-H=ID=LB=RG-

Helmut Kipphan (Ed.)

Handbookof Print MediaTechnologies and Production Methods

Including 1275 figures, mostly in colorand 92 tables

Springer

Table of Contents

XIII

1 Fundamentals1.1 Communication Technologies 41.1.1 Print Media 41.1.1.1 Books 51.1.1.2 Magazines 51.1.1.3 Newspapers 61.1.1.4 Brochures 61.1.1.5 Other Printed Media 61.1.2 Electronic Media 61.1.3 Multimedia 71.1.4 Distribution and Market Volume 81.1.5 Trends and Scenarios for the Future 101.1.5.1 Changes in the Traditional

Printing Sector 101.1.5.2 Integration of New Media 11

1.2 Production of Print Media 141.2.1 Layout, Typography, Graphic Design 151.2.1.1 Type 151.2.1.2 Typography 191.2.1.3 Graphic Design 231.2.2 Prepress 241.2.3 Printing 291.2.4 Postpress/Finishing 331.2.5 Digital Production Equipment

in the Workflow 351.2.6 Premedia 38

1.3 Printing Technologies 401.3.1 Overview of Printing Technologies 401.3.2 Printing Technologies with

a Printing Master 411.3.2.1 Letterpress/Flexographic Printing 451.3.2.2 Gravure Printing 481.3.2.3 Lithography/Offset Printing 521.3.2.4 Screen Printing 551.3.3 Printing Technologies without

a Master (NIP Technologies) 581.3.3.1 Electrophotography 601.3.3.2 Ink Jet 631.3.3.3 Printing Systems based on Non-Impact

Printing Technologies 65

1.4 Print Quality 681.4.1 Color/Color Theory 681.4.2 Color Image Composition 791.4.3 Halftone Process/Screening 901.4.4 Quality Control/Measurement

Techniques 991.4.4.1 Color Measurement 1001.4.4.2 Color Register 1081.4.4.3 Measurement of Gloss 1101.4.5 Surface Finishing 1111.4.5.1 Characteristics of Surface Finishing 1111.4.5.2 Surface Finishing Techniques 113

1.5 Print Media Materials 1171.5.1 Substrates 1171.5.2 Printing Inks 1301.5.2.1 Structure and Requirements 1301.5.2.2 Offset Printing Inks 1371.5.2.3 Gravure Printing Inks 1371.5.2.4 Flexographic Printing Inks 1391.5.2.5 Letterpress Printing Inks 1391.5.2.6 Screen Printing Inks 1391.5.2.7 Pad Printing Inks 1401.5.2.8 Inks for Non-Impact Printing

Technologies 1401.5.3 Varnishes 142

1.6 Printing Presses and Printing Systems 1451.6.1 General Structure 1451.6.2 Designs for Multicolor Printing 1501.6.2.1 Sheet-fed Printing Presses 1501.6.2.2 Web-fed Printing Presses 1541.6.2.3 Packaging Printing Presses 159

1.7 Drying Methods 1661.7.1 Physical Drying (Absorption) 1661.7.1.1 Infrared (IR) Drying 1691.7.1.2 Evaporative Drying 1701.7.1.3 Problems in Practical Operation 1721.7.2 Chemical Drying/Curing 1731.7.2.1 Oxidation 1731.7.2.2 UV Drying/Curing 1731.7.2.3 Electron Beam Drying/Curing (EBC) 1751.7.3 Auxiliary Drying Techniques 176

XIV Table of Contents

1.7.3.1 Powder Spraying , . 1761.7.3.2 Silicone Application 1761.7.4 Measuring Techniques 176

1.8 Products of Print Finishing 180

1.9 Aspects of Management andBusiness Models 185

1.9.1 Production Options and BusinessModels 185

1.9.1.1 The Value-added Chain (ProductionDepth and Product Range) 186

1.9.1.2 Financing and Distribution Models 1881.9.1.3 Media Business as a Technical Service 1901.9.2 Coordination of Workflows 1901.9.2.1 Lean Production and Lean Management . . . 1901.9.2.2 Tracking 1921.9.2.3 Quality Assurance 1951.9.3 Production Layout 1971.9.3.1 Material Flow 1971.9.3.2 Capacity Planning 1991.9.3.3 Personnel Deployment and Supply

