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APPENDIX l. ABRIDGEDOBSERVATIONAL INSTRUCTIONSFOR MA.'\lJAL F IRE-WEATHERSTATIONS

Al.I Temper atu re a n d Humidity

READIXG TIIER.'IO:\IETERS

1. Avoid parallax E'ITOr when reading liqui d-in-glassthermometers. A straight line from the observer's eye tothe meniscu s OT index should fonn 8 right angle wi th thethermometer stem and scale.

2. When rounding ofT temperatures to the nearest de­gree , an actual thej-momete r rending with a 0.5 decimal israi sed to the next intf'gE'r; a rE'ndi ng of 67 .5, thus , beeomee68.

S tandard Liquid·i n .Glass T he r-mo m ete e-s-c-Theprocedure fOT rea ding and setting the standard maximu mand minimum the rmometers, mounted in a TownsendSupport, is given in the following steps (refer to fig. 23.2).Record all tem peratures to the nea rest degree Fahrenheit .

1. Read the minimum thermomete r first, while in itsset positi on (bul b end slightly below the horizontal).

a . Read min imum te m perature from the upper end(ri ght E'nd) of the index.

b. Read t"UTTE'nt temperature from the top of the al.cohol column.

c. Do not reset at this time.

2. Read the maximum the rmometer .

a . Unlock the spin ning shaft and slo.....ly lower th emaximum t hermometer to II vertica l po8itiOll so that thE'mercury colum n is resting on the constriction in the bore .

b. Read maximum temperature from the top of themE'TCUry column.

3. Sf't the maxi mum thermometer first .

a. Spin the thermometer in its clamp (se vera l timesif necessary, ....nth moderate force) until its reading, in thevertical position, ....i ll not go lo.....er . Always start the spinfrom this posit ion . Record the final reading as the -setmaximum"'reading.

b. Lock the maximum thermometer in its set posi­tion (bulb slightly above the horizontal).

4. Set the min imu m th ermometer last .

a. Invert the thermometer in its clam p until theindex rod slides to the en d of the alcohol colum n.

b. Return thermometer to it s nearly horizontalposition.

Again. a lu >Q.YS read the minimum thermometer first an.drn.et it leut. bKaUSE' the index rod can be easily jarreddurin g steps 2 an d 3 and slide a .....a)· from its correctposition. A lways sta rt the spin in.step 3 ,'ro m the verticalposition . to avoid a possibl e break in the mercury columnor damage to the constriction in the bore .

178

The min imum thermometer in dex rod may slide down­ward due to vibration during windy condi tions if thein st rum ent shelter and its door are not rigidly secured.Cht'Ck suspiciously low minimum temperatures againsta hygroth ennograph trace ifthi s is avail able.

The set max imum and current (or set minimum) ther­mometer readings should almost always agree within±l .O OF. Exceptions may occur during rapidly changingcondi tions or when body hE'at or reflected radia tion hasa fTt'Ctfod the instruments. Ifa discrepancy JM!nrists, thethe rmom eters should be exam ined for defects. In particu­la r, the minimum thermometer may have developed abubble in its alcohol column.

Rec ordin g of Maximum a n d 1'tlinimum Tempera­t ures-WhE'n taking observations at the basic 24·hourobserva tion time, remember that the maximum tempera­tun' recorded for today cannot be touer than the mini­mu m temperature read yesterday. Nor can it be lo.....erthan the set maximum thennometer reading of eitheryf'sterday or today. Likewise, the minimum recorded fortoday ca nnot be hig~r th an the maximum read yester­day; nor can it be higher than the set maximum of eitheryesterday or today.

PSYCII RO:' IETE R READINGSFor fire -weather observa tions. the psychrometer (dry

bulb and .....et bulb th E'nnomete r) readings are usuallyrecorded to t he nearest degree. Be sure to use the correctpsychrometric tables, as de ignate d for the stationeleva tion.

STA.x"DARD ELECTR IC FA." PSYCII R01'tIETER

Ba sic Operating Peocedures-c'Ihe basic operatingprocedure for the electric (battery-operated}fan psy­ehremeter, mounted in an instrument shelter, is asfollows:

1. Chedr t~ u,-et bulb " 'id-It must be clean andshould cover the bulb snu gly.

2. U'et the u,·jc...-c-Saturate with clean, distilled or othermineral -free water near air temperature just prior to anobserva tion. After .....etting, replace cap on the watercontainer.

3. \'enti late the thermometers-Tum on the fan s witch .To maintain proper ven tila tion (a t least 13 ftls, or 9 milh ),replace ba ttery at the first sign of weakness . Be sure t hatthe fan -motor wiree are properly connected to the battery,50 that the fan will rotate correctly and blow air towardthe thermometers.

4 . Read the u -et bulb-Rt'ad the wet bulb first, after await of l or 2 minutes, whe n its falli ng temperatureshould begin to s tabilize. Continue to watch the mercurycolum n and record the wet-bulb reading .....hen the mer­cury colu mn reaches its 10wt'st level (a nd the ....ick is stillmoist). During conditions cf varieble wind or sunshine ,however, an average or fairly steady wet-bulb reading,rather than the lowest reading, rna}' be more represents­rive of the observation time.

5. Read the dry bulb-Read the dry bul b immedia telyafter each wet-bulb reading. The recorded dry -bulb tem ­perature will be the one concurrent with the recorded{lowest or most representative} wet -bulb temperature.

ObllE'rvations in FrPe zing We ather- Du ring free zingweather , the water on the wet bulb wick should be com­pletely frozen with a thin coating or tee before an observe.tion il begun. To allow this in coating to fonn, when thewick is initially dry, wt't the wick about 15 minutes priorto the observation time ,

Ventila w the thennometen until the wet bulb reachesa s teady temperat ure below 32 OF; read first t he wet bulba nd th en the dry bulb.

HYGROTlIER.' IOGRAPIISExpos4" the h)·grothennograph in an i nstrument sh elter,

on the floor (or sup porting blocks ) on the le ft side, 10 tha tthfo aen sing elements are near the center of the shelte r .Alway s be sure that the hygrotht'nnograph is far enoughforward to allow cleara nce for the maximum thermometerwhen it is set by spinning.

Cha ngi ng the Cha r t-Before installing a new chert,write the station name (and number ) and the "on" date inthe spaces provided a t the teft or right end of the chart.

To remove the old cha rt:

1. Lift pens off the chart, usi ng shifting lever.2. Unlatch a nd raise the instrument cover to a stablt'

open position.3. Lift drum from spindle, being careful not to h it the

pens.4 . Pu ll re taining clip and re move chart from the drum.

Avoid smearing undried ink remaining on recen t portionof trace.

5 . Record · off" time and date on chart near end of thetemperatur e trace.

6. Wind the dock (where this is required ). If the cha rtdrive is battery operated, check to make su re that thechart dri ve {clock or motor) is ru n ning. Listen for anaudible sound. Replace batteries if chart motion hasstopped since the previous visi t or if a replace ment is due .If, however, the chart motion has stopped bu t the chartdrive is r unn ing, check to see ifthe gears are binding ormesh ing too tigh tly.

To install a new ('hart:

1. Place chart snugly agai ns t the flange at bot tom edgeof dru m, a nd wrap it tightly arou nd the drum wit h rightedge of chart overlapping the le ft edge. If chart is oftapered -edge type, first fold the tab on righ t edge . Alignthe right edge wi th the notch on u pper edge of drum andthe slot in bottom flange .

2. Insert the retaining clir through the slot in flange ofdrum, coverin g both ends of the cha rt if chart is square­end type. Insert d ip underneath the right edge, alongcre ase of foldover tab, if chart is tapered-eclge type. Pushhe a d of clip securely into the notch on drum. Adjust thechart if n«essary to obtain snu g fit..

3 . Reset the drum on spindle. Position drum so thatchart time is slightly faster than the correct rime,

4. Add in k to pe ns, if necessary (see instructionsbelow).

5 . Bring the pens into contact with the chert, usingshifting lever. CheC'K ink flow by rotating drum sligh tlyback and forth.

179

6. Tum the drum to position the pe ns a t the correctchart tim e by rotating drum counterdoctucise (ag ai nst i tsnonnal direction ofmov em ent). Th is will take up a nyslack in the gears.

7. Lower a nd latch the instrument cover .

Inking' t he Pen_

1. Use purple glyce rine-hue ink ma de specially forhygrothennographs a nd other outdoor reecrd inginst ru ments.

2. Fill pen (of barrel type) by touchi ng applicator to theopen end of barrel

Do not overfi ll so that ink bulges beyon d sides ofbarrel. With pens of tbe V.point type , fill the ink re se r­voir to slightly below the top .

3. In damp weather the ink, being h ygroscopic, mayincrease in volume a nd overflow from the pen s; les s inksho uld be used. The ink may al so become so dil u ted as toproduce a weak trace. In such a case, remove the inkfrom the pens, with lint-free paper , a nd replace with freshink.

4. To start the flow ofink a nd rem ove loose re si due,draw a piece of chart paper through the pe n n ibs . Toa void ca tching fibers in the n ibs, do not use paper '<Ioi t ha tom edge.

Checki ng the Calibra t io n-If daily r ea dings aretaken, check the calibration a t the basic observation tim e.If the station is not visited daily, check a t least when thechart is changed. Because ofthe timelag of the hygrother­mogra ph sensors, calibration checks of CUITE' n t values willbe the most reliable when the temperatu re and humid ityare steady. Generally, this will occur around dawn a ndmidaft.ernoon, particularly d:Jring cloudy, breezy weather .For temperature, a comparison of the average maximumand minimum values may provide the best calibrationcheck. Make necessary adjustments (r efer to sections23 .5 and 30.5).

"lake 8 time-check mark on the traces , lightly deflect ingeac h pen downward; 8 'I.. inch vertical line is generallysufficient. Do not deflec t the h umidity pen arm up wa rd,a s th is may a pply damaging force on the hair-s. Writ e theactual time ne ar the pe n mark or on the observation form.Make any necessary adjustment of pen position .

Al.2 Wind

AVERAGE WL'\"OSPEEUWinds peed at an observation time ordinarily re fen to

the average speed over a period of a few minutes orlonger, which tends to smooth out gusts and lulls. A stan­dard period of l0 minutes is used for Iire -wea ther obser ­vations. Record the average to the nearest whole nu mber(miles per hour ); a 0 .5 decimal is raised to the ne xt inte­ger . where...·er possible, C01TE'Ct the observed wi ndspeed sas specified in th e instruction manual fu rn ished by theanemometer's manufacturer .

Procedure s for obtaining average wi nd speed wi th sev­eral types of a nemometer s and their counte r de vicesfollow:

OSE.sIXTIETII ·M!LE CO:--T ACTINGM"EMO~IETER

Reado u t by Reset Counter EquipIWd Wit h Timer-

1. ~t the counter to zero. if not done pre viously.2. Se t the timer for exac tly 10 mi nutes (in tht' cast' of

fire-weathe r- observations).3. Wht'n the timer stops., r ea d dial.4. Obtai n the 10-mi n ute average v.inds~d in milh by

placing a decimal point in front of the final digit read ontbe eounter .

5 . Rl'St't the coun te r to zero .6. If the average windspeed for a period other than

10 minutes is desi r ed, simply set ti me r for the desirednumber of mi nutes and divide tht' final count by thatn um ber .

Readout by Reset Countf>r Without Timer-

1. Reset the counter to zero, ifnot done previously.2. Start both th e counte r , using the "on -off " switch.

and a stopwatch . Alternatively. a regula r analog or digi.tal watch may be used; start the counter when the digitalwatch noads 00 seconds or when rhe a nalog watch's sec.ond hand passes 12.

3. ~r exactly 10 min utes (in thE'case offire......eatherobservations), stop the counter.

4 , Obtain the 10·minute average wi ndspeed in milh byplacing a decimal point in front oftht' final digit read 011

the counter.5. Rf.&et tht' counter to zt'ro .6. If the average wi nds peed for. period other than

10 minutes is desired, le t the counter run for the desirednumber of minutes and divide final count by that number .

HA.''D·HELD A.'''E~IO:'ltETERS

Observa tions with hand-held instruments, most typi­cally ullf!d in the field , often req ui re onl)' a few minutes'windspeed a verage, togetht'r with nota tion of gusts. Holdthe anemometer in an open, represen tativ e location.Wh" n using in struments that show instantaneous wi nd­speed, obtain an average speed by me ntal es timate orby recor din g the speeds a t fixed in tervals during theobse rvation .

D",')'er Hand·Held Wind :'Ile tf'r_

1. Fan' the wind and hold the meter a t ann's lengthabout head high, wi th the sca le side in vie ..... . Hold theinstru me nt about midway from either end, taki ng cart'not to block tht' two holes at the bottom or the pinhole onthe top stem.

