself? These days, blogs and social-networking sites have made information more

available—and that includes everything that you or your friends have posted. Did your friend tag you in a recent photo?

Did you just twitter a random thought about your favorite teacher? If so, you might want to ask yourself whether you’re

truly ready to share these images and thoughts with the rest of the world. In a world where information is available with

a single click, keeping your personal information secret isn’t quite as easy as it used to be.

Take Kate Smith, a local tenth-grader and an avid blogger. Last year, Kate wrote a blog about her favorite English

teacher. Pretty harmless, right? Well, not exactly. Within a few days, Kate’s blog entry received ten comments, and not

all of them were nice. Several anonymous comments went so far as to ridicule Kate’s teacher with profanity. News of

Kate’s blog then spread to her high school, and before she knew it, she ended up in the principal’s office. Though Kate

wasn’t necessarily responsible for the comments to her blog, she said she learned a lesson. “Online information spreads

fast,” she said. “Next time I’ll probably keep that sort of discussion private.”

The sooner that you can learn to control the spread of personal information online, the better. Leaked personal

information can be damaging in more ways than one, and no one is more at risk than recent graduates. A recent study

conducted by careerbuilder.com revealed that as many as twenty percent of employers have reviewed candidates’

profiles on social-networking sites such as Facebook and MySpace before making hiring decisions. Of this group, thirty-

three percent decided not to hire a candidate based on the candidate’s online profile.

Granted, privacy settings and password-protected sites have become commonplace. But we’re all learning to use the

Internet at an increasingly young age—sometimes as early as kindergarten. Thus, the ability to tell the difference

between a harmless post and a potentially damaging one must be instilled at a young age. That’s why we must demand

that today’s educators make Internet privacy a central part of the public school curriculum. Not only will this allow us to

protect our reputations as students, but also it will ensure that we remain competitive in the future job market.

7. According to the author, why should Internet privacy be taught to children at a young age?

A. because children often say cruel things on the Internet about their classmates

B. because young children use the Internet much more than adults

C. because young children are more likely to remember the information

D. because children are learning to use the Internet as early as kindergarten






















the cleanest yard.

8. What does the author propose as a solution to the problem of leaf blowers?

A. Ban or limit the use of leaf blowers.

B. Ensure that all leaf blowers are electric.

C. Enact laws that forbid needless lawn care.

D. Fine people who use leaf blowers.












many to count.






9. Who is the author's intended audience?

A. People who live fast-paced lives.

B. People who communicate electronically.

C. People who communicate verbally.

D. People who own a computer.

10. Which of the following best describes the author's position?

A. It is important to accept technology.

B. It is important to build real relationships.

C. Technology has changed our lives.

D. Education has changed for the worse.



CDL 23- Introducing and Closing Topics

The Dust Bowl

(1) The Dust Bowl was an eight-year period of drought and dust storms that plagued the Northern and Southern

Plains of the United States. The catastrophe lasted from the summer of 1931 to the fall of 1939. The Dust Bowl was the

result of poor land management and a lack of rain.

(2) Before the Great Plains were settled, plant and tree roots held the soil in place and prevented the water from

running off. Settlers cleared the land, plowed deep into the ground, and planted cotton, wheat, and corn. In 1930, the

plains farmers were harvesting bountiful crops. However, overuse of the land sapped it of nutrients needed to support

the crops. In the summer of 1931, the decrease in rainfall and poor soil condition caused a lot of the crops to die. Strong

winds blew away the dead and weakened plants.

(3) In 1932, the skies became brown and black with clouds of dirt. Deep blankets of dust covered homes, vehicles, and

anything else that was out in the open. People and animals died of suffocation and pneumonia. In 1934, the government

minimally compensated farmers for their livestock and rid them of the burden of caring for the animals. Masses of

people left their homes in search of work and food. Bordering states did not welcome the migrant workers because their

own economies and employment opportunities were in decline. Many of the displaced workers and their families lived

in makeshift shacks without plumbing or electricity.

(4) In 1935, a conservationist by the name of Hugh Hammond Bennett led a strong campaign for better farming

practices and land management. He spoke to Congress and succeeded in getting the Soil Conservation Act of 1935

passed. President Roosevelt also took action to prevent further harm to U.S. lands. The Roosevelt administration

educated farmers on techniques to conserve the land. In 1937, the government began paying farmers to use new

farming techniques. The farmers received a dollar an acre for trying crop rotation, strip farming, contour plowing,

terracing, and other approved conservation methods. Also under Roosevelt's guidance, the Civilian Conservation Corps

planted millions of trees between Canada and Abilene, Texas, to create a windbreak and to hold the soil in the ground.

These efforts yielded a 65 percent reduction in the amount of soil being carried away by the wind by 1938. Although

there was a lot of improvement in the quality of the land, the dry soil failed to produce adequate harvests.

1. Which sentence could best be added to paragraph 4 as a conclusion?

A. Finally, in the fall of 1939, abundant rainfall ended the Dust Bowl.

B. Finally, the conservation efforts made a difference in 1938.

C. Finally, in 1935, the government took action to end the Dust Bowl.

D. Finally, in 1937, farmers learned new farming techniques.

The Borobudur Temple

(1) The Borobudur Temple was built in the 8th and 9th centuries on a hill in the Central Java region of Indonesia. The

multi-leveled temple is filled with reliefs that depict historical tales of Buddhism. Stone statues and stupas, cone-shaped

structures, also adorn the temple grounds. Millions of dollars are needed to preserve and restore this ancient site. If

funding is not granted, the Borobudur Temple will be destroyed by vandals, environmental factors, and natural

disasters.

(2) Despite the signs and loudspeaker announcements that warn visitors not to touch the carvings, vandalism still

occurs simply by people touching the site's surfaces. Oils and dirt from human hands causes deterioration. Another

problem for the temple is that rain causes soil erosion and undermines the structure of the temple. Earthquakes pose

the greatest threat to the Borobudur Temple. Shock waves shake the ground and break apart the temple's foundation.

Mount Merapi's eruption in November 2010 covered the temple in a one-inch-thick blanket of acidic ash. The fine ash

got into the carved lines of the statues and into the drainage pipes. After it rained, the ash became like cement and

hardened as it dried. The cement-like coating is very difficult to remove from the statues and carvings. Another concern

is that the acid in the volcanic ash might eat away at the stone. Also, the blocked drainage system makes the site

vulnerable to flooding.

(3) The Borobudur Temple is a significant part of Buddhist history. It also houses an unsurpassed collection of ancient

Buddhist art. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, UNESCO, added the site to the World

Heritage List in 1991. The ancient temple is constructed around a hilltop. The base contains detail wall carvings about

aspects of Buddhism. Above the base, five square terraces, each one smaller than the one below it, form a pyramid. On

top of the terraces are three circular platforms. Seventy-two carved stupas, each containing a statue of Buddha, sit on

top of the circular platforms. At the very top of the monument, stairs lead to a 30-foot stupa with a large statue of

Buddha inside of it. This ancient site is said to house the largest collection of Buddhist reliefs in the world. Buddhists

make pilgrimages to the temple so they can see the carvings and statues. Every year, a major religious festival called

Vesak is celebrated at the Borobudur Temple. Tourists from all over the world visit this unique place to learn about the

culture and history of Central Java.

(4) While funds could create new development for the people of Central Java, doing so would not preserve a site that

draws tourists to the area. Millions of tourists visit the Borobudur Temple each year. Tourists spend thousands of dollars

in this area of Indonesia. Preserving the temple will ensure that tourists continue to visit the area. Without tourist

dollars supporting the local economy, the people who live in the area would feel the economic impact.

(5) Although the Borobudur Temple is vulnerable to the elements and natural disasters, it has survived for hundreds

of years. Restoration projects in the past have proven successful in maintaining the integrity of this ancient site. The

sooner grant money is allocated, the more damage will be prevented. With more funding, even better measures can be

taken to protect the monument from vandals, weather conditions, volcanic eruptions, and earthquakes. The existence of

this unique monument is at stake.

2. Which sentence best states the topic of paragraph 4?

A. Allocating money to restore the Borobudur Temple will be more effective than using it for new development.

B. Java is home to three other UNESCO world heritage sites: Ujung Kulon National Park, Prambanan Temple, and

Sangiran Early Man Site.

C. The first Trail of Civilizations symposium was held at the temple in August 2006 to discuss how to build tourism in

Indonesia.

D. Tourists spend money on accommodations, local cuisine, hand-crafted souvenirs, transportation and much more.

3. Which sentence is the best topic sentence of paragraph 2?

A. Volcanic eruptions also add to the deterioration of the site.

B. Heavy rainfall in the Central Java region of Indonesia continually threatens the Borobudur Temple.

C. The Borobudur Temple suffers damage from visitors, vandals, weather, and natural disasters.

D. Guards cannot control the large number of tourists.

4. Which sentence best concludes paragraph 4?

A. Education and sanitation are two of the greatest needs in the Central Java region of Indonesia.

B. The economy of Central Java will not improve unless more employment opportunities are brought to the area.

C. Visitors that tour the Borobudur Temple often visit the Prambanan Temple Compounds, too.

D. If the Borobudur Temple is in ruins, tourism will diminish drastically, leaving the Central Java economy in greater

ruins.