of Utilities 200

2 Printing Technologies with PermanentPrinting Master

2.1 Offset Printing 2062.1.1 Basic Principles 2062.1.1.1 Process 2062.1.1.2 Printing Plates, Printing Ink, Dampening

Solution 2092.1.1.3 Inking Unit, Dampening Unit, Printing

Unit 2132.1.1.4 Print Quality 2232.1.2 Sheet-fed Offset Printing 2262.1.2.1 Paper Travel 2262.1.2.2 Feeders 2292.1.2.3 Printing Units 2372.1.2.4 Sheet Reversal/Perfecting 2442.1.2.5 Delivery 2472.1.2.6 Drying 2512.1.2.7 Print Enhancement and In-line Finishing . . 2542.1.2.8 Press Architecture (Special Designs) 2572.1.3 Web-fed Offset Printing 2602.1.3.1 Press and System Concepts (Components) . . 2602.1.3.2 Web Travel (Infeed and Further

Processing) 2762.1.3.3 Printing Unit 2812.1.3.4 Folders and Print Product Variations 2862.1.3.5 Newspaper Printing 2922.1.4 Remote Control, Measurement and

Control Technology/Systems 2972.1.4.1 Press Remote Control Systems 2982.1.4.2 Color Measurement and Control Systems . . 3002.1.4.3 Register Measurement and Control 3072.1.4.4 Inspection of the Printed Image 308

2.1.4.5 In-line Print Quality Measurement andControl Systems 312

2.1.4.6 The State of the Art in Remote Control,Measurement and Control Systems 317

2.1.5 Automation in Print Media Production . . . . 3192.1.5.1 Wash-up Procedures 3202.1.5.2 Plate Changing 3212.1.5.3 Sheet Size and Paper Travel Adjustment . . . . 3232.1.5.4 Ink Feed Presetting in the Printing U n i t . . . . 3252.1.5.5 Ink and Dampening Solution Supply 3282.1.5.6 Makeready for Print Production 3292.1.6 Examples of Offset Printing Presses and

Production Systems 3332.1.6.1 Sheet-fed Offset Printing Presses 3332.1.6.2 Web-fed Offset Printing Presses/Systems . . . 3382.1.7 Potential for Further Development 3542.1.7.1 Print Quality 3542.1.7.2 Offset Printing Process 3552.1.7.3 Drying 3562.1.7.4 Automation 357

2.2 Gravure Printing 3602.2.1 Process 3602.2.1.1 Gravure Cylinder Manufacture 3602.2.1.2 Gravure Cylinder Imaging 3632.2.1.3 Storage and Changing of Gravure

Cylinders 3662.2.1.4 Impression Roller 3682.2.1.5 Inking Unit and Doctor Blade 3692.2.1.6 Drying 3722.2.1.7 Circumferential and Lateral Register 3722.2.1.8 Magazine Turner Bars Superstructure 3742.2.1.9 Gravure Printing Folders 3742.2.1.10 Reel Stand 3772.2.2 Examples of Gravure Printing Systems 3772.2.3 Gravure Printing in the Packaging

Industry 3842.2.4 Potential for Further Development 391

2.3 Letterpress Printing 3952.3.1 Basic Principles 3952.3.2 Letterpress Printing (Process and

Applications) 3962.3.3 Flexography 3972.3.3.1 Process 3972.3.3.2 Printing Unit 4012.3.3.3 Examples of Flexographic Printing

Presses 4042.3.4 Potential for Further Development 407

2.4 Screen Printing 4092.4.1 Basic Principles/Process 4092.4.1.1 Platemaking 4102.4.1.2 Printing Process 4142.4.2 Applications 4162.4.2.1 Screen Printing on Flat Surfaces 4162.4.2.2 Screen Printing on Curved Surfaces 417

Table of Contents XV

2.4.3 Examples of Machinery 4172.4.3.1 Equipment and Machinery tor Flat-bed

Screen Printing 4172.4.3.2 Screen Printing Machinery for Printing

on Curved Surfaces 4182.4.3.3 Rotary Screen Printing Presses 4182.4.4 Potential for Further Development 422