2. Observe motion of the white ball in re la tion to t heIt'n (low) ecale. If bal l remains within tht' ra nge be tween2 and 9 milh , read from the- It' n scale . If ball is rising tone-ar 10 milh, eover the opening a t top of stem with indexfinger and read wind speed from the right (high) seale.

3. To obtain a reading; coserve th.. ht' ight attained b)'the ball in relation to the- appropriate scale. Often theheigh t (winds peed) will vary noticeably d uri ng tht' obser­vation period. Avt'rage speeds, usua lly taken over a fewminutes' period, may be estima ted mentally or by r eadingand recording a t fixed intervals. Th e highe-st gust spee-dsmay also be noted.

180

AL3 Precipitation

XOSRECORDIXG GAUGES

Timely Me a sureme n t o f Pr@Cipitation-To prt'ven tpossiblt' loss b)' eva poration, measure and record rainfallas lIOOn as possible ener its ending whe n using nonstan­dard smal l-orifice gauges. A supplem ental early -morningmeasurem en t shou ld be ade-quate for standard 8·inchgauges at s tations wit h an afternoon basic observationtime, provi ded the- top M'rtion (the funnt'J) is on t he gauge.

At the basic observation timt' , record tht' total 24-hourprecipitation obtaine-d from all measurements.

STA.' TIARD 8-ISCH GAUG ETh e following operati ng instructions a pply to both th..

large-ca pa city and smaller-capacity (Forest Service) stan­dard 8·inch-diam"ter rai n ga uges.

Messuring Rainfall With in Measuring Tube­

1. Remove the funnel from top of r ai n gauge.2, Slowly in sert a clean, dry meas uring st ick vertical ly

into the measuring tube. with the zero en d res ti ng on thebottom.

3. Re-move the stick afU>r 2 or 3 seconds.4. Read the- depth of precipitation, to the nearest 0 .01

ineh, as indicated by the .....aterline. Remember, each sca lemark on the stick represents an incre ment of 0.01 in ch.Preeipitetion amounting to less than 0 .01 inch is record.f'das a trace (T). A trace is also recorded wben the gauge IS

dry but raindrops or snowflake-s ha"'e been visually 0b­served since the previous obse-rvation time.

5. RtomO'o't' and em pty tht' measuri ng tube, allowing itto drain for at least several seconds; the-n replace it insidethe cverflo w can.

6. Repla ce the funnel, making sure it is seated squarelyon top oftht' overflow can a nd ever the measuring tube.

M:easurin g Ra infall Wh e n :'IIe s 8u r i ng T ube Ha sOverflowed_

1. Record 0 .50 inch preci pitation , in itially, for a com.pletely filled measuring tube in tht' Fore st Service gauge :2.00 inches for a completely filled tube in the la rge cap ac­it y gauge .

2. Carefully remove- the mt'a suri ng tube and dump thewater' allow the- tube to drain for at least seve-ral seconds.

3. Carefully pour water from th e overfl ow can into the­measuring tube; stop if water reaches th e brim (th is ismort' likely to occur wi th the smaller capaci ty ForestService ga uge).

4. If me asuring tube is filled to the brim in step 3, a dda noth er 0.50 inch or 2.00 inches to the initially r ecor dedamoun t. Otherwi se , insert stick a nd read the water-lineas described in the preceding instructions (ste ps 2through 4).

5. Repeat if nKE'sSRT)' until all t he wa ter in the- eve r­now can has been measured .

6. Record the total ofall the increme-nts.

M~asuring Wa ter Conhmt of Snowfall-The- gauge-'sfunne-l and me-asuring tube should be re-move-d in advance­of possible- snowfall and frE'E'zing temperatures. Only the­- uter (overflow) can is exposed. Whe-n snow (or rain) the-n

:urs. me-asure- the- precipitation as soon as possible- after_has e-nded; refer to section

25.1 for details.

RE CORDtS G GAUGES: IJ:Ir,'lVERSAL WEIGHV'GGAUG E

Da ily Precipitatio n :\Ieasurem~nt Precipitationamounts between successive cbeerveticns are obtaine-ddirectly from the recording chart, subtracting the- previousrea ding of the- pen trace- from the curre-nt reading. First,tap the- floor of the- gauge- to fTN' the- pen ann and its link­age- from possible- frictional constraint.

Cha ngi ng Cha rts-Charts having a weekly time- scaleare usually ehanged at that interval . on a Monday, unlessaccumulated precipitation is e-xce-ptionally he-avyandapproaches or UCE'E'ds chart capacity. Charts having a24·hour time- scale- may be ll.'n on for periods of 1 or 2weeks, if pre-cipitation is absent or well below chart capac­ity . In this case. advance the- pen slightly upward to anew line- e-ach day. noting date and time.

To change- a chart, for ordinary warm-season (fire­season) operation:

1. Opeon any locks used on gauge. Slide the inspection(ace" s) door up ward and, using the- pen ann ehifter , liftpe-n from the- chart.

2. Lin the chart drum cle-arof spindle- and the-n til t to"move through eeeess door. Remove- chart. noting the­Itt> and "time off." Pre-pare a ne-w chart, noting station

name, date. and "time-on."3. Re-move- the- collector and bucket. If the-re is water in

the bucket, check to ve-rify that precip itation has beenrecorde-d on the chart just re-moved. Empty the- bucketand replace both bucke-t and collector.

4. Install the- ne-w chart. Make- sure- that it fits snuglyand rests squarely agai nst the- lowe-r flange- of the- dru m.(Me-hygro the-nnograph instructions, section ALl .)

5. Wind the clock (where this is required ), but do notove-rwind. (See hygrothermograph instructions, sectionAl.1.)

6. Replace the chart dru m and turn it counterclockwise(backward in time) until the- pen is lined up with the cor­rect time position on the ne-w chart.

7. Add ink to the pen , if necessary, filling the V-pointr(>fW' TVoir to slighty below the top . Remove and replaceink ifit has diluted and cverflcwed during damp weatherconditions.

8. Bring pe-n into contect ....ith chart, using pe-n armshifter. and make final time adjustment if necessary.

9. Check the pe-n setting. The pe-n should rest on thebottom horizontal line of the chart when the empty becketis in place . Use th e fine adjustment thumbscrew ifnecessary.10. Be sure that ink is flowing from pen to chart. Press­

i ng lightly upon the pen should be sufficient to sta rt thislW. If necessary. remove pen from chart and dra ..... aece of lint -free paper through the nibs before re turni ng

and pressing agai n.

181

11. Close the access door of gauge, sliding it downwardin to groove, and secure locke.

Operat io n During Freezing Weather - For ope-rationduring the snow SoI.'a90n (and freering weathe-r ). remove(by rotation) the funnel attached at the bottom of thecollector; store in a convenient place . Place an antifreezesolution in the bucket (see section 25.2).

~IEASURE~lE~" OF S;o.;OWFAU,. A.' TI S;o.;OWDEP'Il1

Snowfall-SnowfaU. the de-pthof newly fallen snow orice pellets (sleet). should be measured concurrently ....iththe snowfall wate r content-s-measure as soon as possibleafte r the snow has ended, to avoid errors from possibleme-lting, settling, or wind action . Sno....fall can be meas­ured on a previously bare or clea red grass surface, on analready existing snow surface (with identifiable cru st ), oron a snow board or other suitable surface tha t retai ns th esnow.

Use the rain gauge measuring stick. or a s turdie r ruler ifnecessary; record to the nearest tenth of an inch, readingthe act ual linear distance on the stick, taking an ave-ragefrom several measurement spots. \\'hen a grass surface- isused, be sure that the- stick is pushed only to the- bottom ofthe snow layer-s-net lower into the grass blades. Refer tosection 25.4 for further details.

S now Depth-Tota l depth of snow lying on the groundcan be measured with the rain gauge measuring stick or alonge-r , sturdier stick; several spots are sampled. Snowstakes may be required in areas with heavy snow rover.Reeoed to the nearest inch.

AlA FuelllloistureCSE OF FL"EL MOISIURE SCALES

The fuel moisture scale measurements, described below,may have to be corrected for aging changes in the fuelsticks (section 10.1).

FORESTER (APPALACHIAN) SCALETo measure moisture content of th e- 1/1·inch ponde rosa

pine fuel moisture stick:

1. Ch«/r the scale-Be sure- that the sliding weight onthe balance ann is set and locked at 100 grams. Thewe-ight is locke-d by tighte ning the setscrew on top of thewe-ight. Check calibration by hanging the 100-gramweight on the- hook and tapping the pivot block lightly;the pointer shoul d indicate zero. If adjustment is neces­sary. loosen the ....ing nuts and carefully move the scale­until the pointer indicates zero.

2. Remove the stick from rack-Use a clean glove, pieceof doth, or pape r and remove the stick from its wire- expo­sure rack. If stick is dry. lightly brush offany dust, us inga eleen, soft-bristle- pain tbrush; if wet, shake off any freemoisture.

3. Weig h the atid-Using its hook. han g the- stick onthe ecale arm. Steady the stick and let the pointer cometo rest; then ta p the pivot block to overcome any bindingdue to friction. Close the shelter door. if necessary, topreven t wind interference. Read the moisture percentage

shown on the sca le by thE'poi nter, and R'C'Ord to the near.est whole number (lK>e fig. 26 .3).

4. Replace the stick-Remove the stick from the scaleand return it to the wire rack. BE' sure that the correctside faces up (side with brads should face down) and thatthe end with the screw hook points north.

FORESTER (ClIISnOL~f) PORTABLE SCALEThis scale can be hand-held but is much easier to use if

it is hung on a pos t, eree. etc. To operate:

1. Check the scale-Make sure that the scale is plumband that the pointer moves freely . Check calibration wjththE' l OO-gram test weight.

2. Remow the stick {rom rack-Rt-move the stick fromwire rack and remove dust 0'1' free moisture. as describedin the Fore ste r (Appalachian) scale instructions.

3. Weigh tM stick-Carefully hang the stick on thescalE' hook. Gently tap the pointer and read the moisturepercentage that it shows on the scale. Record to the near­est whole number (se-e fig. 26 .5).

4. Replace the st id-ReplaCE' as described in the For­ester (Appalachian) scale instructions.

182

Wll..LlA.'1S POCKET SCALE

1. Remove locki ng screw and scale cover.2 . In8('rt the locking screw as a handle for the scale.3. Cheek the scale-Calibrate the scale by hangi ng i'

rover (100 grams) on hook; any deviation from 100 gremust be included as an adjustment in the final moisturecalcu la tion (step 6).

4. Remow the dick from rack--<See Forester scaleinstru ctions.I

5. Weigh the stick-After r emoving scale cover (used instep 3). hang stick on the scale hook . Tum th e circularweight until beam balances; a t this point be sure that thescale body is horizontal and the handle vertical.

6. Cakulate the moisture valu~Rt-ad the graduationson both the rotating weigh t and the scale body. Add thetwo r ea dings, adjusting for any deviation found in step 3.Recheck to make certain that the numbe rs are rea d in theproper direction on the rotating scale. From the result,subtract 100 grams (the standard fuel stick weight> toobtain the recorded moisture percentage ( SE'e fig. 26 .7).

7. Replace the lltick --(See Forester scale instructions.)

APPENDIX 2. PSYCHROMETRIC TABLESTA N Q 454 ·0 -1E

10-63

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCEWEATHER BUREAU

(i)....,..

RELATIVE HUMIDITYand

DEW POINT TABLEPre ssure 30 Inch e s of Mer cu r y

For u se 0 1 e levot io n s betwee n 0 and 500 feet c b c ve s e a lev el

(I n A la ska use o f e le va ti o n s be twee n 0 a nd 300 feet abov e se o le ve l )

Va lues i n the bo dy of th e tabl e a re relative

h umi d it ies ( i n per ce n t) and d e ..... p o in ts ( in de a . Fo h r . )' wi th

respec t 10 water , for i ndi c at e d vnlu e s o f we t a nd dr y b ulb

te mperature s i n degree s Fahre nhe it .

H OW TO US E TH E TA BLE

Locate at the top of the co l umn the reading cor re spond i ng tothe wet bu lb t e mperature. Locate a t t he l eft s ide of the t a bl ethe reading corresponding t o t he dry bulb temperature . Fol l owdcvn the col umn unde r the wet bulb t emperature, and across t romt he dry bul b t emper a t u re ; at t he int e r s e c tion of these tvccolumns wi l l be found the relative humidity (~) in b l ack a nd t hedew point (O F . ) in red .