In 1582, Pope Gregory ordained in his Gregorian calendar that January 1st would replace April 1st as New Year’s Day.

News traveled slowly in Medieval Europe, so not all the people knew of the change. Some also were aware of the

change yet chose not accept it. The phrase “April fool” was used to describe people who lived according to the old Julian

calendar. These April fools were ridiculed, and others played jokes on them. The targets of these jokes were called

poisson d’avril, or April fish. This practice became the custom of playing pranks on the first day of April.

5. What would be the best introduction to this essay?

A. There are several explanations for the origin of April Fools' Day, but here is the most plausible one.

B. Pranksters cry out, "April Fools'," after playing their trick on unsuspecting victims on April 1st.

C. On April 1st, when you fall for a trick played on you, you are an April fool.

D. Many people love to play pranks on their friends and neighbors on April Fools' Day.

The Dust Bowl

(1) The Dust Bowl was an eight-year period of drought and dust storms that plagued the Northern and Southern

Plains of the United States. The catastrophe lasted from the summer of 1931 to the fall of 1939. The Dust Bowl was the

result of poor land management and a lack of rain.

(2) Before the Great Plains were settled, plant and tree roots held the soil in place and prevented the water from

running off. Settlers cleared the land, plowed deep into the ground, and planted cotton, wheat, and corn. In 1930, the

plains farmers were harvesting bountiful crops. However, overuse of the land sapped it of nutrients needed to support

the crops. In the summer of 1931, the decrease in rainfall and poor soil condition caused a lot of the crops to die. Strong

winds blew away the dead and weakened plants.

(3) In 1932, the skies became brown and black with clouds of dirt. Deep blankets of dust covered homes, vehicles, and

anything else that was out in the open. People and animals died of suffocation and pneumonia. In 1934, the government

minimally compensated farmers for their livestock and rid them of the burden of caring for the animals. Masses of

people left their homes in search of work and food. Bordering states did not welcome the migrant workers because their

own economies and employment opportunities were in decline. Many of the displaced workers and their families lived

in makeshift shacks without plumbing or electricity.

(4) In 1935, a conservationist by the name of Hugh Hammond Bennett led a strong campaign for better farming

practices and land management. He spoke to Congress and succeeded in getting the Soil Conservation Act of 1935

passed. President Roosevelt also took action to prevent further harm to U.S. lands. The Roosevelt administration

educated farmers on techniques to conserve the land. In 1937, the government began paying farmers to use new

farming techniques. The farmers received a dollar an acre for trying crop rotation, strip farming, contour plowing,

terracing, and other approved conservation methods. Also under Roosevelt's guidance, the Civilian Conservation Corps

planted millions of trees between Canada and Abilene, Texas, to create a windbreak and to hold the soil in the ground.

These efforts yielded a 65 percent reduction in the amount of soil being carried away by the wind by 1938. Although

there was a lot of improvement in the quality of the land, the dry soil failed to produce adequate harvests.

6. Which of the following sentences best concludes paragraph 3?

A. Dust storms created terrible conditions for the people of the Great Plains.

B. Migrant workers were often treated unfairly and were paid very little.

C. Many of the animals the government bought were dying of starvation.

D. Workers from other states did not know how to use the modern farm machinery in California.

Little Angels

Ronnie and Matthew are part of a neighborhood group that focuses on keeping the environment green by spreading awareness about "bicycle culture." The group calls themselves "The Cycling Club," and through their group they try to

spread the message that cycling is not only economical and safe, but also helps keep the environment free from pollution. One evening Ronnie and Matthew are cycling around the neighboring locality. "I am glad we do this work, Matthew. It's a great feeling to know that we are doing our bit for the society." Ronnie replies cheerfully. "I agree and I am happy that Sam and Tony too have decided to join the group." They continue chatting as they cycle, then head home as it is getting dark. Ronnie looks at the darkening sky, enjoying the sight of flocks of birds flying to their nests. Ronnie applies the brakes and stands still, listening carefully, but he can't hear anything. "I must be imagining it," he mutters to himself, as he is now alone on the deserted road, for Matthew has raced ahead and has left Ronnie behind. Suddenly he freezes, as he hears that faint sound again from near the bushes to his right. He parks his bicycle, and moves cautiously in the direction of the sound. To his surprise, he finds a small puppy in the bush. The poor creature is injured and needs help. Ronnie talks to it softly, strokes it, and hopes someone would come by to help him. Matthew soon realizes that Ronnie is not with him. He isn't worried much, knowing that his friend would not be far. Instead of moving ahead, he decides to wait for him. But as time passes by and there is no sign of Ronnie, Matthew begins to get upset. Knowing that Ronnie is a nature enthusiast, Matthew thinks that Ronnie may have stopped somewhere to admire a flower, or a tree, or the night sky. As Ronnie is still nowhere to be seen, Matthew grows angrier, and decides that he wouldn't go cycling with Ronnie again, and that he needs to tell Ronnie how irresponsible he is. A couple of minutes later, his eyes widen in surprise as he sees Ronnie cycling slowly toward him, holding a bundle in his left hand, which is wrapped in his shirt. "Now what craziness is this? Do you realize how long I have been waiting for you?" shouts Matthew angrily. "Couldn't you collect these flowers and leaves some other time?" he says, pointing at the bundle. Ronnie simply opens his shirt from one side.

7. Which sentence best concludes paragraph (1)?

A. Ronnie wishes that Matthew leaves him alone so that he could enjoy the surroundings.

B. Suddenly he hears a soft whimper that sounds like a puppy’s yelp.

C. Suddenly he realizes that the brakes of his cycle are’t functioning.

D. Ronnie takes out his camera to click pictures of the birds to add to his photo collection.

The Borobudur Temple

(1) The Borobudur Temple was built in the 8th and 9th centuries on a hill in the Central Java region of Indonesia. The

multi-leveled temple is filled with reliefs that depict historical tales of Buddhism. Stone statues and stupas, cone-shaped

structures, also adorn the temple grounds. Millions of dollars are needed to preserve and restore this ancient site. If

funding is not granted, the Borobudur Temple will be destroyed by vandals, environmental factors, and natural

disasters.

(2) Despite the signs and loudspeaker announcements that warn visitors not to touch the carvings, vandalism still

occurs simply by people touching the site's surfaces. Oils and dirt from human hands causes deterioration. Another

problem for the temple is that rain causes soil erosion and undermines the structure of the temple. Earthquakes pose

the greatest threat to the Borobudur Temple. Shock waves shake the ground and break apart the temple's foundation.

Mount Merapi's eruption in November 2010 covered the temple in a one-inch-thick blanket of acidic ash. The fine ash

got into the carved lines of the statues and into the drainage pipes. After it rained, the ash became like cement and

hardened as it dried. The cement-like coating is very difficult to remove from the statues and carvings. Another concern

is that the acid in the volcanic ash might eat away at the stone. Also, the blocked drainage system makes the site

vulnerable to flooding.

(3) The Borobudur Temple is a significant part of Buddhist history. It also houses an unsurpassed collection of ancient

Buddhist art. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, UNESCO, added the site to the World

Heritage List in 1991. The ancient temple is constructed around a hilltop. The base contains detail wall carvings about

aspects of Buddhism. Above the base, five square terraces, each one smaller than the one below it, form a pyramid. On

top of the terraces are three circular platforms. Seventy-two carved stupas, each containing a statue of Buddha, sit on

top of the circular platforms. At the very top of the monument, stairs lead to a 30-foot stupa with a large statue of

Buddha inside of it. This ancient site is said to house the largest collection of Buddhist reliefs in the world. Buddhists

make pilgrimages to the temple so they can see the carvings and statues. Every year, a major religious festival called

Vesak is celebrated at the Borobudur Temple. Tourists from all over the world visit this unique place to learn about the

culture and history of Central Java.

(4) While funds could create new development for the people of Central Java, doing so would not preserve a site that

draws tourists to the area. Millions of tourists visit the Borobudur Temple each year. Tourists spend thousands of dollars

in this area of Indonesia. Preserving the temple will ensure that tourists continue to visit the area. Without tourist

dollars supporting the local economy, the people who live in the area would feel the economic impact.

(5) Although the Borobudur Temple is vulnerable to the elements and natural disasters, it has survived for hundreds

of years. Restoration projects in the past have proven successful in maintaining the integrity of this ancient site. The

sooner grant money is allocated, the more damage will be prevented. With more funding, even better measures can be

taken to protect the monument from vandals, weather conditions, volcanic eruptions, and earthquakes. The existence of

this unique monument is at stake.

8. Which sentence could best be added to conclude paragraph 3?

A. People who are not Buddhists enjoy the temple for its artistic merit.

B. The picture carvings made it possible for illiterate people to learn about Buddha.

C. A special ballet called "Mahakarya Borobudur" is performed at the ancient temple.

D. The Borobudur Temple is a special place that needs to be preserved.

9. At the end of which paragraph would you place the following concluding sentence? Act quickly by approving the millions of dollars in funding and sending it to the World Heritage Centre.