2.5 Special Printing Technologies andProduct Specific Applications 423

2.5.1 Security Printing 4232.5.1.1 Bank Notes 4232.5.1.2 Postage Stamps, Stamps 4292.5.1.3 Documents 4322.5.2 Business Forms Printing 4332.5.3 Label Printing 4382.5.4 Pad Transfer Printing 4422.5.4.1 Printing Process 4432.5.4.2 Cliche Making 4452.5.4.3 Pad, Ink, Object Holding Device 4472.5.4.4 Multicolor Pad Transfer Printing,

Applications 447

3 Prepress3.1 Conventional Prepress 4523.1.1 Word Processing, Typesetting 4533.1.1.1 Typesetting Procedure 4533.1.1.2 Manuscript 4543.1.1.3 Text Input 4543.1.1.4 Word Processing and Typesetting 4563.1.2 Text Output for the Production

of Film/Plate 4583.1.2.1 Designs of Output Devices 4583.1.2.2 Requirements on Films 4603.1.3 Photomechanical Image Processing/

Reproduction 4613.1.3.1 Use and Importance of Analog

Reproduction 4623.1.3.2 Principles, Tasks of Photomechanical

Reproduction 4643.1.3.3 Materials 4693.1.3.4 Machines and Devices used in

Reproduction Technology 4693.1.3.5 Production of Film Copies for

Single-Color Printing 4743.1.3.6 Production of Film Copies for Multicolor

Printing 4793.1.4 Electronic Reproduction Technology

(Repro Scanner) 4823.1.5 Assembly 4853.1.5.1 Page Make-up 4853.1.5.2 Sheet Assembly 4873.1.6 Proofs/Test Print 4903.1.7 Platemaking and Quality Control 4933.1.7.1 General Information 4933.1.7.2 Offset Printing 494

3.1.7.3 Letterpress Printing, Flexography 4973.1.7.4 Gravure Printing 4983.1.7.5 Screen Printing 4983.1.8 Color Management 4993.1.8.1 Processes for the Correction of Tone Values

and Color Values 5003.1.8.2 Offset-Gravure Conversion 501

3.2 Digital Prepress 5033.2.1 Structure of Digital Printed Products 5033.2.1.1 Technological Capabilities and

Workflows 5033.2.1.2 Digital Description of the Printed Page . . . . 5053.2.1.3 Digital Screening Processes 5083.2.2 Quality Requirements 5133.2.2.1 Input and Output Resolution 5143.2.2.2 Transferable Tonal Range 5163.2.2.3 Dot Shape 5173.2.2.4 Tone Value Influences in Printing 5183.2.2.5 Color Management Profiles 5193.2.2.6 Image-dependent Effects and Corrections . . 5193.2.3 Digital Photography 5203.2.3.1 Origins of Digital Photography 5203.2.3.2 Image Scanning with Digital Cameras 5213.2.3.3 Demands on the Resolution 5233.2.3.4 Special Features of Digital Cameras 5243.2.3.5 Digital Photography and

Color Management 5253.2.4 Digitizing Originals (Scanner) 5253.2.4.1 Scanner Designs and Models 5263.2.4.2 Drum Scanners 5293.2.4.3 Flat-bed Scanners 5293.2.4.4 Digitizing and Redigitizing 5313.2.5 Sheet Assembly and Imposition 5323.2.5.1 Page Make-up and Sheet Assembly 5333.2.5.2 Full-Sheet Output 5333.2.5.3 Imposition through Software 5343.2.5.4 Imposition Workflows 5373.2.6 Raster Image Processor (RIP) 5403.2.7 Storage Media 5453.2.8 Networks 5473.2.8.1 Network Concepts and Components 5473.2.8.2 Working with Networks 5493.2.9 Data Formats 5503.2.10 Color Management 5553.2.10.1 The Image Reproduction Process

using Color Management 5553.2.10.2 Production of Color Profiles 5553.2.10.3 Structure of Color Profiles 5573.2.10.4 Connection of Color Profiles 5583.2.10.5 Rendering Intent 5603.2.10.6 Color Management and the