USCOIolIol-WBOC

'83

T A N o 454 0 -10

10·63

u. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCEWEATH ER BUREAU

RELATIVE H UM IDI T Yand

DEW POINT TABLEPr es su re 29 In ch es o f M ercu r y

For use at e levations between 501

(In A la ska u se at elevat ions betwee n

and 1900 f e e t ab ove sea leve l

301 and 1700 f e el a b o ve s e a le vel)

Va lue s i n the body of the table are re lat ive

hum id i t ies ( in percen t) a nd dew pa int s ( in d e c . Fahr .). w ith

respect to water , lor i nd ic a t e d volue s o f we t c nd dr y bu lb

temperat ures i n degrees Fahrenhe i t .

HOW TO US E TH E TABL E

Locate at the t op o f the co l umn the reading cor r e s ponding tothe wet bulb temperature . Locate at the left side of the tablethe reading co r r e s ponding to the dry bul b temperature. Followdown the column under t he wet bul b temperature, and acro ss t r amthe dry bul b tempera ture; at the i ntersection o f these twocolumns will be found the r e l a tive humidity (t ) i n bl ack and thedew point (OF .) i n rec .

USCO MM-WB-OC

187

TA No A5 A-O-1C

u. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCEWEATHER BUREAU

RELATIVE HUMIDITYand

DEW POINT TABLEPre ss ure 27 Inches 0 1 Me r c u r y

Fo r u se 0 1 e le va t ion s b etween 1,900 ond 3 ,900 feet cb c ve sea level

(In A laska u se al ele vc t i c n s b etw e en 1,700 and 3 ,600 feet above sea le ve l )

Va lues i n 'he b cd v of th e table ore relat ive

hu mi d i t ie s ( in p e r c e nt ] and dew po ints ( i n deg . Fahr .) , with

resp ect to water , fo r indic ated values af wet and dr y bulb

te mp era tures i n degr e es Fahr en h e i t.

HOW TO USE TH E TA BL E

Locat e a t the top of the column the reading co rresponding tothe we t bulb temperature . Locate at the left side of the tablethe read i ng cor r e spond i ng t o the dry bulb t empe r a t ure . Followdown t he column unde r t he we t bulb temperature, and across tramt he dry bulb temperature; a t the inte rsection of these twocolumns wi l l be found the rel at i ve humidity (~) in black and t hedew point ( OF . ) in r e d .

'9'

TA No 454 0 ·16

1063

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCEWEATHER BUREAU

~.__ . <~

{ . 'I:

~.~ ;........~

RELATIVE H UMIDITYand

DEW POINT TABLEPre ssur e 25 In ch e s o f Merc u r y

Fo r u se at el e va tions bet w e e n 390 1 and 6100 lee I above se a leve l

( In A la s ka u se at ele vcn e e s b e t w e e n 3601 a nd 5700 f e e t a bo ve se a lev e l )

Va lue s i n th e bo dy of The Tab le a r e r el a ti ve

h u mid it ie s ( i n pe r c e n t) a nd dew p o in t s ( i n d eg Fa h r . ) . w i t h

r es pe ct to wa te r . lo r i ndi c a te d va l ues 01 we t a nd dry bu lb

t e m pe ratu r es i n degr e e s Fa h r e nhe i t.

HOW TO US E TH E TAB LE

Loc a t e a t the t op of t he co lumn the r eadi ng cor re s pondi ng t othe ~e t bu lb t empe r a t u re . Locate a t t he le f t s ide of t he t a blet he r e ad i ng correspondi ng t o t he dry bu lb t emperature . Fol l owdo~n t he column under t he wet bu l b t emperature , and acros s t romt he dry bulb t emperatur e; a t the i nte rsect i on o f t he se t~o

columns will be f ound the rela tive humid i t y ( ~ ) in black and t hedew po int (O F. ) in r e d .

USCO MM-W8-OC

195

TA N o 454 0 -1A

10·63

u. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCEWEATHER BUREAU

RELATIVE HUMIDITYand

DEW POINT TABLEPre ssure 23 Inc h es o f M e r c u r y

f o r us e 01 e le .... e ncn s b et ..... e e n 6101 and 8500 fee t abo .... e s e a le v el

( In A la ska us e at e le vat i o n s b e tw e en 5701 and 7900 l e e t a b o ve se a le .... e l)

Va lu es in th e bo dy 01 th e tc bl e a re re ln ri v e

h um id i t ie s ( i n p e rcen t ) a nd d e w p o i nt s ( i n d e a . Fa h r. ). w i t h

resp ect to w a ter , l or i n di c a te d .... a lue s o f we i a nd dry bulb

te m p e ratures in degree s fahr en he i t.

H OW TO U S E THE TAB LE

Loca te at t he top of the column the read i ng co r r e s ponding tothe vet bulb tempe rature . locate a t t he l ef t side of the t a bl ethe read i ng cor respond i ng t o t he dr y bu lb t emperature . Followdovn t he column u nder t he vet bu l b temperature, and across t r amthe dry bu lb t emperature; a t t he i nte rsect i on of these t ....oco l umns wil l be fo und t he re l at i ve humidity (t) i n bl ack and t hede.... poin t (OF .) i n r e e.

199

APPENDIX 3. CLOUDCLASSIFICATION ANDIDENTIFICATION

A3.I Cloud Observations

Allhaugh detailed clou d observ ations are not a requiredpart of routine fire -weather reporting, B sound knowledgeof cloud types and fonns can help fire management per­sonnel in many ways, particularly during ti mes of wildfireor prescribed burning. With this Knowledge, a person willhave a better chance of foreseeing such events as ligh t­ning, rainstorms, sudde n gusts of wind, or possible su s­tained high winds (Hardy and others 1955).

CLOUD CLASSIFICAT IOSClouds art' classified into four famil ies distinguished by

their height above ground: High douds (cirrus or etrro­fonn douds), middle douds (given an "al to" prefix), lowclouds, and clouds with vertical develeprnerrt (cumulus orcumulofonn clouds). High clouds, usually composed en­tirely of ice crystals, generally OC'Cur a t a ltitudes rangingfrom 20,000 to 40,000 ft . ~liddl (> clouds may have basesbetween about 8,000 ft and 20,000 ft.

Cumulus douds, forming near the top of rising .....ann a ircolumns (convection colu mn s). can have base he igh tsranging from a few thousand fee t to 15,000 ft or higher.In the Western United States, their formation is parrieu­larly favored over mountain terrain. The douds mayrange from small, pu ffy but rela tively nat, fair-weathercumulus to massive cumulonimbu s a ssociated w-ith th un­derstorms. These storm douds (-th underhea ds} eom­monly extend to alti tudes of 30,000 ft and rna}' re ach50,000 ft OJ" higher .

203

CLOL"D CHARACTEHISTICS A."'"D I:'\"DICATIONSThe basic cloud eharacterteties are summarized in figure

A3.1. Illustrations of the various stages of cumulus clouddevelo pment a ppear in figures A3.2 through A3.5. Inaddition to the potential storm indication by toweringcumulus, a middle type ofcloud termed a ltocumulus cas­tel lenus (fig. A3.6) shoul d also be noted. Forenoon OC'C'ur·renee of these d ouds, with thei r characteristic tUrrt'tform, often precedes t hu nderstorm activity in the after­neon.

Another type of clou d potenti a lly significant in fire-weather is the le ns-sha ped a ltocumulus, termed a le nticu­lar cloud (fig. A3.7). These douds (Sch roeder a nd Buck1970; Schaefer and Day 1981 ), appearing over and to the1~ of mountain ranges, indicate strong ....rinds aloft andpossible turbulence near ridges. The clouds result fromwaves in the air now that a r e generated when the strongwinds blow across the mountains.

A form of altocumulus often associated with a large.scale wea ther syste m is shew n in figure A3,8; douds pro­duc ing rain may or ma y not follow. Termed al tocumulusundulatus, the clouds a re a rranged in parallel bands atrig ht angles to the wind. Th e dis tinct roll pattern usu allyindica tes relatively strong ....i nd s at doud level.

Cirrus-type douds, composed ofice cry stals a nd typicallyfea the ry in appeara nce (fig. A3.9), a re sometimes thefore-run ner ofan a pproaching weat her system. Bes idesindicating h igh-alti tude mois tu re and ....ind direction, theyrna}' also indica te a n upper-air "jetstream," particula rlywhen the cloud elem en ts are in the form orlong plumes(fig. A3.9, part B). A dense type of cirrus (fig. A3.10) maybto prod uced from the a nvil tops of t hu nderstorms .

Fu rther details about cloud type s may be obtained fromSch roed er and Buck (l9 jO), Schaefer a nd Day (19 81), andcloud identification charts available at Na tional Wea therService offices .

Family

HIGH CLOUDS C_ C, 'Ilollp)'. b ......b k.. doudo.. FDmM'd ofdoPbea"" r.-.."~ ........16.&00 to ~ CIr f"tbIK·!JU fib-.4~.OOO fft t

CirTocwnuluo C< nun.~. cramy . ..... ripplod~ ox ot-t. or la)"f'n. Show ....,.Ib&h\ -ai'...il~..t in tlw' t......of lurma ..... .aau- -........

C...,..ln tur. C. ~t. hp·bb ox-'" ..,..itodl_l ,~ aDor~ ot tlwoky. I"tocIuocft tlaIo ~"Oll.

WIDDLE CLOUDS AltoMIm...... A< Ea:&I'nCiR ot-t of~~ -tI,,,,, and rr-y.~I ........s..d6.&00 to

_...13.000' '''1 AII....u"..oI... A<_ All.ocumulul . i\h 'U"\1.ic:aI~....I In Uw f...... o f omall to'aftS ...

caor~Is...... tI.>mou.. E"-_IIl1; n.w-. rommOll hoNonlal '- and 8J'P"U to boo....... ......Alt....""' ..I... Ac 1<011 A polich of u toeum..l... in W ~ o f .1rno or almond, 0''''"

""'1...1<!lI... .w\Oona.ry ...d",1)" ..1ofte. 1.f'd trnh .~u...rJi'>f'd ouUinf't..

A.....~ .. Gr1tyiltl or h1.. iIh .......t 01" II.yf'r cow ..... .u or part o f tJw oky . Su"...., .......,...Jy bu.\ .... MIa.

Nimbo.&ntuo. ,. Daril. rr-y doud 100)'"'1" UUck <'fIOUCh to blot OUI "'"' ...... C...""",- r....... ....., . ,U>au\ IJIIIt>tnq,

LO'Il' CU>UDS s_ ......mu.... S< Gr1t,. ..... .-tUWh I.o)'"'l" ..tIl etan P*o"'*'""f~ olDonTtbrou. roundood

""'~ ~ __ or ron.. w...,tonuDu/:us but 10""". W. , ""'" "'P IIIt-.6.&00 f..... ...... " Gr.y""'" W'iUlo .....If_ '-' .hidI ....,..- dftuIo,. .-.- ......_Wit

lIlrouch doud. ,1.0 oulbM ill durlyd~.

"'-"" C. Dotad>od doudl. pavft1lJ' ......... oNrpIJ ouUinod.~ .......-toc..I'

T .. the f...... of~ .............~or_.....~\ ....'.III ......ch1..H a- • da'k and .....-tJ bonIol>caL

£ C_ ...... Co ..... Fair _Itff .......aIw ..tb bnJoo.....n>nlI ... tn>I .~ _ _

V 11..... 101" fla t"""",,.

£ e.......I... C. ~ TOWfn", c.......I.. . • ,UI II«InI: -uc.I ... Io'n1 ill tlw (ami ot ........... orR "",,,,Of'" "'...... M->, t:.. """"'pul,", by au.... ."mulus or .In&ocumul.... . ,UIT bMf'I aI MIll.. Inf'l.,C Cu.muloll'mbul ce H...vy and Mil... cloud ...UI<:O~ wrtoeal ... \r-Il l, II' U>f'form of.A moulltal" or h..,.. 1.0_".TIw "ppo-r part .....&lly omooUl , ..,."..t.t....... r ,b ....... .

L ...Ull.Op tlaUft>ood to ....i! oh~ or."ClmlO pi ....,... PtOd_ IlChtnl "C.

Chut. tornado.-o, t-Yy ".,n. wwl h'Ch ........

L c.......Jo"" ..." ... "'n< C.......""',..."" • ...,l/lowl ......r. Any to . .... dn'f'Iop<'rIH>llkh oh.rp out0 n<,_ Iinrs. M->, twow ""n "".IIp.t "-.U c.......""'...."... "'- e.......""'...."" w ltll ...1Id·~I. Top ...., ..... br ... thO't....... t>I .0 .......- Pu_. or ...._ox ....d~_ot....,. Top.....,~._s 1440.000 r..l or 1DOfO' . M." two.......11 "" ....... . 1 t.w, Prod ......

