Haris Setyaningrum

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Hypera postica Gyllenahl(Coleoptera : Curculionidae)

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Important Alfalfa weevils

Can cause skeletonization leaves

Frosting Can lay 500-2000

eggsFeed during dayLong distance flight

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Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Life cycle

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Fig.3

Life Cycle of the Alfalfa Weevil in South Dakota

Alfalfa weevil adults

Alfalfa weevils overwinter as adults under soil clods and plant debris in shelter belts,on the field, and along ditches and fence lines.

An adult alfalfa weevil is about 1/4-inch long. It is capable of long distance flight.

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Fig. 4

Alfalfal weevil eggs

Eggs are laid in alfalfa stems in the spring. Each female weevil can lay between 500-2,000 eggs during its life span.

Every laying period lay 2-25 eggs

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Fig. 5

Alfalfa weevils Larvae

Larvae that hatch from the eggs are usually noticed on alfalfa from late-April through early-June (in south Dakota) or mid spring in others country

Egg hatch is not simultaneous so different sizes of larvae can be seen on alfalfa at any given time. A fully-grown larva is about 3/8 inch long.

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Fig. 6

Alfalfa weevils Larvae

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Larvae are consumers of leaf tissues. However, they do not consume entire leaves but rather “skeletonize” them. The stems and leaf veins are left intact. Infested alfalfa appears “frosted”when viewed from a distance.

The cocoon

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• Fully-grown larvae drop to the ground and spin cocoons that look like tiny silken balls wrappedin dry pieces of leaves. The pupa inside a cocoon is an inactive stage of the alfalfa weevil.

Fig. 7

Distribution

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Austria • Croatia • Cyprus • Denmark • France • Germany • Italy • Japan • Kazakhstan • Latvia • Luxembourg • Malta • Moldova • Poland • Portugal • Romania • Sweden • Switzerland • Ukraine • United Kingdom • United States . North Africa . India . Midle east . And Western Asia ( www.w3.org and Shuobu. et.al) Fig.8

Symptoms

SkeletonizeFrosting Notch in main stem,

side shoots and leaf stem

ragged and torn leaf margins

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Host

Mostly Alfalfa (Medicago sativa)

Asrtragalus sinicus (Chinese milk veth)

Medicago lupulina (black medick)

M.hisipida (burr medic) Melitotus officinalis (yellow

sweet clover) Trifolium pretense (red

clover) T.repens (white clover) Vicia sativa (narrow-leaved

vetch). (Takagi et.al)

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Biological control in organic farming, used natural enemies

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Microctonus aethiopoides (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) adult, pursuing an alfalfa weevil adult

First stage Microctonus aethiopoides larva, dissected from an adult alfalfa weevil

Fig. 9

Fig. 10

Biologial control in organic farming, used natural enemies

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Fully grown Microctonus aethiopoides larva (below), dissected from an alfalfa weevil adult shortly before it leaves host to pupate

Bathyplectes curculionis (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) adults are parasitoids of alfalfa weevil larvae

Fig. 11

Fig. 12

Biological control in organic farming, used natural enemies

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First stage Bathyplectes curculionis larva, dissected from an alfalfa weevil larva

Cocoons of Bathyplectes curculionis

Biological control in organic farming, used natural enemies

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Cocoons of Bathyplectes anurus

Bathyplectes anurus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) adults are parasitoids of alfalfa weevil larvae

Fig. 13

Fig. 14

Biological control in organic farming, used natural enemies

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Adults of Oomyzus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) attacking an alfalfa weevil larva

Larvae of Oomyzus incertus, dissected from an alfalfa weevil larva

Fig. 15

Fig. 16

Biological control in organic farming, used natural enemies

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Pupae of Oomyzus incertus, dissected from a mummy formed from the integument of the alfalfa weevil larva.

Zoophthora phytonomi (Entomophthora: Entomophthoraceae) is an important pathogen of alfalfa weevil

Fig. 17

Fig. 18

Insecticides

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Brand name Active ingredient Product per acrePre-harvest interval

(days)

Ambush permethrin 6.4-12.8 fluid ounces0-14 depending on

rate usedBaythroid 2 cyfluthrin 1.6-2.8 fluid ounces 7Dimethoate 4 E.C. dimethoate 0.5-1 pint 10

Furadan 4 F carbofuran 0.5-2 pints7-28 depending on

rate usedImidan 70-WSB phosmet 1.33 pounds 7 Lannate LV methomyl 3 pints 7

Lorsban 4E chlorpyrifos 1-2 pints14-21 depending on

rate usedMalathion 57 EC malathion 1.5-2.25 pints 0Mustang zeta-cypermethrin 2.4-4.3 fluid ounces 7

Penncap-M methy parathion 2-3 pints15 (and 2-day reentry

interval)

Pounce 3.2 EC permethrin 4-8 fluid ounces0-14 depending on

rate usedSevin XLR PLUS carbaryl 1.5 quarts 7Warrior lambda-cyhalothrin 2.56-3.84 fluid ounces 7

Table 1

Economic important

Alfalfa weevil attack so many crops

Both larvae and adults feed on leaves host

Widely spread in many countriesThe most serious pest of alfalfa

in the United States (USDA 1991, Takagi,et.al)

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Refferences

Takagi, Masami.et,al. Classical biological control of Alfalfa weevil in Japan. Second International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods. Japan.

Catangui, Michael A. 2001. Alfalfa Weevil : Evaluation of control practice in South Dakota (Extension Entomology Fact Sheet 001). Department of Plant Science South Dakota State University. Dakota

Shoubu, Megumi. et.al. 2005. Establishment of Bathyplectus anurus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), a larval parasitoid of Alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Coleoptera :Curculionidae) in Japan. Journal Biological Control (34) . pp 144–151

Figure : Fig 1,fig, 2,fig 4,fig 5, fig 6, fig 7 and annotations: Cook , Kelly A. 2003. alfalfa weevil ,

Hypera postica Gyllenahl. Extension fact sheet. University of Illinois, department of crop seciences

Fig 3 and table 1: Catangui, Michael A. 2001. Alfalfa Weevil : Evaluation of control practice in South Dakota (Extension Entomology Fact Sheet 001). Department of Plant Science South Dakota State University. Dakota

Fig 8, http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml Fig 9 – 18 and annotations: Flanders ,Kathy L. and Radcliffe, Edward B . 2000. Alfalfa

IPM. Radcliffes’s IPM World text books. University of Minnesota

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