A. paragraph 4

B. paragraph 5

C. paragraph 3

D. paragraph 2

John Bunyan was born in Elstow, England, in 1628. His father, a tinker, supported the family by traveling to the

surrounding cities and mending kettles and pots. After a few years of public education, Bunyan followed in his father's

footsteps and became a tinker. He was drafted into the Parliamentary army when he was 16. After his service of service,

Bunyan returned home, married, and started a family.

Bunyan wrote his most famous book when he was 50, after a period of significant trials. The book was The Pilgrim's

Progress, an allegorical look at the life of a pilgrim traveler. It has never been out of print since its publication in 1678

and has been translated into more than 200 languages.

10. What would be the best introduction to this essay?

A. There was little in John Bunyan's early life to suggest that he would one day become an internationally known

author.

B. Although most people think English writers are boring, John Bunyan had a pretty cool life before he wrote his first

book.

C. Readers from many countries around the world are now able to read The Pilgrim's Progress in their very own

language.

D. The small English town of Elstow is so remote and unimpressive that very few important people have lived there.



CDL 24 – Evidence

Julius Caesar

It is almost impossible to visit Europe and not see the impact of the Roman civilization. Ruins, roads, bridges,

coliseums, and villas litter the landscape. History, civics, and poetry from the Roman era have also affected Western

culture and language as well. Today, people know of many influential and famous Romans, but Julius Caesar is by far the

most well known among them.

During Caesar’s youth, Rome was in great turmoil. Lucius Cornelius Sulla had conquered the city of Rome and

declared himself dictator for life. His gangs of legionnaires roamed the streets and murdered his political opponents,

many of whom were followers of Caesar’s uncle. Sulla forced Caesar to go into hiding, so he joined the army and learned

the ways of a soldier.

Caesar found no security in the army. Rome was constantly at war with barbarian tribes and other kingdoms, and

Caesar saw his fair share of battle. He served with distinction and won great honors. When Caesar learned of Sulla’s

death, he returned to Rome and began a career in politics. He used his position to right the wrongs done during Sulla’s

reign as dictator, calling to justice many of the men who profited from Sulla’s corruption.

When Caesar marched his legions north into the area of modern-day France and Belgium, he catalogued his

observations of daily Celtic life. He recorded disputes and stories, histories and mythology. He commented on Celtic law

and government in addition to reports of his battles against the tribes. Scholars today understand much about that

ancient society from Caesar’s writings on Gaul.

After the Senate elected Caesar ruler for life, he enacted many reforms that benefited the common people of Rome.

He passed laws that redistributed wealth to those in need. At that time, slaves took most of the jobs, so free Romans

had trouble finding work. Caesar changed this. He ordered that rich Romans employ a certain number of freed men to

work on their farms and factories. Caesar also increased the number of Senators and lowered the level of social class

required for a Roman to become a senator.

On March 15, 44 B.C., a group of senators assassinated Caesar on the floor of the Senate. This act cast Rome into a

civil war between the supporters of Caesar and those of his assassins. Caesar’s successor Augustus was able to overcome

his opponents after many years of war. Augustus restored Rome to a long period of peace and prosperity.

1. Which sentence from the article offers support for the thesis, "Today, people know of many influential and famous Romans, but Julius Caesar is by far the most well known among them"?

A. "Lucius Cornelius Sulla had conquered the city of Rome and declared himself dictator for life."

B. "Caesar's successor Augustus was able to overcome his opponents after many years of war."

C. "Scholars today understand much about that ancient society from Caesar's writings on Gaul."

D. "Sulla forced Caesar to go into hiding, so he joined the army and learned the ways of a soldier."

And we men, the creatures who inhabit this earth, must be to them at least as alien and lowly as are the monkeys and

lemurs to us. The intellectual side of man already admits that life is an incessant struggle for existence, and it would

seem that this too is the belief of the minds upon Mars. Their world is far gone in its cooling and this world is still

crowded with life, but crowded only with what they regard as inferior animals. To carry warfare sunward is indeed their

only escape from the destruction that generation after generation creeps upon them.

And before we judge of them too harshly we must remember what ruthless and utter destruction our own species

has wrought, not only upon animals such as the vanished bison and the dodo, but upon its own race. The Tasmanians, in

spite of their human likeness, were entirely swept out of existence in a war of extermination waged by European

immigrants in the space of fifty years. Are we such apostles of mercy as to complain if the Martians warred in the same

spirit?

The Martians seem to have calculated their descent with amazing subtlety—their mathematical learning is evidently

far in excess of ours—and to have carried out their preparations with a well-nigh perfect unanimity. Had our instruments

permitted it, we might have seen the gathering trouble far back in the nineteenth century. Men like Schiaparelli watched

the red planet—it is odd, by the way, that for countless centuries Mars has been the star of war—but failed to interpret

the fluctuating appearances of the markings they mapped so well. All that time the Martians must have been getting

ready.

from The War of the Worlds by H.G. Wells

2. Which sentence from the article excerpt above offers a supporting detail for the thesis, "The Martians are just to wage war on humans"?

A. "And before we judge of them too harshly we must remember what ruthless and utter destruction our own

species has wrought, not only upon animals such as the vanished bison and the dodo, but upon its own race."

B. "Had our instruments permitted it, we might have seen the gathering trouble far back in the nineteenth century."

C. "Men like Schiaparelli watched the red planet—it is odd, by the way, that for countless centuries Mars has been

the star of war—but failed to interpret the fluctuating appearances of the markings they mapped so well."

D. "The Martians seem to have calculated their descent with amazing subtlety—their mathematical learning is

evidently far in excess of ours—and to have carried out their preparations with a well-nigh perfect unanimity."

Causes of the Civil War

Causality can often be a complex issue when discussing historical events. In the case of the American Civil War,

causality can be boiled down to a single issue: slavery. Many events took place that helped prod the North and South to

the brink of war, but slavery was always the foundational issue.

Some historians have argued that the opening of the western territories was a cause of the Civil War. This argument is

true but only because the North and South vehemently disagreed on whether or not new states in the western

territories should allow slavery. For example, the settlement of western territories touched off the slavery issue as early

as 1819 when Missouri applied for statehood as a slave state. If Missouri were allowed into the Union, the balance of

eleven slave states to eleven free states would be destroyed. At this same time, however, Maine applied for statehood

as a free state. People in the North did not want to allow Missouri admission as a slave state. They knew, however, that

if they blocked the admission of Missouri, the South would block Maine. A compromise was finally suggested, which is

known as the Missouri Compromise. Missouri would be admitted as a slave state, and Maine would be allowed in as a

free state. This would maintain the balance between slave and free states. In addition, the compromise proposed that

the rest of the Louisiana Purchase territory would prohibit slavery in all regions north of Missouri's southern boundary.

Representatives from the North and South applauded this compromise, but the clash over the territories was far from

over.

Other historians have said that economics was a cause. They argue that the agricultural system of the South was

inherently at odds with the industrial, free labor system of the North. The economy of the South revolved around

agriculture and slavery. The South was completely committed to a single crop, a crop that was picked entirely by slave

labor. Therefore, virtually all of the labor in the South was slave labor. Many in the northern states felt that slavery was

morally wrong, but this was just one cause for concern. The North worried that slave labor would undermine the

position of free white laborers. Northern society was increasingly coming to believe that the south had intentions to

extend its “slave power” beyond its existing boundaries, hindering white laborers from finding work.

Still other historians might argue that a rise in sectionalism was in fact the cause of war. The nation seemed to be

splitting down ideological, social, and political lines, becoming two different cultures. These cultures, however, were

divided most basically on the issue of allowing slavery and not allowing slavery. The southern states believed they had

the right to practice slavery. To them, ending slavery would mean an end to their culture, their means of making a living,

and their very way of life. In fact, only a small percentage of the southern population owned slaves. Due to these

societal differences, the North and South found it difficult to agree on political issues. The two areas of the country grew

further apart until it seemed that secession or war was inevitable.

3. Which sentence from the third paragraph supports the idea that "the agricultural system of the South was inherently at odds with the industrial, free labor system of the North"?

A. Many in the northern states felt that slavery was morally wrong, but this was just one cause for concern.

B. The South was completely committed to a single crop, a crop that was picked entirely by slave labor.

C. The North worried that slave labor would undermine the position of free, white laborers.

D. The economy of the South revolved around agriculture and slavery.

Atomic Bomb Controversy

At the end of World War II, U.S. President Harry S. Truman gave the order to use atomic bombs against Imperial

Japan because he believed an invasion of the islands would cost too many American lives. President Truman was

sworn into office following the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt in the spring of 1945. An invasion of Japan was planned,

and initial estimates for the loss of life totaled nearly 1 million. In order to avoid such an outcome, President Truman

approved the use of atomic bombs. Truman later stated that he believed the bombs saved American lives and forced the

Japanese to surrender.