' 'I!' V''''"I. lwul. hnv, ....... ....:1 h"n . .....

Agut. A3.1-A simplified cloud c1assificallon (repr oclueed from Fischel" and Ha rdy 1976).

204

A

Figure A3.2- Fair"wealher camufus.

Figure A3.3 (A and B}-Towering cumulus.

205

B

Figure A3.3 (Con.)

206

A

Figur. A3 .4--CumulontmbuS(ice·1OPPed cumlAU5l. wilhoul an.,,;J .

Agur. A 3.S (A nd B}--Cumulon irnbus with anvil lop. A : distant

207

B

Flgur. A3.5 (con .}-B: tnunderstonn in progress .

Agur. A3.6-Altoo.rmulus casteRanus.

208

Figure A3.7- AttoaJmulus leoDcularis(lenticular doudl·

Figure A3.8-AttoaJmulus unclulalUs.

209

A JI.

~.,1>'.'

B

Figure A3.9 (A nd B}--Cirrus.

2'0

Figure A3.1G-Oense cirrus , derived from anvil lop ot cumulonimbus .

211

APPENDIX 4. EQUIP MENT INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE CHECKL ISTSFOR MANUAL F IRE-WEATHER STATIONS

'llU:-~EAT>+£A suno.. COOID ITIOtI U'OU

I. STlvtll OlOS : '"'l fon. _" 1>. ~..d f or .......... 1 p..,o . ....... ·- ( l l u .. lUl l .... l<Xu'''' . ...o r d" S. c t' '''' I:III .os eq .. l _ " t I t o ..., r.",rd-·~'t l"", 21 O J .os ... 1,," P. ul .... r ePOrt· ·S.,t l"" J :M' (" H -tre l ,, ',,; 9" 11e--S.ct i_ , .

H CTll)ll I

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SUt l _

St.u, •

LOUII .... I I, _

,-",- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

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' __• ' __• Sen l"" _

TOP09r_, : n u Of' .." II , .....111..'-. 101 11, ... 1>rol<." , _lei" ... 11", •_Ie ln'oo • _ "Ul " 1 1_

" "peel : " , S~ E , _ _ • •• • - -

.... n _t '''c lt • • : Con.....e g '''''..-.. 1_ 1,, 1_ t""..-n. : SI ..."._"'.,'''''''1.': l l. , t r ie fa "My. n>l....-, ' ..... .","--,. r : ...\I ; " " ..-,.. : Ty,"W.... .,_ : T, ....",J.." " ;'.u l_ 1..lliulor:""1" ~ 1_ ,eco. ,I",) :lego'f ln, •• 1.. ~.. : T,.. .f 1 ...1110" ' 09 : 112- I..c," st.ch' 1 -.;oiu n e t. : Type

ot"-,

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t , '-4cq... l . ly r .pru,,"n . ~u ., "onu~" . ". Co ttOtl r ., lon .. 0 1..... I'I'P~ o...d,. "Il_t ,.. '-- I.'. _~I'l l "" . M i l ,,, .r. ""C-.tl'l"" 1" . Ir_" I """enur" ". S~" h" r floo~ •h .

._.., ro und .

r" C1u l ' ••" lt . OJ · S "" I I . ~ f l ..l t .., u ~.d ,. I U"d ... 0." to... , .' .. I n ot '0' h . ~ ". SU..d f l.. ly ,.",..11 " , rO<.l"d ... I" ..... r ll . OS • ' '' t Ul l l'll "" 1. ... 1 .".,, 1_ ... .... , U u r. 'O<.I r , .. " ' .UI ,.. h . ". .... h,.. -, ,,~ , u" .0tI wl".... . rd . ". h l"I.d ., lou y .... 111'. 1",1 11. ...

e • U' " ~. f •• ct l ... • ur '.,,, • ~..d l l u " ,. .C1u.l " t~. '~ ". I,~t ". .".I M d u .. ., d i rt ... d" H ..... y . is . 0,, 1, I._rHIlr• ....'lt l ... ' '' It ~ Il ·

•• " ....d .. bl. , k topped .r... " . "1$ '" 1 ~. II . r .

1.1'1 1 SO h . ...., . ,.. l • • ,. obH ....ct l_~ .. 1. ..1 • !Su..lI.~d .. . "1_" ,,,,_ '''''~_u..

lIh t ..... • q ... 1 " tll . 1• ~ . I,IlI ....y .,. OIH I.. U ,,,.,,,,, '" IcootrUll, iSO . E' llO..d '" I .. . u_nt .... , I.r .

l.ekl .. ., . " . T...." ..n11 S""port I . e .... I, _ nt.<I~ , ren . _ rll.

SUI I.... L· I .... I ". r..........<1 S.... llOrl .,1..,, ;"t ,,-~ 11011_.

•• ",,- ,," f 1.... of . i r . ! I I ". " 1.. , - b.. I" ~ l . h. ,. ,~ , 1_.s. 1I 1.... t f .. l1 t .... . _ . .. r• . ,. "' 1" i_ b .. I" S· " ,- .... d rOtlul .

•• h ll ' . ,.1.1 1.... ' 1.. . . <1 ,.. " h . >S . ... . 1_ blllb ~ T;1'i'7 '",_.

• ~ ......<I H i'll .... . , 1_ .,. ." ...,..et l _~ 111'1 1_ ,.o.,oroll. ". ... . 1_ b.. l b s- eee ....~ IIOflUI .I.,. ".. • I.. . .. i t"' . ". ' ...·_I.~. " .... ... I. , lb l•

I SUI I_ .,.......".., ,,,, ," "d. " ' ... . _ 1.· ,o l _~ I 'H . U • ~,, f. ~CIt ., ~." hH cO"'I~"c I I_ . ••u~...<I.

'0 . f . .. ", I . .. ,~" •h . li l t" . , ". ....,,1_ ' ''1__.

~, " ' el U I'l . "SO . ",,,,- ._.

' lOll> h •• I • •

". ... . i _ .pi ... ' . .. 1. '" I l> cl _ .

Fig ure A4.1-fI"e-wea thef stabon conditIOn report (FiScher and Hardy 1976).

212

' ." " re h _ ...' " Ilo

, W, " d W__ '''d ,u.O''" Ilo

". l_. d I" i ..n._", ,.... .... I ... ~ 1"'u ;"9 " O'u , lon _~ ... , • . I". ,,••" _,It. .. . e " " . , ...",i_ OS . w_ o.i ... . . d .. I", " ... _ ..h .'....--,... ... w.... 'w.... f ... I, I" Ii "" • .. 11>4 .,0. ""'I 11,, 111 "'e ~ el .." . 61. "'''''''- '''00' ..i •• wU'.ll . ,,- , II.. " . l eI< u,."". , ,..._.

~. ... ' I>41 u lo, ""'_1 . , ......!th .._.. 1_ .... 111 . d l ' u l lon•... n..._.... d .... Md ,.,i tol• . ... ' 0,.,11, of e . II." .. I . .. cor"u .

l'. n.._ ...."... .. il" l.. 111' _ .. ". ' ''d;,.,o' _, h 'U.ll•• I ..1101" .... " . .. .., . ._...,.............

lI. w. ......... , ... '.1.... .. ' ... .. , . " d e 1. ... .". ' 0 1• • 1.1' 0 ' 11'11'" " I,.. eOrr. e t. S....d• • • ~.... "g•... ,... _........,~ ._• • • 11'11.""

, ...,h .

'" ~. ... I ...d 1'1_ .

". ' -. h •• of ''"It . .. .... . . ..... i • ...."rot........".£" ". h _ fl,.ll' .'Uehoed '0 ,'_11 .... ,.. 'Op 0 ' II'" )6 h. _11'-.1 .

(_. .. , ,, 1.. .. . .-" , . ... 11• • • 7S . 'S· ...,1. ,._ l OCI 0 ' "\1' el....... Gl• •• 01 ...1_ ,h. _,• • • ol>.ue l• • .0, . M.e lr .1_" , I..,~t . ... e l.... . ... ........ 1", u l n c ..... ...d '.,IIt'"... T_ ..t .. . . . 1_, d... , fr.. .OS . ....1..- '''9 11__",..

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". (, 1I1t",I,. "'"••• cor ••• t ,~t., ... Col l. c , O<' , ._ <:>, ... .... ...d _ .. . .

l' '.1I cI . ... . f ••• 0 ' •• • ~ • .se. Lou ,. d ' 0. " "'''''u, I"• ... d l"!!• .... ' 0 " _<:lw, u', ..._n.d. """fl l ... f ,..1 .... II'w•• Sl ln.Y. ~'gh," I .., prouu lon ........... .57. '''' .... os.d .. 200ft . It_.d ... I ' '' t as . .."-" .... ""..... . 1 I.. . ....... ... ~._. ,.......... . 1_ cow, ·· 10 h . ... .... N' ..... . . ......1 ""I . _"

O. - ' ''' , ..- , .. '0111", l OlOOt . "",,", - ". .." N' fr.. of lI wl.., "....u , I_ .11) It . ... .." N' .. 'C_ """ . no, ,.

e , Loto , I"OII.... ... '0111 .., '09O\I"P".· - p It .10 ft . p'''' ."e,.,. 6oI1'l" 0 ' ,~ ... h ic k _ .o't(I _"" ....1•• _ .

' PO' . ,.. S"ck c1.... ...11~4.

•• lien .. , , _ ....... · -10 h . p h,. ... oI ' . e .eu. 10 I" . _ .." tHI<11 •

...... . .... tw l"'l of _' . ". Wi , . _ 0 ' .. l " ... i ..... . i •• . ... SCn te•• cI ,.ow.... t"""·-10 h . p ' .. I_ · "I' lf .... .... "e l,,,, 0 ' coye' . f_ , >!O 'l!w'. SuI.s: S,.• •e I'''''''d ...... . -· ,0 't . p ''''

_·'''.,d . ... . .,. he ''''t o f """' . ". S"" ' " fl •• ', _ , .d 10 , ._.... ' .rlodlc he l "" "'Jut t . .. , _ 1 111 ' " ,.. SI\e' te • 'ew.' ''''' .. 1_ .

". h , ,, _t;etl . t o _ ... p"o,rlde4 . OS · S.,..u. _.,...."roof . i .. tood . .... .

56. '- l .. . .. "" '1' ,. II gh , .. I..dl . ,.. ke' . l"l t " ' . d 1" _ "" , '....1.,'11'_ .

I'ledt", lc. ' WI" d ' '''''' t•• "- Seel. cl • ..., . ,,,I! ,....". Su" h '""ao••, ""0.

57. ~ . ... , .. I.., ,rot... '00'1 '''''''' '''le . ". Seel . h l",c..., ' 00 , ,_ ~ , ,,,

". lOI. t"".,. oo f .. i • • w••d . leU ... 19"'t.

SO. '0 •••1t, o f u lt . ,., .. I.... _ ... . et . ,... " ' ...c. ee l '''''f ••• • _ . .. . , . 1... .... vOl u ,," . M ,, ~ 1."9'" I .. 1"_'

1I. I...ee ...- C_ I... " ".ncn .... 41fll ... r •• .... fl•• , .... ,~ ....cO , 0 . 1...., • • .

". '-l.c~ ' .. u .I •• d I.. ,_'0[ 11..

' ''''' teo, .

Flgu,e 4.1 (Coo.)

213

-- .- m Wzj~SIeoo- ..... "-' ".. _TS ,

DoD'_.1Q1'IQItI'>,

p_ ,..., QIOM. _-~....,. ... a "", ,~''''' ' '''''_''''<l0Vl

,t1Q ..M. ,....~-'...........,... "'11<_ts on'. ,F"mly mo,,",W le .el ..." ~O

,'_Ill --, •Gr0U"'4 CO_ GoaSl n O'~.. // ,E.DO_lO <Ioree'~'"- 0100-1100 •..~- ." WzL£_'.. 0 ... 'ol_ ao..l1 "..._- ,~, ",.-o.-MN

,...."'_....c_,,_ •......-..g. '+ll't>Ie ,...."' . ..\1"...... •, ... * O'k'''11

,&In" , ....... a""0<1. t>o'''I_ ana~ •~__ ... ,.. c...... ,liIl.,III'" no. ._ 1.

~sc

"'8 ' ,poe 0 u.r .... O - 0 y// /T....__• c>No'I ,e-$ ....._.~.., ,....... ...",.~ aTo*"M"\4-'~......, ,,,-, .. a.e- -es eo8 "Cfl .....:"( ~<)<>Q n w_[ - 0 V/// / / /.l . . ......<lOI...- tI e5ec<.It.., .......,.., ,.... _"9 1loC;. -.g.r.. •.!>. e-....,. .._QaQII' •._- ." ""51-" 0 'CWes!· O "· 0 - 0 //// ///~tJI_. -E___~ ,r.... _..aSl_ ,s.___ ""'<e ...........