Production of Proofs 5613.2.10.7 Color Management for Images

on the Internet 5623.2.10.8 Color Management and Standardization . . . 5623.2.11 Digital Proof 562

XVI Table of Contents

3.2.11.1 Digital Proofing Processes , . 5633.2.11.2 Soft Proof 5633.2.11.3 Hard Proof 5633.2.11.4 Color Management Concepts 5663.2.11.5 Preflight Check 5703.2.12 Film Production and Platemaking 5703.2.12.1 Computer to Film Systems 5703.2.12.2 Computer to Plate Systems 5733.2.12.3 Computer to Film and Computer to Plate

in the Prepress Workflow 573

4 Computer to ... Technologies4.1 Survey of the Technologies 5814.1.1 Computer to Film 5834.1.2 Computer to Plate 5834.1.3 Computer to Press (Direct Imaging and

Computer to Print) 5844.1.4 The Use of Computer to ... Technologies

and Networking for the Productionof Print Media 588

4.2 Computer to Film 5934.2.1 Principles and Equipment 5934.2.2 Film Material 594

4.3 Computer to Plate/to Cylinder/to Screen . . 5974.3.1 Introduction 5974.3.2 Technology of Computer to Plate

Systems for Offset Printing 5984.3.2.1 Design Principles 5984.3.2.2 Imaging Methods and Plate Punching 6014.3.2.3 Computer to Plate Systems for Offset

Printing 6044.3.3 Computer to Plate for Flexographic

Printing 6084.3.4 Computer to Cylinder for

Gravure Printing 6114.3.5 Computer to Screen for Screen Printing . . . 6114.3.6 Computer to Plate Workflow 6124.3.7 Rise in Quality as a Result of Computer

to Plate 6144.3.8 Productivity and Economic Efficiency 6154.3.9 Printing Plates for Digital Imaging 6164.3.10 Trends in Computer to Plate 623

4.4 Computer to Press/Direct Imaging 6274.4.1 Computer to Press/Direct Imaging

with Removal of the Master for eachPrint Job 628

4.4.1.1 Computer to Press/Direct ImagingPrinting Systems 628

4.4.1.2 Expansion and Comparison of Systems . . . . 6384.4.2 Computer to Press/Direct Imaging

Printing Systems with Re-imageableMaster 641

4.4.2.1 Concepts for Re-imageable Masters withMaterial Application/Ablation 643

4.4.2.2 Re-imageable Printing Plate Systemswithout Material Application 652

4.5 Computer to Print 6574.5.1 Printing Systems based on

Electrophotography 6584.5.2 Printing Systems based on Ionography,

Magnetography, and Ink Jet 6644.5.3 Design Principles of Computer to Print

Systems 6654.5.4 Digital Printing 672

5 Printing Technologies without a PrintingPlate (NIP Technologies)

5.1 Principles and Basic Components 6775.1.1 Computer to Press/to Print Technology 6775.1.2 Non-Impact Printing Technologies

(Overview) 6785.1.3 Printing Process and Functional

Components in NIP Technologies 6795.1.4 Digitally Controlled Image Creation

in NIP Technologies 6795.1.5 System Concepts/Architecture of

Computer to Print Systems 6815.1.6 Inks for Non-Impact Printing

Processes 6855.1.7 Components for Computer to Print

Systems 687

5.2 Electrophotography 6895.2.1 Principle of Electrophotography 6895.2.2 Imaging Systems 6915.2.3 Inking Unit (Developing Unit)

and Toner 6925.2.4 Fixing and Cleaning 6965.2.5 Conception of the Printing Unit 698

5.3 Ionography 7015.3.1 Printing Unit 7015.3.2 Imaging System and the Principle

of Ionography 7025.3.3 Printing Unit Concepts and Printing

Systems based on Ionography 703

5.4 Magnetography 7065.4.1 Principle of Magnetography 7065.4.2 Imaging System for Magnetography 7085.4.3 Examples of Applications/Printing

Systems 709

5.5 Ink Jet 7115.5.1 Overview of Ink Jet Technologies

and Processes 711

Table of Contents XVII

5.5.2 Continuous Ink Jet ,a 7145.5.3 Drop on Demand Ink Jet Technologies 7155.5.4 Structure of Ink Jet Arrays 7235.5.5 Printing Systems based on Ink Jet