A controversy sprang up almost immediately following the war and has been hotly debated by historians for over 60

years. Historians mainly debate the question of whether the bombs were necessary to end the war. Those who argued

against the use of the bombs state that the bombs were militarily unnecessary. People supporting this argument

believed that Japan would have surrendered eventually even without the use of the bombs. They believe that the

Japanese government was gradually coming to the realization that Japan could not win the war. Japan is a country made

up mostly of an archipelago, which is a collection of many different islands that are formed tectonically. Other

historians, however, state that the bombs were necessary because of military intelligence at the time. Intelligence

revealed that the government was arming civilians, and it was believed they would willingly defend their country. This

belief was based on Japanese casualty rates in battles with Allied troops. Military strategists projected that Japanese

civilians would also choose to fight rather than accept defeat.

4. Which supporting sentence from the first paragraph would best explain why Truman wanted to avoid an invasion of Japan?

A. In order to avoid such an outcome, President Truman approved the use of atomic bombs.

B. An invasion of Japan was planned, and initial estimates for the loss of life totaled nearly 1 million.

C. President Truman was sworn into office following the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt in the spring of 1945.

D. Truman later stated that he believed the bombs saved American lives and forced the Japanese to surrender.

Causes of the Civil War

Causality can often be a complex issue when discussing historical events. In the case of the American Civil War,

causality can be boiled down to a single issue: slavery. Many events took place that helped prod the North and South to

the brink of war, but slavery was always the foundational issue.

Some historians have argued that the opening of the western territories was a cause of the Civil War. This argument is

true but only because the North and South vehemently disagreed on whether or not new states in the western

territories should allow slavery. For example, the settlement of western territories touched off the slavery issue as early

as 1819 when Missouri applied for statehood as a slave state. If Missouri were allowed into the Union, the balance of

eleven slave states to eleven free states would be destroyed. At this same time, however, Maine applied for statehood

as a free state. People in the North did not want to allow Missouri admission as a slave state. They knew, however, that

if they blocked the admission of Missouri, the South would block Maine. A compromise was finally suggested, which is

known as the Missouri Compromise. Missouri would be admitted as a slave state, and Maine would be allowed in as a

free state. This would maintain the balance between slave and free states. In addition, the compromise proposed that

the rest of the Louisiana Purchase territory would prohibit slavery in all regions north of Missouri's southern boundary.

Representatives from the North and South applauded this compromise, but the clash over the territories was far from

over.

Other historians have said that economics was a cause. They argue that the agricultural system of the South was

inherently at odds with the industrial, free labor system of the North. The economy of the South revolved around

agriculture and slavery. The South was completely committed to a single crop, a crop that was picked entirely by slave

labor. Therefore, virtually all of the labor in the South was slave labor. Many in the northern states felt that slavery was

morally wrong, but this was just one cause for concern. The North worried that slave labor would undermine the

position of free white laborers. Northern society was increasingly coming to believe that the south had intentions to

extend its “slave power” beyond its existing boundaries, hindering white laborers from finding work.

Still other historians might argue that a rise in sectionalism was in fact the cause of war. The nation seemed to be

splitting down ideological, social, and political lines, becoming two different cultures. These cultures, however, were

divided most basically on the issue of allowing slavery and not allowing slavery. The southern states believed they had

the right to practice slavery. To them, ending slavery would mean an end to their culture, their means of making a living,

and their very way of life. In fact, only a small percentage of the southern population owned slaves. Due to these

societal differences, the North and South found it difficult to agree on political issues. The two areas of the country grew

further apart until it seemed that secession or war was inevitable.

5. Which of the following sentences could best be added to the fourth paragraph?

A. The victory of Abraham Lincoln in the 1860 presidential election was a final straw for many southerners.

B. Sectionalism can be defined as feelings of loyalty to a region rather than loyalty to a nation as a whole.

C. Northerners were shocked after reading portrayals of the evils of slavery written by former slaves.

D. Southerners also believed they were being kind to slaves by offering them a better life than they would have

known in Africa.

Atomic Bomb Controversy

At the end of World War II, U.S. President Harry S. Truman gave the order to use atomic bombs against Imperial

Japan because he believed an invasion of the islands would cost too many American lives. President Truman was

sworn into office following the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt in the spring of 1945. An invasion of Japan was planned,

and initial estimates for the loss of life totaled nearly 1 million. In order to avoid such an outcome, President Truman

approved the use of atomic bombs. Truman later stated that he believed the bombs saved American lives and forced the

Japanese to surrender.

A controversy sprang up almost immediately following the war and has been hotly debated by historians for over 60

years. Historians mainly debate the question of whether the bombs were necessary to end the war. Those who argued

against the use of the bombs state that the bombs were militarily unnecessary. People supporting this argument

believed that Japan would have surrendered eventually even without the use of the bombs. They believe that the

Japanese government was gradually coming to the realization that Japan could not win the war. Japan is a country made

up mostly of an archipelago, which is a collection of many different islands that are formed tectonically. Other

historians, however, state that the bombs were necessary because of military intelligence at the time. Intelligence

revealed that the government was arming civilians, and it was believed they would willingly defend their country. This

belief was based on Japanese casualty rates in battles with Allied troops. Military strategists projected that Japanese

civilians would also choose to fight rather than accept defeat.

6. Which sentence could be deleted from the second paragraph because it is irrelevant?

A. A controversy sprang up almost immediately following the war and has been hotly debated by historians for over

60 years.

B. Those who argued against the use of the bombs state that the bombs were militarily unnecessary.

C. Japan is a country made up mostly of an archipelago, which is a collection of many different islands that are

formed tectonically.

D. Military strategists projected that Japanese civilians would also choose to fight rather than accept defeat.

And we men, the creatures who inhabit this earth, must be to them at least as alien and lowly as are the monkeys and

lemurs to us. The intellectual side of man already admits that life is an incessant struggle for existence, and it would

seem that this too is the belief of the minds upon Mars. Their world is far gone in its cooling and this world is still

crowded with life, but crowded only with what they regard as inferior animals. To carry warfare sunward is indeed their

only escape from the destruction that generation after generation creeps upon them.

And before we judge of them too harshly we must remember what ruthless and utter destruction our own species

has wrought, not only upon animals such as the vanished bison and the dodo, but upon its own race. The Tasmanians, in

spite of their human likeness, were entirely swept out of existence in a war of extermination waged by European

immigrants in the space of fifty years. Are we such apostles of mercy as to complain if the Martians warred in the same

spirit?

The Martians seem to have calculated their descent with amazing subtlety—their mathematical learning is evidently

far in excess of ours—and to have carried out their preparations with a well-nigh perfect unanimity. Had our instruments

permitted it, we might have seen the gathering trouble far back in the nineteenth century. Men like Schiaparelli watched

the red planet—it is odd, by the way, that for countless centuries Mars has been the star of war—but failed to interpret

the fluctuating appearances of the markings they mapped so well. All that time the Martians must have been getting

ready.

from The War of the Worlds by H.G. Wells

7. Which sentence from the article excerpt above offers a supporting detail for the thesis, "The Martians are just to wage war on humans"?

A. "And before we judge of them too harshly we must remember what ruthless and utter destruction our own

species has wrought, not only upon animals such as the vanished bison and the dodo, but upon its own race."

B. "Had our instruments permitted it, we might have seen the gathering trouble far back in the nineteenth century."

C. "Men like Schiaparelli watched the red planet—it is odd, by the way, that for countless centuries Mars has been

the star of war—but failed to interpret the fluctuating appearances of the markings they mapped so well."

D. "The Martians seem to have calculated their descent with amazing subtlety—their mathematical learning is

evidently far in excess of ours—and to have carried out their preparations with a well-nigh perfect unanimity."

The Lonely Girl

Keira looked at the many birthday gifts she had received at the party her parents had thrown her. She sat alone on

her bed looking at the huge pile of boxes, various shapes and sizes, all neatly wrapped with tidy bows on the top. This

had not been Keira's idea of the perfect way to spend her birthday. She would have been content with her parents

spending an entire evening with her alone. It would be so wonderful to do something normal, like watching a movie or

dining at a small, cozy restaurant. But her parents would have none of it, and had instead thrown her a birthday bash

attended by all their business associates. Keira had hated every minute of the party.

It was not easy being the only child of two immensely successful business partners. Keira's parents ran a railroad

manufacturing company, and were the best in the business. Keira's house was like a modern castle, yet most of the

times, it bored her. At school Keira didn't have many friends, as most kids were either afraid to talk to her, or wanted to

be friends with her for selfish reasons. So Keira spent most of her time in her room with her books, they were the only

"friends" she truly had. Keira was smarter than most kids her age, and her parents had decided to hire a new tutor to

help her realize her fullest potential.

Keira's room was in one of the tallest towers in the mansion. One Sunday afternoon, while Keira was in bed reading,

she heard a huge commotion. Keira was startled, and not without reason, as her room was the quietest place in the

mansion, and it had to be a pretty huge commotion to be heard all the way up there. Without missing a beat, Keira

stumbled out of her room and bounded down the stairs in no time. The sight that met her eyes was even more

astonishing than the sound of the commotion that had initially startled her.