~iJo'!.Iu'_ ///Couo>'. 'T_ """'along ...... ,e-,....,_".,....,~-'I' a0....., c.loCr • .., V/ / /. /// /.,..._-*". m ""F~_. ,Do,,"_3 . ) ' . 2 ' •llV'I ___ ,£_'O_ao..l1 •

1_PO""l"'~.lIt__ ,Shl:u~-",

~-

-W.IgN",Dhc.

''''" tie"" -~D -... '"CalO'.....,.,~.""~

~"""~1'01'0'_0 --0 - 0 ////S1'.w __-'

Figure A4.2- IM peellon Iorm lor evaluating station maintenance (Fros l and Haines 19821_

214

APPENDIX 5. DETAI LE D SPECIFICATION DRAWINGS FOR MISCELLANEOUSITE:\IS AT MA1''UAL FIRE·WEATHER STATIONS

IN STRUM ENT SHE LT ER A NC HO R P I NI Yo· ," BOLTS ~/WASHERS l WIN5NUTS

D===JlIIiilliig'iIoil - - -- ~ - -- - -- ~ - -(S- --

:=:=JlImmJ""1II!8-- _ - ~ -- -- - - ~ --~- --

~A~ DIA . ROD COLD- ROLLSTEEL

SECTION

","-WELD

-..,..,.,.,,,,,_ 1;..... z. -. 2: COLO-ROLL

STEEL PLATE

,

'"

•

'N

""0 -

~

0_ ,-,

------ -

TOP VIEW

T UQNEO ON LATH E

"'O T T O ~.I. &

Figure A5.1-lns~ment sl'lelter anchor pin (seclion 16 11_

215

r-..,."-1""

SE E DETAIL ~AM

M ETAL 00CXl: C£TtlotS._- --lKl" &E.DSTE£l KASP T-..=

1I1k"".-l.'--_--'-~---'--"-'--'--t-'.,..~

S C AI..II!: : , "., '.0"

F'RONT VIE W S E CTION

WALL M OUNT ATTACHMENT 4 " WALL MOUNT

'14 - r ~4" STO\lE &OLT

WAS HE R

DETA IL -s: 3-D DRAWING

~OT TO SCAL E

WEATHER STATION ACCESSORY S HELTER

Figure A5.2- Weather station accessory shelter (secbon 17 2).

216

..'

'.

1 =

""•..

,rl"

"-

( ..-I

\,

tJ I ,.,lit"..: •

'., .~•

,

.....

v- II

, I ..~" II

"1,...,:.-

/ )// flu"

;/ , h,",

• '"0dJ2!!:

.r.,

I.. &utt ""'ge l

, - -f." &

FRONT ELEVATION SECTION A -A

)i .• 3- ,tovebol

~..V 'II' J.-~... p l~-od•. .", Inp ;.,

t W,,,.,,,,,f,~ N... t I,

, - , ..",her ~he"

,~

SECTION &'B

APPALA CHIA N SCALE SHELTER

Agor. AS.3-AppaJachian seale shelter(sections 10 2, 19 .2).

217

.'"

'/4"

AdjlJ,trnent· No·.3

j4" P1y,-d~,""",~"9 """-

PERSPECTIVESCALE LEVELING

V IEWDETAIL

Scale ~hn9 strip

•=

" . Ma~",• .Mi".

~---- ------------,i 'I -;. II i.w ~ I, • ,. I II I - '$= ,I . -~ I'T " "::ttI .,,,- . II (v.rif,) I,,: slIt·,l ~ of Adj. No.2, '~ J

PIoc. _

poece of ..~ . ¥a"w indow trhn asshown for IoeotingI"• Plole fDI" Adj. ,IIla,!

[f2] ~:0- -

0

"~t- - .:Nom. . ..... . -

,.~ •..,1

++ "(~U

SHELTER MOUNTING DETAILAgu re A5.3 (Con.)

2'8

HYGROTHERMOAEROGRAPH

© Solenoid

@ Solenoidmountingbrocket

'~~~~~~-tt--® Solenoid~ connecting

@ Connecting wire _ _ .......lL...._ looplink

@ Pen orm mountingbrocket a shof t

@ Windspeedpen arm

@ Pen armtongue

+--_ ® Sulkhead

HYGROl HERM OGRAPH MODIFICAliON

A

Figure A5.4-Hygromermoaerograph(section 8,1): A. mechanical details; B. electrical circuit

219

HYGROTHERMOAEROGRAPH+ 6 V ,

,'" Solenoi(l

ELECTRICA L CIRCUIT

PlIl"Tl L ist

I - Solenotd2: _ R• • ;sfor$

I - Copoe itorI - Batter}

4 - T..-ittors

B

Agl,lre AS.4 (Con.)

- D. C. R.loy~ 200 oll m w/ si lWi r cOl'ttoctl .(SIGMA, · 200 or ~vi'tO lenU

- R,OndRzs 6 8 k, :!: IO"4 ; 1/ 2 watl .

- C l · 4 1..u t. IO volt O.C.~ ~IO ·4 .

- 6 vol! . lontl rn tYPI.

- OJ. and 0, ; NPN f AIRCHILD 5 7581 or I qui.,o\ent

Q2' oncl 0.; PN P G.E. 2NI303 or ~ui¥oltnf.

220

APPENDIX 6. USER INSTRUCTIONSFOR RETRIEVING RAWS DATA

A6.! Retrie val of Data from AFFIRMSCom p u ter

The (ollowing instructions enable a user to retrieveRAWS data via the Data General (Forest Service) rom ­puter system or other computer tenninal and printer thatcan access the AFF IRMS computer (via telephone dial-upand modem if necessary). After proper identification ( In)has been entered, a series of command prompts are reoceived and answered by the user, as shown here in upper­cast' letters.

COMMAND: RAWS

The RAWS comm and activates the RAWS processingmodule.

R-COMMANn

To obtain RAWS data, the user responds to this promp twith anyone or all of three basic commands, DSPW,DSPR , and DSPC, explained below. To exit from RAWS,the user enters RET. Any other response will cause themessage -GARBLED J1'"TUT, RETRY"to a ppea r, followedby a repeat of the R-COMMAND prompt.

TIlE DSPW COl'tIMAl'.'DR-COMMAND: DSPW xxxxxxxx. where the X'e de­

note a specified station 's eight-digit transmission identifi ­cation number (10).

When the nspwcommand is entered, the RAWS mod ­ule will display the hourly data for the preceding 24 hoursfor the specified station. The data are formatted in col­umns with abbreviated headings. For example, the com­mand nspw3248E 192 will display the 24 hours of datafor the station with the transmission In of3248E192.Repeat the command, with appropriate m, for data fromadditional, selected station s. It is important to include theassigned trans mis sion ID ; otherwise, if DSPW alone isentered , the data for all RAWS sites will be displayed inseque nce.

The nspw command can also be used with a two-digithour command to obtai n data only for a single hourlyobservation time; the time is rounded to the neare st wholehour. An example would be DSPW 3248E192 15. (N ote :there must be a blank space before the two-digit hour.)

Error Messages-There are two error messages associ-ared with the nspw two-digit hour comma nd:

(I ) If the time requested is after the la test update time(transmission time), the following message will be dis­played on the computer te rminal (with the actual hoursgiven instead of the X symbols ): TIME XX NOT AVAIL­ABLE FOR TODAY; LAST UPDATE WAS XXXX

In such a case , request the time rounded to the nearestprevious whole hour.

(2) Another error message is: NO DATA FORCURRENT DAY

This occurs when there are no data in the file from 0000hours to the requested time. In such a case, check the file

22'

by using the DSPW command for a 24-hou r display ofstation data. If no data are found, notify your RAWScoordinator or call the BIFC RAWS Sensing SystemBranch at (FTS) 554-1576 to see if th e data intercept linkis broken.

TIlE DSPR COMMANDR-COMMAND: DSPR XXXXXXXX (specify the station

transmission In)

The DSPR command displays the late st three days ofdata in the 1300 l.s .t , observational format (data for 1300,plus 24-hour maximum and minimum temperature andrelative humidity val ues and 24·hour precipitation). Theformatted colum ns have no headings but follow the AF­FIRMS sequence . As with the DSPW command, be sure toinclude the eight-digit station tranemieeion ID.

TIlE nsrc COMMAl'.'DR-COMMAND: DSPC XXXXXXXX (specify the station

transmission 10)

The DSPC command displays, in a format with colu mnheadings A through J , the hourly values of additionalweather parameters (not included in the DSPW display).For example, columns A and B are commonly used forwind gust inform ation. Column B shows the maximumLsecond windspeed value during the preceding t -hcurpe-riod; column A, the wind direction at that time.

TIlE RET CO~L'tA"''D

R-cO~lMANO: RET

The RET command is used after all of th e desired RAWSdata have been obtained. This comma nd will terminatecommu nica tion with th e RAWS module and acti va te afurther prompt command. A reply of BYE will terminateconnecti on with the AFFIRMS computer. Example,COMMAND: BYE

A6.2 Access of RAWS Data fromNESDIS

The following instructions apply to retrieval of RAWSdata directly from the National Environmental SatelliteData Information Service (NESDl3) compu ter a t SilverSpring, MD. This option is avai lable should AFFIR~1S orthe BLMIBIFC sa tellite downlink be outof service .

ACCESSING CO~IPtrrER

To access the computer, with 300 baud rate; half duplex,30 characte rs pe-r second , even parity:

Dial (202) 899·2521

To access the computer, with 1200 baud rate:

Dial (202) 899-6595 or (202) 899-6596

when the computer prints DCS - ENTER ID, typeDAFS06 (carriage return).

The computer will print several lines of information andthen print ENTER: MSG, RLT, DIS or STO P

At this point, enter RLTI followed by the first six digitsof the station number , the Julian date on which the dataare to begin , an d the transmission time (hou rs, minutes.and seconds G~fn of the starting data group. An ex­ampl. follows:

ENTER: ~fSG, RLT, DIS. or STOP RLTI324534,231234700

Here , the Julian date numbe r is 231 (Augus t 19) and thetransmission time is 23 hou rs. 47 minutes, and 00 secondsC .m.t. The G.m.L times are 5 hours fas ter than easternstandard time; 8 hours faster than Pacific standard time.

EXITI:'\C CO~IPUfER

After all of the desired data output has been recei ved,hit the -BREAK- key.

The computer will print ENTER: MSG, RLT, DIS orSTOP

Type in STOP, on the same line; th en hit carriage re turnkey.

EVALUATION OF DATA OUTPUTIn the above exam ple, the following data output is re­

ceived :

32453 49C 2312 34 73300.0 1 00.55 18 . 7 0 22 4 161 176 163 00 100.0 1 00 . 6 9 18 .1 0 226 165 185 14 8 00 100.0 1 00. 47 19 .4 0 225 168 192 13 4 00 1

111111 30w

222

The first line contains the station 10, followed by thedate (231) and transmission time of the data group (thetime is 23 hours, 47 minutes, and 33 seconds G.m.t.).

For instructions in evalua ting the data, the above col­umns will be numbered (example given for last line):

123 4567800.01 00 .47 19 . 40 225 168 192 134 001

(1) Accumulated precipitation; subtract the currentvalue from that on previous line to obtain the hourlyamount. Amount is zero.

(2) Windspeed; move decimal one place to right andround off. Speed is 5 miles per hour.

(3) Wind direction, in degnes azimuth; move decimalone place to the right. Dil"t'Ction is 194 degrees , or south.

(4) Bat tery voltage; requires conversion table. Value is13.24.

(5) Air tem perature; requires conversion table. Value is61 of.

(6) Fuel te mperature; req uires conversion table. Valueis 78 OF.

(7) Rela tive humidity; requires conversio n ta ble. Valueis 53 percen t .

(8) Barometric pressure; requires conversion table. Dis­regar-d, no sensor installed.