Technology for Multicolor Printing(Selection) 725

5.6 Thermography 7315.6.1 Overview of Thermography

Technologies 7315.6.2 Thermal Transfer Printing Systems 7345.6.3 Thermal Sublimation Printing Systems 738

5.7 Electrography 742

5.8 Photography 746

5.9 "X"-Graphy 7495.9.1 Tonerjet Printing Technology 7505.9.2 Elcography 7525.9.3 Direct Imaging Printing Technology 7545.9.4 Assessment of New Types of

NIP Technologies 756

6 Hybrid Printing Systems6.1 Overview of Printing Methods and

Technologies 761

6.2 Combination Variants of Hybrid PrintingSystems 763

6.3 System Concepts and Examples ofImplementations 765

6.3.1 Hybrid Printing Systems combiningConventional Printing Technologies 765

6.3.2 Hybrid Printing Systems combiningNIP Technologies 765

6.3.3 Hybrid Printing Systems combiningConventional and NIP Technologies 766

6.3.4 Hybrid Printing Systems combiningComputer to Press/Direct Imagingwith NIP Technologies 768

6.3.5 Hybrid Printing Systems combiningConventional Printing Technologieswith Computer to Press Technologies 769

6.4 Hybrid Techniques for In-line and Off-linePrint Production 771

7 Print Finishing Processes7.1 Classification of Print Finishing

Processes

7.2 Process Steps and Procedures forPrint Finishing

775

782

7.2.1 Cutting and Die-Cutting 7827.2.1.1 Characterization of the Processes 7827.2.1.2 Cutting with Guillotine Cutters 7827.2.1.3 Cutting Webs 7897.2.1.4 Die-Cutting 7917.2.2 Folding 7967.2.2.1 Characterization of the Process 7967.2.2.2 Folding with Folding Machines 7967.2.2.3 Folding Bookbinding Sheets 8067.2.3 Forwarding 8117.2.3.1 Characterization of the Process 8117.2.3.2 Forwarding Process in Industrial

Finishing 8127.2.4 Assembling into Blocks 8167.2.4.1 Characterization of the Process 8167.2.4.2 Gathering 8167.2.4.3 Gathering into Single-layer Blocks 8217.2.5 Binding Blocks 8257.2.5.1 Characterization of the Process 8257.2.5.2 Thread-Stitching Books 8267.2.5.3 Perfect Binding 8307.2.5.4 Thread-Sealing 8377.2.5.5 Wire-Stitching 8397.2.6 Trimming 8427.2.6.1 Characterization of the Process 8427.2.6.2 Trimming Book Blocks and Brochures 8427.2.7 Edge Treatments on Books and

Brochures 8447.2.7.1 Characterization of the Process 8447.2.7.2 Process Sections of Block Edge

Treatments 8457.2.8 Case Making 8487.2.8.1 Characterization of the Process 8487.2.8.2 Producing Book Covers 8507.2.9 Book Finishing 8537.2.9.1 Characterization of the Process 8537.2.9.2 The Process Sections of Book Finishing 8557.2.10 Packaging 8577.2.10.1 Characterization of the Process 8577.2.10.2 Packaging of Books and Brochures 858

7.3 Process Structuring in Print Finishing 8627.3.1 Basic Principles of Process Structuring 8627.3.1.1 Production Flow in Print Finishing 8627.3.1.2 Interlinking Modules in Print Finishing . . . . 8637.3.1.3 Temporary Storage of Folded Sheets 8677.3.2 Production Lines in Print Finishing

(Examples) 8707.3.2.1 Cutting Lines for Labels 8707.3.2.2 Production Lines for Mailings and Folded

Products 8737.3.2.3 Newspaper Mailroom 8767.3.2.4 Mailroom for Magazines 8827.3.2.5 Binding Lines for Multi-layer

Brochures 8867.3.2.6 Production Lines for Hardcovers 8877.3.2.7 Finishing Short Print Runs 891