The suit of armors that were her father's priced possessions and stood proudly in a row besides the entrance of the

mansion, lay toppled over in an absolute mess! Keira watched in horror as their butler tried in vain to stop parts of the

armors from rolling away and creating a bigger mess. Keira looked around to find the source of the commotion, and her

eyes came to rest on the face of a girl about her age, who stood hiding behind one of the majestic pillars in her home.

She saw Keira watching her with a look of utter disbelief on her face and ran from behind the pillar, and slid away from

the mansion.

Keira followed her crying, "Wait! Stop!" but the girl ran faster. Keira finally caught up to her, and while trying to stop

her, she happened to push her over. "Who are you and why are you wrecking my home?" Keira demanded, although she

was secretly amused by what she had done.

"I am Lily, and I am the tutor's daughter. My father agreed to teach here on the condition that I am allowed to attend

the classes too. Who are you?"

"I am Keira, the girl your father has been hired to teach," said Keira. "Brilliant!" croaked Lily, rising from the ground

and extending her hand towards Keira. "Friends?" she asked, unabashed. And for the first time in days, Keira's face lit up

with a truly sunny smile. "Friends!" she agreed, shaking Lily's hand.

8. Which sentence best concludes the story?

A. Keira decided to stop going to school and study at home with Lily, because she thought going to school was a

waste of time.

B. Lily was lonely and in need of a friend, and that’s why her father had taken up the job tutoring a bright childlike

Keira.

C. They walked back to the castle hand in hand, not knowing that this was just the beginning of a magnificent

friendship.

D. They were unaware that Keira’s parents would not approve of their friendship because they were very strict and

over-protective.

Julius Caesar

It is almost impossible to visit Europe and not see the impact of the Roman civilization. Ruins, roads, bridges,

coliseums, and villas litter the landscape. History, civics, and poetry from the Roman era have also affected Western

culture and language as well. Today, people know of many influential and famous Romans, but Julius Caesar is by far the

most well known among them.

During Caesar’s youth, Rome was in great turmoil. Lucius Cornelius Sulla had conquered the city of Rome and

declared himself dictator for life. His gangs of legionnaires roamed the streets and murdered his political opponents,

many of whom were followers of Caesar’s uncle. Sulla forced Caesar to go into hiding, so he joined the army and learned

the ways of a soldier.

Caesar found no security in the army. Rome was constantly at war with barbarian tribes and other kingdoms, and

Caesar saw his fair share of battle. He served with distinction and won great honors. When Caesar learned of Sulla’s

death, he returned to Rome and began a career in politics. He used his position to right the wrongs done during Sulla’s

reign as dictator, calling to justice many of the men who profited from Sulla’s corruption.

When Caesar marched his legions north into the area of modern-day France and Belgium, he catalogued his

observations of daily Celtic life. He recorded disputes and stories, histories and mythology. He commented on Celtic law

and government in addition to reports of his battles against the tribes. Scholars today understand much about that

ancient society from Caesar’s writings on Gaul.

After the Senate elected Caesar ruler for life, he enacted many reforms that benefited the common people of Rome.

He passed laws that redistributed wealth to those in need. At that time, slaves took most of the jobs, so free Romans

had trouble finding work. Caesar changed this. He ordered that rich Romans employ a certain number of freed men to

work on their farms and factories. Caesar also increased the number of Senators and lowered the level of social class

required for a Roman to become a senator.

On March 15, 44 B.C., a group of senators assassinated Caesar on the floor of the Senate. This act cast Rome into a

civil war between the supporters of Caesar and those of his assassins. Caesar’s successor Augustus was able to overcome

his opponents after many years of war. Augustus restored Rome to a long period of peace and prosperity.

9. Which sentence from the article offers support for the thesis, "Today, people know of many influential and famous Romans, but Julius Caesar is by far the most well known among them"?

A. "Lucius Cornelius Sulla had conquered the city of Rome and declared himself dictator for life."

B. "Caesar's successor Augustus was able to overcome his opponents after many years of war."

C. "Scholars today understand much about that ancient society from Caesar's writings on Gaul."

D. "Sulla forced Caesar to go into hiding, so he joined the army and learned the ways of a soldier."

Consequences of the Treaty of Versailles

The Treaty of Versailles, signed at the end of World War I, ultimately failed at its intended goal of promoting world

peace. In reality, the treaty increased tensions, particularly in Germany, during the inter-war years. The treaty placed the

responsibility for World War I entirely on Germany and included what are known as the "war guilt" clauses. These

clauses stated that Germany was required to pay reparations of more than $11 billion to the Allied countries for the

damage caused during the war. The German military was also to be stripped to no more than 100,000 troops, and the

manufacture of tanks, submarines, and military aircraft was to be prohibited. Of these 100,000 troops, a large

percentage was required to be mounted police. The idea behind these clauses was the prevention of another world

conflict by dismantling Germany’s ability to make war.

Many people felt that the restrictions against Germany were punitive to the point of being cruel. The German

government claimed in 1923 it could no longer afford the reparations payments required by the Versailles treaty.

Though the German government attempted to pay its debts by printing more money, this simply led to hyperinflation.

Inflation can be out of control and will result in increasing prices and decreasing value in currency. By August of 1923,

the German mark was almost worthless, with one million marks equaling approximately one U.S. dollar. In addition,

though the economy recovered somewhat in the late 1920s, the beginning of the Great Depression in 1930 spelled

disaster for Germany. As a result of the depression, the unemployment rate in Germany rose to nearly 30% by 1932,

meaning approximately 6 million Germans were without work.

10. Which sentence from the passage best illustrates the idea that there were growing tensions in Germany during the 1920s?

A. By August of 1923, the German mark was almost worthless, with one million marks equaling approximately one

U.S. dollar.

B. The German military was also to be stripped to no more than 100,000 troops, and the manufacture of tanks,

submarines, and military aircraft was to be prohibited.

C. The idea behind these clauses was the prevention of another world conflict by dismantling Germany's ability to

make war.

D. The Treaty of Versailles, signed at the end of World War I, ultimately failed at its intended goal of promoting

world peace.



(1) The Muir Glacier and the John Muir Trail that covers part of the Sierra Nevada are both named for him.

(2) There is also Muir Woods, an area north of San Francisco covered in redwood trees. (3) Many still read and

value Muir's writings for their love of the wilderness and their spiritual tone.

(4) John Muir, a devoted supporter for saving the Yosemite area as a national park, took then President

Roosevelt on a four-day tour through the area. (5) They set up camp without tents at Glacier Point's peak

above four inches of snow. (6) Later, President Taft, made it a national park. (7) Muir's influence extended to

American scholars, socialites, and business people, and his efforts and love of wilderness led him to bear the

name the Father of the National Parks.

(8) Muir was born in Scotland in 1839 and had a fondness for the outdoors at a very young age. (9) He

would find himself moving to California and soon after, falling in love with the Sierra Nevada Mountains. (10)

He labeled them the "Range of Light."

(11) Muir is quoted as saying, "The clearest way through the universe is through a forest wilderness." (12)

He worked as a sheepherder and during that time began to write about his love of nature. (13) Audiences fell in

love with his writings and his appreciation of nature.

1. Which of these sentences could be added to the middle of the second paragraph (sentences 4–7) to support

the ideas in that paragraph?

A. John Muir was raised in the state of Wisconsin.

B. President Roosevelt was well-regarded for his role in the short Spanish-American war.

C. Muir received honorary degrees from Yale and Harvard universities.

D. As a result, President Roosevelt ordered the expansion of the Yosemite reserve.

(1) Neil Armstrong's legacy will be forever tied to the fact that he was the first man to walk on the moon;

however, the feat also pales in comparison to some of his earlier adventures. (2) Armstrong was also a naval

pilot who had flown in over 78 combat missions during the Korean War. (3) During one of these missions, a

cable cut off part of the wing on his jet.

(4) He attended Purdue University after the war and received his degree in aeronautical engineering. (5)

Afterwards, he spent seven years as a test pilot at Edwards Air Force base, flying the experimental X-15 plane

4,000 mph. (6) He then became the first civilian to be granted access to the astronaut corps in 1962. (7) He

commanded the Gemini 8 mission in 1966. (8) Then, something went wrong.

(9) Finally, after the technical problems were fixed, Armstrong realized his dream and became the first man

to step foot on the Moon. (10) Armstrong docked with an Agena rocket, but during the maneuver, a bad

thruster made the spacecraft tumble. (11) Armstrong was able to free Gemini from the Agena, but he used 75

percent of the spacecraft's fuel and was forced to return to Earth. (12) However, his 1969 Moon landing went

better by comparison despite a few minor technical glitches with an overloaded computer.

2. How is the passage above organized?

A. alphabetically

B. by topic

C. randomly

D. chronologically

(1) Galileo used a telescope to prove Copernicus' theory that the Earth was not the center of the universe.

(2) Galileo also made an important discovery before inventing the telescope. (3) He proved that heavy objects

fall as fast as lighter objects.