APPENDIX 7. EQUIPMENT SOURCES; MANUFACTURERS AND SUPPLIERS

Table A7.1- Sou rces of equipment do501bed in this l\ancl:look: name of company; dassiflcation of company (F. manufachJrer; O. chb'Ibu1or);general category of equipment (M, manual, indudlng manually read eIeeUonic inslrUments or their OU!;lU1 devices; A. aulOmaleddata a~sitiotl systems); and types 01 instn.ments Of 5efl5Clr5 made or 50IcI (T. air lemprtralUr8; H, relative hJmory or dewpoint.WS. Wlndspeed ; WO, wind (irectlOo ; P, precipltatlon; B. barornetnc pressure; RIM. tvellemperatlXe and IueI moisture,' R, solarractation; V. evaporabOl'l ; SliM. soil temperalJ"Q and s.oil moislUre; L. water level) . DesignatIOnS are based on .terallJre fromcompanies . letter a Oeootes 5eflscn can be used in automated systems; d. aUof sensors toraub'naled systems are lrom olhermanufaclUrers; e. pnmaliy manualy read electronic eqJipmenl Wllh built .... data prooItssing and storage: i. inleftace lor comptI1ef1printer available: s. sensors only

Equipment Instruments Of tensorsCom~ny CIon ..,...,.. AT H WS WD P B FTIu R V ST'" L

Bellon Instrument Co. F M.A X X X X X X X X X

Ben Meadows Co. 0 M X X X X X X X X X X

Campbel Scientific. Inc. F Ad X X X X X X X X

Climalronics Corp . F A X X X X X X X X

Climel lnslI'uments F A X X X X X X X X

Controle~. Inc , F Me,A X X X

Davis roseumeots F M X

The Eppley laboratory, Inc . F Me X

Forestry Suppliers. Inc. 0 M X X X X X X X X X X X X

Ha_ F A X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Hf'lds International. Inc . F Me,i X X X X

KaN SCientific Insb'. Co. F M.A X X X X X X X X X X

John W , KennedyConSlJltants 0 A X X X X X X X X

Leupolcl & SleVens. Inc . F M.A X X

u-cec Inc . F A X X X X

Maximum, Inc , F M X X X X

Meleophysics Corp. F Ad X X X X X X X X

MelOne. Inc . F A X X X X X X X X

NRG Systems F Me,A X X

Omnidala International, Inc, F Ad X X X X X X X X X

Palmer jnstruments. Inc . F M X X

Oual imeuics, Inc.,Science Associates 0 M,A X X X X X X X X X X

Oualimetrics, Inc ,weee ecrcoc s Division F M,A X X X X X X X X X X X

RainWlse, Inc . F Me,i X X X X X X

Rodeo Products. Inc. F Me X

RotronlC InstnJmenl Corp. F A, X X

Sensor Instruments, Inc. F Me.i X X X X X X

Slerra-MI$W. Inc. F M,A X X X X X X X X X X X X X

SIma" lnstruments F M X

Salrel, Inc , F Ad X X X X X X X

Taylor Scientific.SybtOn F M X X X X X X

Teledyne Geotech F A X X X X X X X X

Texas Electronics . Inc. F Me,A X X X X X X X

Vaisala F M,A X X X X X X X X X X

Western Fire Equipment Co. 0 M X X X X X

R M, Young Company F Me,i,As X X X X

'Pnmary source 01Standard '/ z-1l'OCh fuelmooSturf SllC"-s IS:USDA ForlSl ~"'<I.Northern Reg Oil, Admorlistranon [)"'$IO'1 , Federal BlJllCl'rlg , P.O. Box 7669,Mu oula , MT 59807.

223

T.b1. A7.2- Name. acldmss . and telephone number ' 01comp anies (table A 7.1) manulacturing or dSlnbutmg type 01equi pmen l desenbed ,nthis hand>ook

Company

Bellort Instrument Company

Ben Meadows Co.

Cimalronics Corp .

Cirnot Instruments

Controlell, Inc.(Natural Powet.lnc·1

Da vis Instruments

FomslJySuppliers, Inc.

Hinds Inlemaliona!, roc.

Kahl Scien tific InstrumentCo<p

John W. KennedyConsultants,

I"".

Leupold & Stevens, Inc.

li-Cor,lnc.

Maximum, Inc.

Met. One, Inc .

NRG5yslOms

Address

727 5 Wolle 5 1.Baltunore , MD 2123 1

P.O, Bo. 80549Allallla. (Chamblee).GA 30366

P.o. Boll551Logan, UT 84321

14()WIIbI.I" PIaoeAirport In!emallOna.l PlazaBohemia. NY 11716

P.o. Boll 1760RecIands. CA 92373

FranceSlown Turn pikeNew Boston, NH 03070

3465 0iabI0 Ave.Hayward, CA 94545

14 5hollielclAYe.Newport, AI 02840

P.o. Boll 839 7Jack son. MS 39204

1180 Bordeaull DriveSumyvale. CA 94089-1281

P .O. Boll 929H~lsbofo . OR 9 7123

P.O. Boll 1166EI Cajon, CA 92022

9 101 Cherry lane, .113laurel, MD 20708

P.O. Boll 688Beaverton , OR 97075

P.o . Boll 4425lincoln, NE 68504

42 South Ave.Natick, MA 0 1760

3030 BridgewayBldg., #215Sausalito, CA 94965

481 California Ave.Grants Pass, OR 97526

1955 Church Hi. RoadChariotte. vr 05445

P.o . Boll 3489logan. UT 8432 1

224

(404) 455-0907TF (800) 241-6401In GA (800 ) 241-3136

(80 1) 753-234 2

(516) 567·7300

(714) 793-2788

(603) 487-55 12

« 15) 732 ·9229

(4()1) 847· 1020

(60 1) 354-3565Tf (800) 647-5368

(408) 734 -96AO

(503) 648-1355

(6 19) 444·21 58

(30 1) 490- 1600

(503) 646 -917 1

(402) 467-35 76

(6 17) 785--0113

(415) 33 1-518 1

(503 ) 479-1248

(802) 425--3468

(8011753-nGOTf (800) 32 1-n18

(con .)

Table A7.2 (Con.)

Company Addres. Phone

Oualimetries , Inc., P.O. Bo. 230 (609 )924.4470SCience Associates Princeton , NJ 0854 2 TF (BOO) 247-7234

Oualimetrics, Inc., P.O. Bo.41039 (9 16) 923-0055Wealhertronics Division Saaamento, CA 95841 TF (BOO) B24·5873

Palmer Instruments, Inc. 313 1 Wasson Ad. (S13) 871 -7800Cincinnati , OH 45209

RainWise, Inc, P.O. Box 443 (207) 288-5 169Bar Harbor , ME 04609

seeec Products cc.. Inc. P.O. Bo.944 (402) 563-3596Columbus , NE 68601

Rolron ic Instrumenl Corp . lSO E. Main (516) 427-3994Huntington, NY 11743

sensor Instruments Co., Inc. 41 TerriJlParll. Drive (603) 224-0167Concord. NH 0330 1 TF (BOO) 633-1033

Sierra-M isc:o, Inc. 1825 Eastshore Highway (415) 843 -1282Berkeley , CA 94710

Simer! Instruments 238 WestS!. (301) 849 -s667Annapolis, MD 21401

Solrel, Inc. 7685 Commerce Way, Suite 105 (612) 937-8835Eden Prairie, MN 55344

Taylor ScientifidSybron 95 Glenn Bridge Road (704)6BHI111Arden , NC 28704

Teledyne Geotech P.O. Bo. 469007 (214) 271-2561Garland. TX 75046-9007

Texas Electronics, Inc. P.O. Box 7225 (214) 63 1·2490Dallas. TX 75209

Vaisala (USA) 2 Tower Otfioo Pal1l. (617) 933-4500Woburn , MA 01eol

Western Fire Equipment Co . 440 Valley Drive (4 15) 467-5650Brisbane. CA 94005

A.M. Young Company 280 1 Aero-Parll.Drive (616) 946-3980Traverse City, MI 49684

'TF denotes toll·free (800) rumba<.

225

C=5;'9 (F-32)

APPENDIX 8. CONVERSION OF MEASUREMENT UNITS-FORMULAS,EXAMPLES, A.."ffi COND ENSED TABLES

A8.I TemperatureDegrees Fahre nheit IF) to degrees Celsius (C)-

Example, if F ", 54, C '" 519 (22) . 11019. 12

Example, if F ", 17, C. 519 (- 15) :E - 7519 .-8

Example, if F = -24 , C ., 519(-56) . - 28019 '" -31

De gree e CE'lsi u lI ( e ) to degTPt>!i Fa hre nheit (F)-

F .. 915 (C)+ 32 Example. ifC = 3 1, F .. 1.8 ( 3 1) . 32 = 56 + 32.88

Example, ifC = - 7, F :z 1.8 (- 7) + 32 ., - 13 + 32.19

Table A8.1- Temperature conversiontable (condensed)

Fahrenheil IF) 10 Celsius (e) Cels ius Ie) 10 Fahrenheit IF)

F

-40-co- 20- '0

o10203040SO60706090'00110'20

c

-40

-'"- 29- 23- lS- 12- 7- 1

410,.212732384349

c

-40-eo- 20- 10

o'0203040SO

226

F

-40-22-41432SO6886

'04' 22

A8.2 Precip itation and Evaporation

In ches (in) to millimewrR (rom)­

1.00 in .. 25.4 mm

Millime ters h n m ) to inches (1n )­

1.00 mm .. 0.0394 in

S="'OWFALL OR S="'OW DEPTH

Inches (i n) to ce nt ime ters (c m)­

1.00 in .. 2.54 em

Ce ntimet.ors (e m) to i nches (in)­

1.00 em .. 0.394 in

Example: 0.08 in .. 0.08 (25.4) mm .. 2 mm

Example: 1.30 in .. 1.30 (25.4) mm '" 33 mm

Exam ple: 6 mm .. 6 (0.0394) in .. 0 .24 in

Example: 65 mm .. 65 (0.0394) in'" 2.56 in

Example: 7.8 in .. 7.8 (2.54) em .. 19.8 em

Example: 53 em .. 53 (0.394) in .. 21 in

Tab le A8.2-Preciplla llOn at evaporation eonY&rSion table (condetlsed)

Inches 10 mill imelen Millimeter s 10 indies Inche s 10cenlimllt ers

,- mm mm ,- ,- em

0.01 025 1 004 0.10 03.05 1.3 5 20 50 1.3.10 " '0 3' 1.00 2520 5.' 20 .79 2.00 5'30 76 30 U8 300 7640 102 40 '58 400 10.2.50 12.7 50 1.97 500 12.7.60 '52 60 2.36 600 15280 20.3 70 2.76 .00 20.3

'00 254 80 315 10.00 25,4'50 38 ' 90 3.55 15.00 3812.00 50. 100 394 20.00 50.'3.00 76.2 120 472 3000 7624.00 101,6 140 552 40,00 101.65.00 127.0 '60 630 50.00 127.0

227

A8.3 WindspeedMile s per hour (m i/hl to k ilometers pee hou r (kmlh)-

1 milh .. 1.609 knv'h Example: 6 milh '" 6 (1.609) km/h .. 10 kmth

Example: 27 miIh .. 27 (1.609) km/h • 43 kmlh

Kil ome tera pee hour (kmJ1d to miles per hour (m i/h)-

1 kmlh .. 0.621 miIh Example: 7 kmIh "" 7 (0.621) milh • 4 milh

Mile s per hour (m i/h) to k nota ( lr..t)-

1 milh • 0.868 kt

Knot. tkt) to mile s per ho ur (m illd­

1 kt .. 1.152 milh

Example: 22 miIh '" 22 (0.868) kt .. 19 kt

Example: 12 kt .. 12 (l.152) milh .. 14 milh

Mlles"hour 10 kilomelers/hour

k~'

Kilomelefs/hour to mlle.ihour

k~'

12466

1012141616202530as404550

1 63.26 49 7

12.916.119,322.525.729 .032.240.248.356364 472,460 5

228

I

24

66

101214t61820253035404550

0.61 22.5375.06.27.5

'79 9

11.212.415.518.621.724.827-93 1.1

AB.4 Barometric Pressure

I nc he s o f mercul'3" (in IIg' ) to millibars (mb)-

1 in Hg ., 33.864 mb Example: 30.12 in Hg ., 1,020 mb

Millibars (m b) to inc hes o f meecuey (i n Hg)-

I mb • 0.02953 in Hg Example: 988 mb '" 29.18 in

T. ble A8.4-8arome1ric pressure COtIversion table (condensed)

Inches 01 mercury to millibllrs U IUlbllrs to Inett.. 01mercu ry

In '" mb mb In'"

23.00 779 750 22.1524,00 813 800 236225.00 847 850 25.102600 880 900 265827.00 814 '50 280528.00 ... 960 28.352850 965 .70 28,642900 982 .90 28942920 989 990 292329,40 996 1,000 29.532960 1,002 1,010 29832980 1,009 1,020 30.1230 .00 1,016 1,030 30 423020 1,023 1.040 30.7130,40 1,029 1,050 31.013060 1,036 1,060 31.303080 1,04331.00 1,050

AS.5 Solar Radiation

RADIA.'"f FLUX PER uxrr AREA, AS IX' II'oOSTANTA.'"EOUS MEASURE~IE:-'"f

Lengleye per minute (ly /m in ) to watts per s q ua re meter (W/m l)­(Note: I langley '" I gram calorie per square centimeter)

I ly/min '" 698 W/m' Example: 1.25 ly/min .. 873 W/m'

Langle ys per- m inute (Iy /m in ) to Btu per- square foot pE'r minu te lBt ufftl/m in)-

lly/min .. 3.69 BtuffPlmin Example: 1.25 Iy/min '" 4.61 BtulfWm in

QUA..YfllY OF RAOlAnO:" PER U:-" T AREA. AS rx OAiLY TOTAL

Langl E')·. (ly ) to w a tt-h o u rs pe r s quare m eter (\\' h/ml )-

1 1y .. 11.61 \ \ 'hIml Example: 540 Iy" 6,269 \\'hIm'

Lan g-Ie)'. (ly ) t o Btu per squa re foot (B tulft l)-

1 Iy .. 3 .69 Btulft' Example: 540 ly .. 1,993 Btulft.'

229

A8.6 Other Measures

WEIGUTS

Ounce. (O z.) to gra m . (gl­

I oz '" 28 .353 g

Gram. (gl to o unce s (o d ­

i g '" 0.03527 oz

Pounds (l b ) to kilogram s (k gl-

Exa mple: 100 g '" 3.53 oz

l Ib (16 oz) '"' 0.454 kg

KiJo~am5 (k g) t o pounds (Jb)­

1 kg :II: 2.2046 Ib

LIQUID VOLIDlE

Gallons (ga l) to liters Q.)­

I gal (4 quarts) '"' 3.788 L

Liters (L) to gallons (ga ll­

I L z 0.264 gal

DlSTA.,"CES

(SoH section A8.2 for inch". millimf!'tl?rs, and centimE'tp rs.)