XVIII Table of Contents

7.3.2.8 Bag Production Systems7.3.2.9 Folding Boxes

894 10 Comparison of Printing and Production897 Technologies for Print Media

8 Material and Data Flowin Print Media Production

8.1 Material Logistics 9058.1.1 Logistics around the Press 9058.1.1.1 Supply of Printing Plates 9068.1.1.2 Paper Reel Logistics 9088.1.1.3 Ink, Dampening Solution, and

Air Supply 9108.1.1.4 Waste Disposal 9118.1.1.5 Paper Pile Logistics for Sheet-fed

Offset Presses 9118.1.2 Logistics in Printing Companies 9148.1.2.1 Procurement Logistics in Printing

Companies 9158.1.2.2 Inventory Management in Printing

Companies 9178.1.2.3 Production Logistics in Printing

Companies8.1.3 Logistics in Publishing Houses 920

8.2 Networking and Data Flow 9238.2.1 Network Concepts and Interfaces 9248.2.2 Digital Workflow 9268.2.2.1 Digital Workflow in Prepress 9268.2.2.2 Digital Workflow and Digital

Printing (Computer to Press) 9288.2.2.3 Digital Workflow: Advantages, Challenges,

and Possibilities 9298.2.3 CIP3 for the Computer-Integrated

Manufacturing (CIM) of PrintedProducts 930

8.2.4 Production Management/MonitoringSystems 934

8.2.4.1 Purpose, Applications 9348.2.4.2 Production Monitoring Systems 935

9 Production Strategies for Print Media9.1 Production Concepts 9399.1.1 Strategic Orientation of

Printing Companies 9399.1.2 Centralized and Distributed

Production 9419.1.2.1 Centralized Production at One Site 9419.1.2.2 Distributed Production at Several Sites 9439.1.2.3 Integrated Production, Interlinking

of Systems 9449.1.3 Print on Demand 9459.1.4 Personalization 948

9.2 Production Systems 952

10.1 Introduction 963

10.2 Overview of Methods and Technologiesfor the Production of Print Media 965

10.3 Production Methods and Strategies 969

10.4 Criteria for the Selection of PrintingTechnologies and Production Methods . . . . 973

10.5 Performance Criteria of Printing Systemsand Trends in Print Media Production . . . . 975

10.5.1 Quality and Productivity/Run Length 97510.5.2 Productivity 97610.5.3 Production Costs per Printed Page 97610.5.4 Trends in Print Media Production 978

918 11 Electronic Media and Multimedia

11.1 Media Concepts 983

11.2 Data Types, Data Structures and theirApplications 985

11.2.1 Text 98511.2.2 Graphics 98611.2.3 Image 98611.2.4 Audio 98911.2.5 Video 98911.2.6 Animation 98911.2.7 Virtual Reality (VR) 98911.2.8 Augmented Reality 99011.2.9 Multimedia 99111.2.10 Document 991

11.3 Data Carriers 99311.3.1 Hard Disk Storage Units 99311.3.2 Rewritable, Removable Storage Units 99311.3.3 CD-ROM and DVD rROM 99311.3.4 Magnetic Tapes 994

11.4 Networks 99511.4.1 Internet 99511.4.2 Intranet, Extranet 99611.4.3 Broad Band Networks 996

11.5 Data Compression 99811.5.1 Compressed Data Archives 99811.5.2 Compression Processes for Image

Data Files 99811.5.3 Compression Processes for Audio 99911.5.4 Compression Processes for Video 999

Table of Contents XIX

11.6 Output Devices for Electronic Mediaand Multimedia 1001

11.6.1 Screen Output 100111.6.2 Projection Equipment 100211.6.3 Stereo Output 100211.6.4 Projection Directly to the Eyes 1003

11.7 Multimedia Applications 1004

12 Print Media and Electronic Media

12.1 Examples of Print Media andElectronic Media 1007

12.2 The Production of Print Media andElectronic Media 1010

12.3 "Electronic" Books, "Electronic" Ink,"Electronic" Paper 1013

12.3.1 "Electronic" Books (E-Books) 101312.3.2 "Electronic" Ink (E-Ink),

"Electronic" Paper (E-Paper) 1015

12.4 Market Shares and Trends 1020

13 Special Topics

13.1 History, Education, Research 102913.1.1 History of Technology

(Press and Prepress) 102913.1.1.1 Offset Printing and Offset

Printing Presses 102913.1.1.2 Gravure Printing and Gravure

Printing Presses 103213.1.1.3 Letterpress Printing and Letterpress

Printing Presses 103413.1.1.4 The Historical Relationship of the

Printing Press Manufacturers 104113.1.1.5 Prepress 104313.1.2 Education and Qualifications