(4) Legend says that he went to the top of the Leaning Tower of Pisa and dropped a small and a large

object. (5) To his surprise, they both hit the ground at the same time. (6) Some historians believe that this

experiment never took place at the Leaning Tower of Pisa.

(7) He was forced into house arrest for the rest of his life. (8) Later, he died in 1642, the year that Newton

was born. (9) As one genius left the world, he was replaced by another genius. (10) The world was not ready to

accept the new ideas put forth by science. (11) At the same time, more observations and experiments were

needed.

(12) Years before, Giordano Bruno had been a backer of Copernicus' theory of the Earth not being the

center of the universe. (13) For supporting Copernicus, Bruno was burned at the stake because his ideas were

considered heretical. (14) Later, Galileo used his telescope to find that Venus had phases like the Moon, and

this proved that it revolved around the Sun and not the Earth. (15) This discovery earned him the privilege of

being tortured in order to renounce Copernicus' theory.

3. Which of these sentences could be added to the end of the second paragraph (sentences 4–6) to support the

ideas in that paragraph?

A. Galileo found that four moons revolved around Jupiter, proving that at least four heavenly bodies did not revolve

around the Earth.

B. The Catholic Church did not tolerate scientists that contradicted its dogma.

C. Galileo did conduct experiments and made theoretical arguments proving that all weights fall at the same speed,

apart from air resistance.

D. Galileo was born in 1564 in Pisa, Italy, and died in 1642 near Florence, Italy.

Trischa Zorn-Hudson

by J. Robbins

(1) Trischa Zorn-Hudson is a United States swimmer and the most decorated athlete in the history of the

Paralympic Games. (2) Zorn-Hudson was born blind, and she has never let her disability slow her

down. (3) She began swimming at the age of seven in one of the best training programs in the U.S. (4) In

1979, she swam in her first disabled event, and this event launched her professional career. (5) Her training

program also included well-known athletes Cynthia Woodhead and Shirley Babashoff.

(6) Both the Summer and Winter Paralympics Games are governed by the International Paralympic

Committee. (7) Zorn-Hudson has won 54 medals and earned nine world records over the course of her

career. (8) She was nominated for Sports Illustrated Woman of the Year in 1988. (9) On January 1, 2005,

Zorn-Hudson was one of eight athletes honored during a New Year celebration in New York's Times Square.

(10) Today, this Paralympic all-star works as a non-profit lawyer with the Indiana Pro Bono

Commission. (11) This talented athlete received a full academic scholarship to the University of

Nebraska. (12) In college she earned NCAA All-America honors in the backstroke and the 200-meter

relay. (13) She graduated with a degree in education in 1987. (14) For ten years, Zorn-Hudson taught third and

fourth graders with special needs at an Indianapolis elementary school.

4. If the author wanted to list the names of all eight athletes honored during the 2005 New Year celebration in

Times Square, where would be the best place to insert this information?

A. after sentence 8

B. before sentence 6

C. before sentence 11

D. after sentence 9

Finders Keepers? Not with Cell Phones, Finds Study

by Stephanie Bagley

(1) NEW YORK (Reuters Life!)—If you were walking along and spotted a cell phone, would you pocket it

or try to find its owner? An international survey found people were more honest than expected, with

Slovenians leading the pack.

(2) Reporters from the magazine Reader's Digest planted 960 "lost" cell phones in 30 public places in 32

cities around the world to test people's reactions in a cell phone honesty test. They rang the phone as

people walked past and watched to see if people would answer the phone, take the phone and

attempt to call someone in the pre-programmed contacts later, or simply pocket it.

(3) The most honest city in the survey turned out to be the smallest city in the group, Slovenia's capital

Ljubljana. 29 of 30 cell phones were returned there. But bigger cities showed they also had

trustworthy citizens with Canada's largest city, Toronto, coming second with 28 of 30 phones

returned, followed by Seoul, South Korea, and Stockholm in Sweden.

(4) The Asian cities of Hong Kong and Kuala Lumpur didn't fare so well, tying for worst performance with

only 13 of the 30 "lost" phones returned in each city.

(5) Reader's Digest spokesman William Adler said while the study was not scientific, the results were

interesting and indicated that people were more honest than preliminary interviews suggested. Many

people predicted in preliminary interviews that return rates would be in the single digits but the

average return rate on the "lost" phones was 68 percent.

(6) The survey found that parents with children were keen to show the right behavior and women were

slightly more likely to return phones than men.

(7) New York came fifth in the list, tying with Mumbai in India, and Manila in the Philippines. New York

advertising sales representative Catherine Borelli demonstrates the reason why people made such an

effort to track down the owner. Borelli, 24, said she found a BlackBerry e-mail and cell phone device

in the backseat of a taxi on a recent trip so she called several contacts in the phone until she reached

the owner's wife then set up a meeting place to return the device. "I know how awful it would be to

lose all your contacts. If I lost my BlackBerry, I would hope someone would do the same for me," she

told Reuters. Copyright 2007 Reuters. Reprinted with permission from Reuters. Reuters content is the intellectual property of Reuters or its third party content

providers. Any copying, republication or redistribution of Reuters content is expressly prohibited without the prior written consent of Reuters. Reuters

shall not be liable for any errors or delays in content, or for any actions taken in reliance thereon. Reuters and the Reuters Sphere Logo are

registered trademarks of the Reuters group of companies around the world. For additional information about Reuters content and services, please

visit Reuters website at www.reuters.com.

5. What is the most effective way to improve the organization of the article?

A. Move paragraph 3 to after paragraph 1

B. Move paragraph 4 to after paragraph 2

C. Move paragraph 2 to after paragraph 6

D. Move paragraph 7 to after paragraph 3

The Health at Every Size Movement

by J. Robbins

(1) For many years, people have been told that diets are the best way to improve health, but a new

movement questions this conventional wisdom. (2) The Health at Every Size (HAES) philosophy states that a

person's appropriate, healthy weight can't be determined by a height/weight chart or the body mass

index. (3) Instead, HAES promotes the idea that individuals should focus on positive lifestyle changes. (4) After

adopting lifestyle changes such as intuitive eating and physical activity, individuals will naturally develop their

own healthy weight, according to proponents of the movement.

(5) Along with these three principles, the movement encourages healthcare professionals, such as doctors

and nurses, to help patients live healthier and more fulfilling lives by caring for their bodies. (6) The HAES

approach focuses on three major principles: self-acceptance, enjoyable physical activity, and healthy eating

habits. (7) Proponents of HAES don't view nutritious food and fun exercise as a "cure" for obesity, but they

believe these elements will lead to healthy and happy people of all sizes and shapes.

(8) One team adopted the HAES lifestyle, and the other team attempted to lose weight by traditional diet

methods. (9) A study conducted by the ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center in California examined

the results of the Health at Every Size philosophy. (10) After two years, the HAES team had kept their weight

stable and decreased both their cholesterol levels and their systolic blood pressure. (11) The traditional diet

team had also kept their weight stable, but they did not lower their cholesterol or blood pressure. (12) If these

results are duplicated in other research studies, the HAES movement may gain even more support for their

philosophy.

6. What is the most effective way to improve the organization of the second paragraph (sentences 5-7)?

A. Add sentence 8 to the second paragraph.

B. Move sentence 6 to the third paragraph.

C. Switch the order of sentences 5 and 6.

D. Remove sentence 6 from the paragraph.


by Stephanie Bagley































7. If the author wanted to add a paragraph about why women are more inclined to return lost cell phones, where

would be the most effective place to insert it?

A. after paragraph 7

B. after paragraph 6

C. after paragraph 4

D. after paragraph 5

(1) Philosopher Karl Marx believed that a capitalist system would destroy itself in the end. (2) He predicted

that one day social classes would be eliminated in a violent revolution creating a society of plenty for everyone.

(3) Marx and philosopher William Friedrich Hegel shared a similar view that history was moving forward to one

aim. (4) For Marx, that goal was rooted in economics, the climax of a conflict between owners and workers.

(5) Marx's beliefs came from his education in law and philosophy at universities in Bonn and Berlin. (6)

Later, after moving to Paris, he met lifelong companion Friedrich Engels who helped him coauthor The

Communist Manifesto. (7) In 1849, Marx visited London and uncovered enough material in the British Museum

that he spent the remainder of his life researching and writing Das Kapital (Capital), a three-volume piece that

studied capitalism and predicted its failure.

(8) Marx's position in his work was that the labor involved in making a product was the most important part

of that product. (9) The owners of the factories don't work to create a product, but rather they buy the labor and

materials needed and then sell the final product. (10) Even though the workers that made the final product

were the biggest part in making it, the owners would sell the product for much more than what they paid the

workers who made the product.

(11) However, communism did not work out as Marx had hoped. (12) Communist leaders proved to be

corrupt because they tried to control every aspect of people's lives, and their desire for wealth and power only

continued to grow. (13) In fact, communism created poverty for most instead of wealth for all.

(14) Marx predicted that factory owners would boost profits by not paying their workers enough, which

would make the workers poor. (15) He believed that this gap between the rich owners and the poor workers

would create a revolution. (16) Marx thought this revolution would usher in communism. (17) Under

communism, he believed, government would fade away, people would lose interest in power and profit, and all

people would be prosperous. (18) People would receive goods based on their needs, and they would be free to

work according to their interests and abilities.