Feet ( ft) to ere te es (ml-

1 ft '"' 0.305 m

~feh'" (m) to f ee t (rt)­

I m _ 3.28 ft

Miles (m il to kilometers (k m )­

1 mi .. 1.609 km

Kil o m et e rs (k m ) to m iles (m i) ­

I km II 0.62 1 mi

AREAS

Acres to hec tares (h al-

l acre (43,560 n') ..CAOS ha

Hectares (ha) to ac res-e-

I ha .. 2.471 acres

Exa mple: 20 ft = 6.1 m

230

APPENDIX 9. ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

ACAFFIRMSAWSDIFCBLMDCDCPDGDRGSFSGOESLCDLEDNCC·FCNCDCNESDISNFDRSNYVo'DLNOAANPSNWSRAWSSCSUSDAUSDI

Alternating currentAdminis tra tive Forest Fire Information Retrieval and Management SystemAutomatic weather station(s)Boise In teragency Fire CenterBureau orland Ma nagementDirect current; VDC, volts direct currentDa ta collection pla tformDa ta Gene ra lDirect rea dout ground stationFore st ServiceGeostationary operational e nvironmental satellitt>Liquid crystal displayLight -emitting diodeNational Computer Center a t For t Collins, CONationa l Climatic Da ta CenterNa tional Environmental Satellite Data Inform ation ServiceNational Fire Da nger Rating Syste mNational Fire-Weather Data LibraryNational Oceanic and Atmospheric AdminstrationNational Park ServiceNational Weather ServiceRemote automatic wea ther station(s); P-RAWS. portable RAWSSoil Conserva tion ServiceU.S. Depa rt ment of AgricultureU.S. Depa rt men t of the In teri or

231

INDEX

A

~ssory cabinet (shelur). 11eens truetron detail. 2 16

Accuracy standards, 6-7, 159·160AFFIRMS. I , S. 8-9, ISO, 152·153, 164Alcohol th erm ometers, 15.16, 106-107Alter shie ld, 45-46. 74Aluminum shelter. 14-15Anemometers, II , 2&.35, 56, 151, 170-171

Belfcrt totalizing, 129 (also see totalizing)«:alibration .I22-123circuit check, 123contacting, 26, 28. 30, 56, 87.88, 122. 132counte rs , 28 .29, 87, 103, 134·137dial (see totalizing)digital <elect ronic) readout. 32-34Dwyer wind meter, 34 -35, 88-89, 133·134Exposure, standa rd, 66Fore ster Model 9X140. 124·125Forester Model 9XlSO, 125·126Priez dial type, 130·1 31 (also see totIllizing)generator. 31~. 88accumula ting, 32-33, 88, 133

hand-held, 33-35. 88.89, 133·134hei gh t adjust ment, 66-67installation. 67 .69, 157lightning pr otection. 70-71lubrication, 122mainte na nce, 122·134Natural Power mode ls, 32.33, 88, 133operation, 87-88, 179-180pole or tower , 67 -69small Airways, II , 126-127Stewart aluminu m cup, II , 128teste r . 122·123totalizing, 30-31, 87-88, 129·131at eva poration pan, 56, 77, 103, 146

tu rbi ne-blade, 34\\·e stherMeasure W164 a nd W164B, 132

Archiving , data, 5, 8-9Automa tic .....eather stations (AWS), 5, 149.150, 165·174

data retrieval,S, 150manufacturers a nd suppliers, 223sensors, 149·150, 170·174system fea tures, IS O, 165·166

B

Ba rometric pres sure sensors, 7,152, 158, 174Beaufort wind scale, 90·91Belt wea ther kit. 20, 34.35, 161Bimetallic thennome-ter, 17,23Bimetallic pyranograph, 53-54Boise Intt'ragency Fire Center (Blt'C), ISO, 153, 155·156,

160, 164Depot re-pai r facility, 162-163Direct Readout Ground Station (DRGS), 163·164(also eee RAWS downlink)

field support group, 160·161

232

Bou rdon tube, 17·1 8 23Buzzers (wind counten~, 28, 134-135

cCampbell -Stok es sunshine recorder, 52 .53 , 77, 146Charts, reeording, 6, 24-25, 39

changing charts, 86, 93Chart drive, 6, 23 , 39, 118-119

battery-operated. 6. 23,119clock,6,23,118-119

Clima tological station,S, 11·12CLICOM ,9-10Clouds, 52, 203-211

classification , 203 -204cover, 52form . 52

Communications, RAWS, AWS. 5, 149·1SOmeteor-burst, 44, 150satellite, 5, 41, ISO, 153, 160voice synthesizer, ISO, 153·154

Comp uter programs, 9-10Contacting anemometers , 28, 30, 56, 87.88, 122-132Conversion , measureme-nt units, 226-230Cotton region sh elter, 13,63-65, 106Coun ters (Me wind counte rs )

nData,

archi ving, S, 8.9, 153communica tion,S, 149-150, 153computer programs, 9-10managemen t, 8-10quality control (monitoring), 8-9, 164processing, 150retrieval, S, 150, 221 .222storag e, 8, 150summari es, 9transm ission ( see- data communication)

Dataco1lertion platform, RAWS, 153,158, 162-163Deformation thermometer, 17, 23Depot repair facili ty, 162·163Depression, WE't bul b, 12Dewpoint , 12

sensors, 172tables, 12, 183-202

Dial anemometer (see totalizing anemometer!Dial thermometer, 17.18,57-58, 82Digital readout,

ane-mometer, 32-34precipitation gauge , 44thermometer, 18, 82

Direction, wind ( SE't' wind direction)Dry bulb a nd wet bu lb (also se-e wet bulb),

temperatures, 12thermometers , 11, 18, 20, 22, 83, 110replBC'ement, 110

Duffbed,74-75Dwyer wind meter, 34-35, 88 -89, 133-134

E

Electrical re sistance block, 58, 80, 147Electrical (electronic) thermometers. 18, 151, 172Electric fan psychrometer. II, 18. 19. 84, 111.112. 178-179Electronic: odometer. 136-137Elec tronics, RAWS system, 153, 161-162

AWS, 150Electronics enclosure, 153Eppley pyrancmeter, 53Equ ipment list,

maintenance. manual stations, 105ma intenance, RAWS, 160-162ma nual weathu station s, 4,11 -12RAWS sensors, 155·156

Ethylene glycol (antifreeze) solution. 95Evaporation, 54

calcu lation. 102-103Evaporation pan, 54-55, 102-103, 146

accessorie s, 54-56fixed -point gauge, 56-57,103hook gauge, 55, 102. 146st illing well, 55, 146

Evapora tion station, S, 11.54.57,61-62equipment, I I , 54-57layout, 62locat ion, 61-62measurements, 102·103

Exposure, inst ro m"nt(S£>nsor).siting , 5 .6, 61.62, 73

F

Fergusson rain gauge (see Univ ersal .....eighing gauge)Ftxed -point gauge, 55-56, 103Fire -.....eather station, ma nual type , 4-5, 11, 61

equipment, 4-5, 11checklists, in sta lla tion and maintenance, 212-214

layout, 61location, 5-6, 61maintenance check lists, 212·2 14

Flashers (wind counters), 28, 134· 135Forester 9X140 anemometer , 124-125Forester 9X150 anemometer, 125-126Fore ster (Appalachian) sca le, 11,48-49, 97.99 , 142·143

installation, 75-76Forester (Chisholm) portable scale, 49 , 99, 143Forester 9X156 wind counter. 135Forest Service rain gauge, 36, 92Four-inch plastic m in gauge, 38-39, 93Fractured cons triction, maxi mum

thermometer. 106-107Fupl moisture, 48 .51, 152FUE'l moisture scales, 11,48-51

Forester (Appalachia n). 11,48-49, 75-76,97.99, 142·143Forester (Chisholm) portable, 49,99, 143Harvard ba lance, 49, 51,100,102,144. 145installation , 75-76maintenance, 142·145portable, 49, 99. 100, 143scal e shelter, 49, 5 1, 75-76, 217 -218Williams pocke t, 49-50, 99-100, 143triple beam bal an ce, 49-50, 100.101, 144·145use of sca les , 97.101. 181·182

233

Fuel moisture- sti cKs, II, 48, 142duff bed. 74-75exposure, 75ACTH'ning, 75weighing of stick, 97 ·101

Fuel temperature, 152

G

Generator anemometers, 31-33, 88Glycometh (a n tifreeze) solution. 44GOES satellite (see satellite

communication)

II

Hair hygrometer. 18hair element (see hygrothennographs)

Hand fan psychrometer, 19-20, 84. 112-113Hand-held anemome-ters, 33.35, 88-89 , 133-134Harvard balance, 49, 51 , 100, 102, 144-145Hook gauge, 55, 102, 146Humidity, rE'la tive (SE'E' rela tive humidity)HygrothermoeE'rograph.31,

cons tructi on detail. 219electrical circuit. 220

Il)·grothermographs.23-26Belfort type, 24Bendix type, 23calibration. 26 . 86-87, 119-122chart drive, 6, 23, 118-119charts, 24-25

changing charts, 86dOCK, 23, 118·119humidity element (hair element ), 23-25, 86, 115-116,

120-122insta lla tion, 65maintenance, 115·1 22operation, 86.87 , 179pen arms (pens), 23, 116, 120-122inking of pens, 86

ran gE' adj ustment, 120·122reliability, 26temperature element, 23-25

bimetallic, 23, 25Bourdon tu be, 23-24

WeathE'r1!E'asure type, 23, 25ZPTO adjustment, 120

I

Inking of pens, 86Installation,

evapora tion station, 61·62manual station equipment, 61·80RAWS, 156-159res ponsibility, 7standard (man ual) fire-weather station, 61

checklists, 212-2 14Instrument (sensor) exposure (see exposure)

installa tion (see installation)lnsrruments (sensors) (see individual 1istings for

exposure, installa tion , maintenance, and operatinginstructions)

desirable charaeteristies, 6

lnstrumen r sh el te rs, 12-15aluminum, 14-15anchor pin, 63. 215cotton region, 13. 63 -65, 106orchar d type, 14-15portable, 14-15solar radia tion shields, 13-14 , lSI, 172-173

K

Kind of precipi tat ion, 47

L

Layout, weather station , 61-62Lightning protection, 70-7 1Liqu id-in-glass thermometers, 15-17Location, station, 5-6 , 61-62

Mainte na nce,basic program. manual station, 105-106checklists, ma nual fire -weather sta tion, 212-214instru ment (see individual instrument lis ti ngs)tools a nd equipment (see tool cache )RAWS (see remote a utoma tic wea ther stations ,

mainte nance)responsibility, 7, lOS, 160, 162

~Janagemf'nt,

data. 8-10stations and eetwcrke, 8

'-Ja nual stations (see stations )'-la rkings, thermometer. restoring, 106Ma son hygrom eter. 22, 85Meximum temperature. 12, 82-83'-laximum-minimum thermometers,

dial type, 17-18,82digital , 18, 82Six's type, 16-17,65,82,109-110standard (see standard maxi mu m a nd minimum

thermometers)Meusurement units, conversion, 226-230~1easurf'mf'nts (see observations or operating ins tru ctions

for individual instruments or wea ther elements)Measuring stick. min gaug e, 36 , 95~I f'chanica l wind counter (see wind counters)~J f' rcu ry thermomete rs, 11, 15-17Minimum temperature, 12, 82-83Mcnitcring, RAWS,

data, 164performance, 163-164

Mcr tarbcerd psychrometer, 22-23, 85, 115Mounts (see support)