(Career Profiles, Courses) 104813.1.2.1 The Printing Industry as an Employer 104813.1.2.2 Educational Requirements and Options . . . . 104913.1.2.3 Vocational Training 105013.1.2.4 Course of Study 105213.1.2.5 Scholarships for International

Study Programs 105613.1.2.6 Heidelberg Print Media Academy 105713.1.3 Science and Research

(selected Examples) 105913.1.3.1 Subjects, Methods, and Cooperations 105913.1.3.2 Inking Units 106013.1.3.3 Printing Units 106313.1.3.4 Sheet Transfer 106713.1.3.5 Industrial Joint Research 1070

13.2 Environment, Safety, Standardization 107613.2.1 Environmental Protection in the Printing

Industry 107613.2.1.1 Introduction 107613.2.1.2 Environmental Protection in Offset

Printing 107813.2.1.3 Environmental Protection in Gravure

Printing 107913.2.1.4 Environmental Protection in Letterpress

and Flexographic Printing 108013.2.1.5 Environmental Protection in Screen

Printing 108013.2.1.6 Environment-oriented Business

Management 108013.2.1.7 Legal Foundations 108113.2.1.8 Support and Advice for Environment-

relevant Measures 108313.2.2 Safety Resources 108413.2.2.1 Health and Safety 108413.2.2.2 International and European

Directives (Laws) and Standards 108513.2.2.3 Safety-conscious Design 108613.2.2.4 Requirements for Separating Protective

Devices 108913.2.2.5 Hazard Analysis, Risk Assessment 109113.2.2.6 CE and GS Marks of Conformity 109113.2.2.7 Intended Use 109313.2.3 Industry Standards, Codes of Practice

and National/International Standards 1093

13.3 Markets and Development Trends forPrint Media 1102

13.3.1 Newspaper Market 110213.3.2 Magazine Market 110513.3.3 Book Market 110613.3.4 Catalog Market 110713.3.5 Advertising Printing Market 110713.3.6 Packaging Market 110813.3.7 SOHO Market 1108

14 Appendix

14.1 Explanation of Specific Terms 111514.1.1 Glossary 111514.1.2 Abbreviations and their Meaning

(Selection) 112514.1.3 Abbreviations for Source References

Information 1128

14.2 Physical/Technical Quantitiesand Conversions 1130

14.2.1 Quantities and Units in the Si-System(Selection) 1130

14.2.2 Conversion between the Si-System and theImperial System (Metric/Imperial) 1133

XX Table of Contents

14.3 Bibliography , 113414.3.1 List of References to Readings on the

Chapters and Sections in this Handbook . . . 113414.3.2 Selected Literature on Print Media related

Topics (General Bibliography andIndividual Topics) 1135

14.4 Standards (Selection) 113714.4.1 Prepress 113714.4.2 Printing Inks 113814.4.3 Substrates 113914.4.4 Materials (Printing Plates, Blankets) 114014.4.5 Printing Technologies and Printing

Presses 114014.4.6 Finishing 114114.4.7 Quality, Quality Specifications, and

Measurement Techniques 114114.4.8 Safety of Machinery 114314.4.9 Environmental Management 1143

14.5 Research Associations and EducationalInsti tutions for the Graphic Arts Industry(Selection) 1145

14.5.1 Universities 114514.5.2 Research Institutes and Research

Centers 114714.5.3 Institutions for Teaching/Training

and Education 1150

14.6 Associations and Organizations in thePrint ing and Publishing Industry(Selection) 1153

14.6.1 Associations and Organizations 115314.6.2 Industrial Joint Research 1166

14.7 International Conferences for theGraphic Arts Industry (Selection) 1168

15 Subject Index 1173