8. Which of these sentences could be added to the end of the third paragraph (sentences 8–10) to support the

ideas in that paragraph?

A. Communism ended up bringing poverty and persecution to many people.

B. The Soviet Union was an example of a Communist State.

C. Karl Marx lived and worked in the 19th century.

D. Therefore, he said, the difference was stolen from the workers.


by Stephanie Bagley































9. Where would be the best place to put the following sentence?

"When someone answered a phone, reporters asked whether he or she would be willing to return it."

A. at the end of paragraph 2

B. at the end of paragraph 1

C. at the end of paragraph 6

D. at the end of paragraph 7

(1) The Muir Glacier and the John Muir Trail that covers part of the Sierra Nevada are both named for him.

(2) There is also Muir Woods, an area north of San Francisco covered in redwood trees. (3) Many still read and

value Muir's writings for their love of the wilderness and their spiritual tone.

(4) John Muir, a devoted supporter for saving the Yosemite area as a national park, took then President

Roosevelt on a four-day tour through the area. (5) They set up camp without tents at Glacier Point's peak

above four inches of snow. (6) Later, President Taft, made it a national park. (7) Muir's influence extended to

American scholars, socialites, and business people, and his efforts and love of wilderness led him to bear the

name the Father of the National Parks.

(8) Muir was born in Scotland in 1839 and had a fondness for the outdoors at a very young age. (9) He

would find himself moving to California and soon after, falling in love with the Sierra Nevada Mountains. (10)

He labeled them the "Range of Light."

(11) Muir is quoted as saying, "The clearest way through the universe is through a forest wilderness." (12)

He worked as a sheepherder and during that time began to write about his love of nature. (13) Audiences fell in

love with his writings and his appreciation of nature.

10. What is the most effective way to improve the organization of this passage?

A. Split the second paragraph into two paragraphs.

B. Delete the second paragraph.

C. Place the first paragraph at the end of the passage.

D. Delete the third paragraph.



CDL 26 – Citation Formats

1. William wrote a paper on the physical health of adolescents. He used a 2006 article that appeared on pages 3–5 in the magazine Health and Medicine, volume 13. The article was titled "Characteristics of Healthy Adolescents" by Katelyn Gables-Harcourt and Timothy Pulte. According to MLA guidelines, which citation is is the correct way for William to cite this article in his Works Cited?

A. Gables-Harcourt, Katelyn and Pulte, Timothy. "Characteristics of Healthy

Adolescents." 2006, Health and Medicine, vol. 13, pp. 3–5.

B.

Gables-Harcourt, Katelyn and Timothy Pulte. "Characteristics of

Healthy

Adolescents." 2006, Health and Medicine, vol. 13, pp. 3–5.

C. Gables-Harcourt, Katelyn and Pulte, Timothy. "Characteristics of Healthy

Adolescents." Health and Medicine, 2006, vol. 13, pp. 3–5.

D.

Gables-Harcourt, Katelyn and Timothy Pulte. "Characteristics of

Healthy

Adolescents." Health and Medicine, vol. 13, 2006, pp. 3–5.

2. Desiree is writing a paper about crime. She wants to use an article called "Undercover Police" by Dean Jameson and Paul Houser as a source of information. The article was published in the November 10, 2011 issue of Righteous Magazine on pages 35–39. According to MLA guidelines, which citation is the best way for Desiree to cite this article on the Works Cited page?

A. D. Jameson, and P. Houser. "Undercover Police." Righteous Magazine, 10 Nov.

2011, pp. 35–39.

B. Jameson, Dean, and Paul Houser. "Undercover Police." Righteous Magazine, 10

Nov. 2011, pp. 35–39.

C. Jameson, Dean & Houser, Paul. Righteous Magazine. "Undercover Police." 10 Nov.

2011, pp. 35–39.

D. Dean Jameson and Paul Houser. Righteous Magazine: "Undercover Police." 10 Nov.

2011, pp. 35–39.

3. Lahia is writing a paper on a book called Manchester County by Edgar Owen. She used the 3rd edition of the book, published by Walter House in in 2009. According to MLA guidelines, which citation is the best way for Lahia to cite this book on the Works Cited page?

A. Edgar Owen. 3rd ed.: Manchester County. Walter House, 2009.

B. Manchester County. Owen, Edgar. Walter House, 3rd ed. 2009.

C. Walter House, 2009: Owen, Edgar. Manchester County. 3rd ed.

D. Owen, Edgar. Manchester County. 3rd ed., Walter House, 2009.

4. Tara found a book she wants to use as a source of information in her paper. It is called No Place Else: Explorations in Utopian and Dystopian Fiction, authored by Eric S. Rabkin, Martin H. Greenberg, and Joseph D. Olander. The book was published by Southern Illinois UP in Carbondale, Illinois, in 1983. According to MLA guidelines, which citation is the correct way for Tara to cite this source on the Works Cited page?

A. Eric S. Rabkin, Martin H. Greenberg, and Joseph D. Olander. No Place Else:

Explorations in Utopian and Dystopian Fiction. Southern Illinois UP, 1983.

B. No Place Else: Explorations in Utopian and Dystopian Fiction. Rabkin, Eric S., et al.

Southern Illinois UP, 1983.

C. Eric S. Rabkin and Martin H. Greenberg, et al. Southern Illinois UP, 1983. No Place

Else: Explorations in Utopian and Dystopian Fiction.

D. Rabkin, Eric S., et al. No Place Else: Explorations in Utopian and Dystopian Fiction.

Southern Illinois UP, 1983.

5. Dawn wrote a paper on medieval art. She used information from a Web article titled "Medieval Artistic Achievements" in her paper. The article was written by Cooper Weatherford and published on September 16, 2011 by Medieval Times Times. Dawn read the article on February 13, 2013. According to MLA guidelines, which citation is the correct way for Dawn to cite this book on the Works Cited page?

A. Weatherford, Cooper. "Medieval Artistic Achievements." Medieval Gazette, 16 Sept.

2011, Web. 13 February 2013.

B. Weatherford, Cooper. "Medieval Artistic Achievements." Medieval Gazette, 16 Sept. 2011,

www.medievalgazette.com/artisticachievements. Accessed 13 Feb. 2013.

C. Weatherford, Cooper. "Medieval Artistic Achievements." Medieval Gazette, 16 Sept. 2011

Accessed 13 February 2013, Web.

D. Weatherford, Cooper. "Medieval Artistic Achievements." 16 September 2011, Medieval Gazette,

www.medievalgazette.com/artisticachievements. 13 February 2013.

6. Erica is writing a paper about Buddy Holly for her music appreciation class. She used the book Rave On: The Biography of Buddy Holly by Philip Norman to find out some background information on the singer. The book was published by Simon & Schuster in 1996. According to MLA guidelines, which citation is the correct way for Erica to cite this book as a source on the Works Cited page?

A. Simon & Schuster: Rave On: The Biography of Buddy Holly. Philip Norman, 1996.

B. Norman, Philip. Rave On: The Biography of Buddy Holly. Simon & Schuster, 1996.

C. Rave On: The Biography of Buddy Holly, Norman, Philip. Simon & Schuster, 1996.

D. Philip Norman, Simon & Schuster: Rave On: The Biography of Buddy Holly, 1996.

7. Jorge is writing his Works Cited page. He needs to cite a book called Complex Structure by Rick Camp. The book was published by Sunshine Industries in Denton, Texas, in 1988. Which citation is the correct way for Jorge to cite this book in MLA format?

A. Complex Structure. Camp, Rick, Sunshine Industries, 1988.

B. Complex Structure. Rick Camp. Sunshine Industries. 1988. Print.

C. Camp, Rick. Complex Structure. Sunshine Industries, 1988.

D. Rick, Camp. Complex Structure. 1988, Sunshine Industries. Print.

(1) Conservation programs on the Hawaiian island of Maui are important for preserving its pristine environment. (2)

The Natural Area Reserve Fund supports programs that fight invasive species and protect the watershed areas. (3) This

fund receives its money from conveyance tax paid on real estate sales. (4) With very few sales in the housing market,

there are very few dollars being collected for the reserve fund. (5) Loomis reports online in Maui News, "The shortfall

means some agencies will see state funding reduced by nearly 70 percent."

(6) The reduction in funding means that conservation efforts will suffer. (7) The budget deficit will force layoffs. (8)

Fewer people doing the conservation work, means that the tasks will be overwhelming. (9) Invasive species like the

coqui frog and the miconia plant will multiply. (10) Inspection and repair of fencing that protects the watershed areas

from animals will have to be cut back from once every three months to once every six months. (11) These drastic cuts

will lead to irreversible damage.

(12) "Brosius [West Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership Coordinator] said he was hopeful environmental

programs could be eligible for some federal economic stimulus money, noting that operations like watershed

partnerships generate a lot of jobs, and that the environment overall is as important to Hawaii as any other

infrastructure" (Loomis).