Xationa l Environmental Satfolli te Data Informa tionService (S ESDISJ, 153, 162-163,221

Xatic nal Fire Danger Rating System (NFDRS) indexes,1,3-4. 9, I SO, 153

Natiennl Fire Wea ther Data Library (NFWD L). 8-9. 153S etworks, station, I , 3-4Neurron probe, 59, 80Neutron scattering, 58-59

234

Nipher shield, 45-4 6Nonreco r ding min ga uges, 36-39

mai nte nance, 139measurements, 92standard 8-inch gauge, 36-37, 73, 92, 139, 180-181weighing scales, 37-38, 139

Nooreset wind counter. 28-29

oObse rv a tions (mf'asuremen ts) (see listings for individual

in s truments)abridged instructions, 178-182

Observation time. 5, 82. 92Observer respc n sibilt iee, 7One-mile contacts, 30One-sixti eth-mile contacts, 28Operati ng ins tructions (opera tion) (see observations)Orientation of wind va ne. 72. 73. 157

p

Parallax error. 81Pens, recording, 6. 23Pocket (Will ia ms) fuel moisture scale, 49-50. 99-1 00Pocket psychrometer. 20Poles. anemometer, 67-69Portable electric fan payehrometer, 19-20, 84 -85, 113-114Portable fuel moisture scalf'. 49, 99-100,143Portable instrument shelu-rs, 14-15

aluminum, 14-15orcha rd type. 14-15

Portable weather station s,manual type, 14, 34portable RAWS. 154·155

Prf'cipitation .36-47dura tion. 47, 74ki nd, 47mea suremen t, 92-96

Precipitation gauges (see rain gauges)Preventive maintenance (see indivriduel ins trument

listi ngs a nd RAWS maintenance)Psychrometers, 11-12, 18.23. 65

electric Ian, 11, 18-19,84, 111 ·112. 178-179hand fan, 19-20, 84, 112-113maintenance, 110-115Mason hygrometer. 22, 85mortarboard, 22-23. 85, 115observa tions and operation, 83-85 . 178-1 79portable electric fan, 19-20.84-85. 113-114sli ng. 20-21 , 85. 114-115

pocket, 20, 85Psychrometric tables . 12, 183-202Pu nched-tape recording gauge (punche d tape recorder ), 41

operatio n, 95Pyranoeneters, 52-53. 146, 152. 173Pyrenograph, bimetallic, 53-54

R

Radiation shields. 13-14 . 151, 172-173Rain gaug es (precipi tation gauges). 36-46

anti-freeze solution, 44, 95exposure. 73

Forest &rvice type, 36, 92four-inch clear plastic, 38-39, 93installa tion , 73-74maintenance, 139-141measuring stick, 36, 95nonN!COrding. 36-39, 73. 92. 139. 180obse rvations and operation, 92-96, 180-181punched-tape recorder. 41 , 95reeerdieg; 39-44reliabi lity . 44Sacramento, 44-45. 96amall-orifice. 37-39. 93sno....fall water content, 47, 92 .93, 181standard a-tech, 36-37, 73.92, 139. 180-181standpipe. 44-46, 96storage, 44-46. 96support, 37tipping bucket, 42-44. 95 , 141, 151-152, 157. 173Univ ersal weighing (Fergu sson), II, 39-4 1, 73.74 ,

93-95,139.141,181with potentiometer, 152. 173

wedge-shaped (fencepost), 39, 93weighing scales. 37-38, 138wind effeocts on catch. 73wind shields, 45-46. 74winter operation. 39. 42, 92-93 , 95

Range adjustment, h}-grothermograph,120_122RAWS (I(>(' remote automatic weather stations)Recording precipitation gauges, 39-44

(see punched-tape N!COrder. tipping bucket ga uge . andUniversal weighi ng gauge)

Relative humidity. 12hai r element (see h}"grothermographs)instruments or sensors, 18-26, 151. 158, 172pen arm . hygrothennograph, 23,116

Relative humidity and dewpo in t tables , 12, 183.202Remote au tomatic wea ther sta tions CRAWS), 5. 7. 8-9.

149-165antenna, 153, 158. 163batteries, 152-153classes, dep loyment, 155communications, 5, 153, 160configuration, 155 -156data archiving, 8, 153data collection platfonn, 153. 158, 162-163data retrieval. 5. I SO. 153. 221-222Direct Readou t Ground Station (DRGS). 163-164downlink, 8, ISO. 153. 164electronics, 153, 161-162elet'tronics enclosure. 153, 158installation, 156-159maintenance, 160-165

BLM Field Support Group. 160.161breakdo......n maintenan ce, 163-165contracted services, i , 160. 162-163depot maintenance, 7. 162 -163equipment, 160-162monitoring (wa t.chdog). 7,160.163.164preventive (field) maintenance, 160. 162

portable RAWS, 154-155satellite (GO ES) communications , 5, 149· 150, 153, 160se nsors , 149-152, 157-158

235

sensor stan dards. 7.159-160,162-163solar panel. 149, 153, 157transmitter. 153, 164tower, 152-153, 156-159voice synthesizer, ISO. 153-154

Reset wind counter, 28-29Responsibilities, personnel. 7, 105Retreater.l07

sSacramento gauge. 44-45. 96Satellite communication. 5. 41. ISO, 153, 160Scales. fuel moisture (see fuel moisture scales)&nsors (see in struments. AWS. and RAWS)Se nsor standards, RAWS. 7, 159-160, 162-163Separated colum ns , 107Shelters ,

acc essory (see accessory cabinet)head, soil thermometer, 5 B, 78.79instru men t (see instrument shelters)scale. 49, 51, 75-76, 217 ·21 8thennometer Ieeeinstrument shelters)

Sh ield,radiation, 13-14, 151.1 72-173wind, 45-46. 74

Site selection standards. 5-6, 156Six's maximum-minimum thermometer , 16-17,65,82,

109-110mounted in evaporation pa n. 56-57. 103, 146

Sling psychrometer. 20-21 , 85. 114-115pocket, 20. 85standard, 20-2 1

Small-orifice rain gauges. 37-39, 93Snow bea rd , 46Snow depth, 47. 97. 181Snow sampling tu bes, 47Snow stake, 47, 74Sno~fall.47.96. 181

water content, 47, 92.93,181Soil moisture measurement, 58-59. 80, 152, 158

electric a l re sistance blocks, 58. BO, 147ne utron probe, 59. 80plot, 80, 147

Soil temperature. 57, 103meas urement depths. 58plot , 78, 147

Soil thermometers , 57-58, 103. 147, 152installation. 78-79,158

Solar panel. 149, 153, 157Solar radia tion, 52Solar radia tion shields (see radia tion shields )Standard fire -weather station (see fire-weathe r station

manual type) ,Standard maximum and minim um

thermometers, 11. 15-16, 65maintenance, 107-108operation,81~, 178retreeter, 107separated colum ns , 107

Standard rain ga uge, 11. 36-37, 73. 92,139. 180-1B l

Standards,sensor, 6-7, 159-160, 162-163site selection, 5-6

Standpipe gauge, 44-46, 96Station network s, 1, 3-4Stations,

automatic (AWS), 5, 149-150, 165-174climatological, 5, 11-12eva pora tion, S, 11, 54-57, 61-62, 102-103fire -weather , manual, 4-5, I I, 61, 212-214loca tion, 5-6, 61-62manual, 4portable, 14, 34, 154·1 55remote automatic (see RAWS)

Stick, fuel moisture (see fuel moisture sticks)Stilling well, 55, 146Storage pre cipitation gauges, 44-46

measurements, 96Support,

instru ment shelter, 13rain gauge, 37Townse nd, II, 16, 65, 108

Sunshine recorders, 52Cam pbell-Stokes re corder, 52-53 , 71, 146

T

Te mperature , 12a verage, 12de w'point , 12dry bulb and wet bulb, 12fuel, 152instruments (see hygrotherm ogra phs, psychrometers,

a nd thermometers)maximum and minimum, 82

adjustment to calendar day , 82·83pen arm, hygrothermograph, 23, 116soil, 57, 103

Thermometers, 11-12, 15-18alcohol, 15. 16, 106-107bimetal, 17, 23Bourdon tube, 17-18, 23defects, 106-107deformation, 17, 23dial, 17-18, 57-58, 82digital, 18, 82dry and wet bulb, II, 18, 20, 22, 83, 110electrical (electro nic), 18, 78, lS I , 158, 172frac tu red constriction, 106-107liquid-in-glass, 15-17installation, 65, 78-79, 158maintenance, 106-110markings, 106mercury, 11,15-17mercury-in-steel, 17-18soil thermometer , 57-58, 78

psychrometer (see dry and wet bulb)reading, 81-82retrea te r, 107se parated colum ns , 107shelter (see instrumen t shelters )shield (see radiation shi elds)

236

Six's maximum -minimum, 16.17,65,82,109-110mounted in evaporation pan , 56-57, 103, 146

soil, 57-58 , 78-79, 103, 147, 152, 158spiri t, 16standard maximum and minimum, II , 15-16, 65, 81-82,

107-108,178support, Town sen d, 11, 16, 65, 108wet bu lb (see dry and wet bulb)

Therm omete r shelters (see instrument shelters)Time,

obse rvation,5,82,92precipitation occurrence, 47, 74

Ti pping bucke t rain gauge, 42-44, 141, 151·152, 157, 173heated gauge, 42-43 , 173operation, 95

Tool cache, maintenance equipment,manual stations, 105RAWS, 160-161

Totalizi ng anemometer, 30-3 1, 87-88, 129-13 1a t eva poration pan, 56, 77,103, 146

Totalizing win d counter, 136Tower,

anemometer, 67-69precipitation ga uge, 73-74RAWS, 152.154, 156-159

Townsend support, 11, 16, 65, 108Transmi tter , RAWS, 153, 164Triple beam balance, 49-50, 100-101,144.1 45Twenty-foot standard height ,

adjustment, 66-67

uUniversal weighing gauge, 11, 39.4 1, 73-74

calibration check, 140-141maintenance, 139-141operation, 93-95, 181with potentiometer, 152, 173

vVanes, wind (see wind vanes)Ventilation, wet bulb, 18, 84-85Vertical douds, 52 , 203-204

wWater content, snowfall, 47, 92-93 , 181Wedge-sha ped (fencepost) rai n gauge, 39 , 93Weighing rai n gauge (see Universal weighing gauge)Western Regional Climate Center (\\'RCC), 8Wet bulb,

depression, 12temperature, 12thermometer, 11, 18-20, 22venti lation, 18, 84-85wick, 18,83-85, 110-111

Willia ms pocket scale, 49-50, 99-100, 143\'Vind, 26-35Wind counters , 11, 28-29

buzzers, 28, 134-135flash ers, 28, 134-135Fore ster 9X156, 135Fore ster totalizing, 136

installation, 71maintenance, 134-137nonreset, 28-29operation . 87-88rese t, 28-29Stewart electr onic odometer, 136-137with 10-minute timer. 28-29

Wind din-ction. 11.26, 32, 35Wind direction system, II, 32, 71.72, 137-138

indi ca tor la mps, 72, 138Wind meter, hand -held ( BH Dwyer wind meter )Wind movement, 103

237

windspeed, 11, 26. 87adjustment to 20-foot standard height, 89-90Beau fort 5('8.1e, 90-9 1gusts, 91Instruments (eee an emometers)

'Wind sh ields, 45-46, 74Wind vane. II , 35, 151.170-171

install ation, 71-73, 157maintenance, 137·138

zZero adjustm..nt, 120

Finklin, Arnold I.; Fischer, William C. 1990. Weather station handbook- an interagencyguide for wildland managers. NFES No.1140. Boise, 10: National Wildf ire Coordinat ingGroup. 237 p.

A comprehensive guide lor the operation of weather stations provid ing data for wildlandresource management. Both manually ope rated and automatic-type weather stations areincluded. Especially intended for use by USDI Bureau of Land Management and NationalPark Service, USDA Forest Service, and similar agencito's. Describes instrumental equip­ment, siting, installation, data collection, and meimenance.

KEYWORDS : weather stations, weather instruments, weather observat ions, l ire-weather,fire management

e u.s , GOVER/I;MENT pRINTING OFFICE: 1990791 _ 173/22067