8. In sentence 12, why are there brackets around "West Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership Coordinator"?

A. to give credit to the right organization

B. to tell the reader that Brosius is an important man

C. those words are important and need emphasis

D. those words were not in the original quote

Before Heading Out the Door

(1) You have probably heard someone say that breakfast is the most important meal of the day. (2) This statement is

true. (3) Fairfield reports in Perfect Health magazine, "Breakfast helps your body to get going so that you have plenty of

energy to start the day, much like a full tank of gas helps a car to go longer distances without stopping during a road

trip." (4) However, researchers warn against starting the day with foods that high in calories, sugar, and fat. (5) In other

words, eating a piece of toast with fruit for breakfast is better than eating a doughnut.

(6) An article on the Healthy Student Web site says that skipping breakfast is unhealthy for a person's body. (7) Not

eating a healthy breakfast can cause less iron to go into the body which can potentially cause a person to have a high

body mass index (BMI) and lead to obesity. (8) Some kids do not have time in the mornings to eat breakfast, so they will

skip the meal altogether. (9) Researchers claim that eating breakfast helps to boost a person's memory and has a

positive effect when the brain is forced to store and recall new information. (10) "Quickly grabbing one healthy food

item like a whole-grain muffin, fruit, or yogurt on the way out the door is better than not eating anything at all for

breakfast," according to Dr. Phil Felix. (11) So, the next time you are going to bed, be sure to set your alarm so that you

get up early enough to enjoy a healthy breakfast.

9. According to MLA guidelines, which Works Cited entry correctly corresponds to the article cited in sentence 3?

A. Fairfield, David. "Breakfast: It Does a Body Good." 16 Oct. 2010,

Web, 10 Oct 2010.

B. Fairfield, Jackson. "Breakfast: It Does a Body Good." Perfect Health,

16 Oct. 2014, www.perfecthealthmagazine.com. Accessed 10 Mar. 2016.

C. Felix, Phil. A Healthy Diet. 1st ed. San Francisco: Lemon Link Publishing Group, 2009. Print.

D. Felix, Phil. A Healthy Diet. 1st ed. San Francisco: Lemon Link

Publishing Group, 2009. Print.

10. Laurie is writing a paper, and she wants to use an article called "Freudian Ideals" by Shelbie Grossman as a source of information. The article was published in the May 2010 issue Mind Fusion on pages 10–24. According to MLA guidelines, which citation is the correct way for Laurie to cite this book on the Works Cited page?

A. Shelbie Grossman. Mind Fusion:"Freudian Ideals." pp. 10–24. May 2010.

B. "Freudian Ideals." Shelbie Grossman. Mind Fusion, May 2010, pp. 10–24.

C. Grossman, Shelbie. "Freudian Ideals." Mind Fusion, May 2010, pp. 10–24.

D. Mind Fusion, pp. 10–24: "Freudian Ideals." Grossman, Shelbie. May 2010.



CDL 27 – Multi-Meaning Words

1. Jared and Marie went to Supply Depot to purchase a door that would articulate in two directions and allow them to pass more easily between the kitchen and dining room. Marie had seen one on television and thought the free-swinging door would be easier to use. Based on its context in the paragraph above, what is the meaning of the word articulate?

A. to bend or hinge

B. to allow double entry

C. to be effective

D. to be brightly colored

Madame Henrietta gazed out of the window as I sat across for her. I tried to smooth my wrinkled dress and to look

presentable. Madame was kind of enough to take me under her wing when she decided to become my patron. My

childhood was a rough one, and it would have continuously have been had it not been for Madame. Madame decided to

take me away from the chaos that once was my life. Now, I found myself in an elegant room illuminated with a soft

glow. The morning sun had done its work because it highlighted details that would have been harsh at another time of

day. Therefore, I had to admire the room.

2. Based on the context of the passage, what is the meaning of the word illuminated?

A. made clear

B. decorated with gold, silver, or brilliant colors

C. supplied or brightened with light

D. enlightened spiritually or intellectually

(1) The sweltering heat enveloped all of the runners who were standing on the starting line. (2) Neil already had

beads of sweat forming at the brim of his hairline. (3) He wiped the sweat away in anticipation of the starting gun. (4) He

leaned forward like the other runners, and when he heard the gun, he surged forward. (5) Neil flew past Hank and Kyle,

who lumbered forward from their racing stance. (6) Around the first curve, he overtook Jay and Ryan and finally

surpassed Paul, who had always been the fastest on the team. (7) After that, Neil surprised himself when he discovered

that he was in the lead for the first time.

3. Read the following sentence from the passage. Around the first curve, he overtook Jay and Ryan and finally surpassed Paul, who had always been the fastest on the team. Based on the context, what does the word surpassed mean?

A. became better than

B. overcame obstacles

C. exceeded expectations

D. was conspicuous

It was a classic play the team had to make to steal the home base. The Sentinels had run this play many times through

the years. It had been a successful maneuver that had won many of their games over the years. Therefore, many of the

teams looked out for the signature signs and prepared themselves. However, they could never figure out what made the

Sentinels successful.

4. Based on the context of the passage, what is the meaning of the word classic?

A. serving as a model

B. typical or familiar

C. extremely comical

D. always fashionable

The worst of the illness had finally subsided. The fever had stayed, but the discomfort that came along with it was

gone. Lyra lay limp on the bed, exhausted from the strange exertion that she had to endure. She felt lucky that the

medicine that Dr. Mills had prescribed was potent enough for the strain of virus. He had tried all sorts of medicinal

methods to relieve Lyra’s pain, but none of them were effective. Dr. Mills had to develop a new drug to treat her

individual case. Now, all Lyra had to do was to take it easy because Dr. Mills was adamant about no strenuous activity.

5. Based on the context of the passage, what does the word subsided mean?

A. became quiet or less

B. let oneself to settle down

C. sank or fell to the bottom

D. flattened out into a depression

The kitchen was growing smokier than before, and Nary had compounded the problem by accidentally burning the

kitchen towel as well. That only happened because she had tried to move the burning pot off the heating source. Nary

found herself in a great predicament because the smoke seemed to have no conclusion, and her parents were bound to

enter the house in any given moment. So, Nary did the only thing she could think of—she flung open each of the

windows and used a towel to fan the smoke out of the house.

6. Read the following sentence from the passage. Nary found herself in a great predicament because the smoke seemed to have no conclusion, and her parents were bound to enter the house in any given moment. Based on the context, what does the word conclusion mean?

A. a final arrangement

B. a reasoned judgment

C. result of an outcome

D. end or termination

Wyatt Incorporated had taken great lengths to keep its industry secrets from being leaked to its competitors.

However, much to its dismay, a company insider decided to reveal the formula for Wyatt’s famous meatloaf to the

press. The local newspapers pounced on the story and began to circulate it. They wanted to dissect the recipe in order

to understand what made it so tasty. From the local newspapers, the story went nationwide with everyone trying to re-

create the meatloaf. Wyatt Incorporated did its best to suppress the secret formula but found that it was too late—it

was everywhere.

7. Based on the context of the passage, the meaning of the word suppress is

A. restrain from a usual course of action.

B. put down by authority or force.

C. keep from public knowledge.

D. exclude from consciousness.

The worst of the illness had finally subsided. The fever had stayed, but the discomfort that came along with it was

gone. Lyra lay limp on the bed, exhausted from the strange exertion that she had to endure. She felt lucky that the

medicine that Dr. Mills had prescribed was potent enough for the strain of virus. He had tried all sorts of medicinal

methods to relieve Lyra’s pain, but none of them were effective. Dr. Mills had to develop a new drug to treat her

individual case. Now, all Lyra had to do was to take it easy because Dr. Mills was adamant about no strenuous activity.

8. Based on the context of the passage, the word potent means

A. chemically effective.

B. powerfully persuasive.

C. wielding authority.

D. possessing physical strength.

The heat was rising up on Charlie’s face when he heard the winner for the 10th Annual Art Festival announced on the

PA system. This is so unfair, Charlie thought. Tim was just lucky that his piece came out the way it did.

Tim’s piece glorified the drawings of Vincent van Gogh. Tim wanted to do van Gogh’s art justice, so Tim researched

everything about him. In turn, Charlie mimicked Claude Monet’s style with the arching swirls in his painting. Even

though Charlie and Tim were friends, Charlie did not agree with Tim’s choice of artist. He didn’t think that Tim, of all

people, deserved to win with van Gogh as inspiration.

9. Based on the context of the passage, the word glorified means

A. caused something to appear superior.

B. made glorious by giving honor.

C. worshipped or offer praise.

D. lit up brilliantly.

With the creation of new technology, books are making the transition from print to digital formats. Books, in their

physical forms, are slowly fading from use. Digital books are easier to carry and to access because print books can be

cumbersome to transport. Therefore, libraries are also becoming relics of ages past. When print books become

obsolete, libraries may also be phased out of society’s memory.

10. Based on the context of the passage, what is the meaning of the word transition?

A. a musical passage connecting two sections

B. a linking word or phrase that joins ideas

C. a movement from one stage to another

D. a result of a tremendous change