unM" 9

nqsdoarqsaraznqs6ma~l~~o~niu q

(Communication and Group Decision Making) I n l ~ ' R ~ ~ 1 5 d ~ ~ d d 5 ~ ~ ~ % ~ l ~ ~ ~ d ? U d d ~ ~ ? ~ 1 ~ 3 ~ ~ ~ ~ d d ~ ~ ^ R ~ ~ ~ i ~ aaz

d ~ z h ~ w ~ l u n i ~ ~ i ~ i u a ~ u ' u PI luni~~~~n"uu"ilunisCom~ dIr'd3z~n"6niwuono~n V odaJci~~a'?udsz^Rniniw aazd.rz'.nkw~u~~u~e%iui~~m7~uu"w ~ ~ 0 ' ~ f z ~ i i ~ ~ n n a ~ n

R ~ U nis~idiuui~Iuo~n'ni~tullseu1nc 70 i ~ o i i Q u A u a ~ i ~ a i ~ i m u o z n n l ~ PI

rhrriun^onr.rui~oni.r~om~lau nirtBuu (writing)

~ISQIM (Reading)

nir%?i SIMUI u (Interpreting)

nifwfl (Speaking) uflz PI

ni3& (Listening)

fion.i.runjniia~z~$iui~~~1~4~~Cunisrli~iuniuluo~n'n~~~riiior

d i i ~ u n i s d o ~ h k ~ u 8 ~ a i u i s n n h 7 l n ' i i ni3Boai.rdnr~ d-ir~n~uiw~ow ihd Wi~don?~uhi~ouadni fu?~i . rd iu

l ~ 5 n ~ u l ~ d a z ~ ~ u s i ? n ' u o ~ l ~ n ~ l d l r n i r ~ o ~ i r d o n i c ni.i'Roairiiluni.r

r i i ~ n o n n a i u ~ ~ i u ' l u r ~ v . i i ~ a u i 3 n u o ~ n ~ u lriiGu~iidi0unisri~unonllst.~n"u

ch<yM~o~uafinL~itu u d ~ z ~ r i ~ u n i ~ ' R o n ~ i u ~ u 1 ~ ~ ~ ' ~ r " ~ ~ ~ i ' b o ~ u d o ~ ~ 6 ~ d n i ~

diunonsi?~ r n u ~ u n d u ~ ~ n ~ r u ~ ~ n & n u v i f d w n n ~ ~ i o o s ~ u q 1 ~idrAouaui5nnu A ou~~~dlmsr'nilvi~~o.rsJ"uin~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Q J R U I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ L ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ Q ~ I T ~ ~ J " U I M R ~

PI ad 8

auu~"Iiwnt.i~iIoi~wiz$o ~ T u I i i i i I a n ~ u u d i i i communication bidvliluiid

nisdi unoo u a z n a i u ~ $ i ~ s n ~ i a ~ ~ u i LI (Transference and understanding of

meaning)

d ~ u n o n l l i n u ~ u ~ f i ~ a n ~ i u ~ u ~ u a s t n ~ i u h < ~ n ~ s * R o ~ ~ s d n u ~ s n i ~ ~ u u (Perfect d d ww d

communication) n"on~snn.nuAn~~ouua~nn~nd~unonoonu~r~RI? ;~UIIRTIU

% n d ~ s ~ ~ b o a n ~ . s $ o A ~ ~ q (The Objectives of Communication)

dad u ~ a n i ~ u ~ n u i ~ C i ~ : l $ ~ i t ~ u n d s : ~ n n v ~ ~ n ~ ~ l R ~ n i s n i s - i ! ~ ~ ~ u n n ~ u d ud ~ods:a~6~iac~1u1~rdiu~n~anon?iu~uiun'1 i lu i"a isdirou~7~i~ .a ' q i l n i s d

w u X r1lun1sd1uwnn1u1anuiau61do~6uvo~w'd~ U w oasdlnn~u q

d 1) n i s ~ o m ~ t w ~ n ~ s ~ ~ ~ s (Persuasion Communication) TO)

d d 2) ni~aoa1a~won1auenn6j1~ (Informational Communication)

d d 3) nisaon1srwodiononoisanb'n~7u~n (Emotional Communication)

4) n1s'Ramndodntii~un71us?~ (Distortion Communication)

o . m s d o a ~ ~ ~ d o n ~ a ~ d a (Persuasion Communication)

2.4- n i s ~ o a ~ s s u u u u ? c ~ ~ d ~ t ~ ~ ~ t d ~ e ~ h ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t s ' w ' r " u r ~ m n - r ~ u ~ n ~ u ~ s ~ ~ o 91 91 91

d 2. d ud ~aouuIuu'on~iunlanaun:~iian~~udwX~'out~~~ I u ~ o ~ n ~ ' i l l i u ~ u ( i i ~ i o u i n i s kula~l$ni.r8oaisuuud C~unuv~urinla"iirnisIliuJ~?ic~leno~snnilwv~:: 91

~~n~'ln'M'bGl ~ Q I F ) L W ~ F J ~ I " ~ ~ 6 7 ~ ~ ~ I ~ l I ~ 9 ~ l ~ ~ k 7 ~ ~ ~ n l ~ ~ $ J l ~ ( b ~ f i ~ n l 3 ~ ~ ~ ~ j 7 ~ Y odir d~ ~1n~~'~unic~ouuriius:'b6~uu'or~u~~~~w qt9~~udatnis ToniaGi qadi4

&b.h.inu q iuCn'ru1o6orauurn:"

d 0 n i s ~ o ~ ~ ~ r ~ o n i s u o n n R ' 1 1 (Inforrnatlonal Comrnunlcation)

und Q - n ~ s ~ a r n a ~ ~ r n ~ 7 m % ~ t ~ 1 0 ~ n ~ u

P n i ~ i / o n i (Emotional

Communicatlbn)

nisIRo~isr~uu

n~iu$nrduduan'wlcdd tduniswnrdod~nsznuu?saulunisii:ny~ PI en~iur60

vo fu i ius~ ni~y119u~uo~linni.irfio,1 n i m u w k ~ ~ o d o ~ C u n ~ i u ~ d ~ ~ ~ s s u nis

C(ds:~n~ai5~n~nniuainn"unitl~on~r~~~ni.r.i~uw6$~rdoei~6iu rilu6u

0 nisdonisr~o0mriiouaaiu~3~ (Dlrtortion Communication)

nsru~~nisnisdoflis (~.he'~omhunication Process)

d cr t: nszu?unis~o~is (Communication Process) y~ui~ndvugotbdid qsznjid d d

unddu'a y Rdl? HI5 (Source) ~u#%J$~~Rdl2Rls (Receiver) qdu w R~lI$rYLft(lnls

kc i iuy I$an is iunua t r i inna iu r~ i lon~ iuy Iu i~v~~u"o~ nu"u

luncp1?uhis#orls h ~ C ( l i l u d o ~ n i ~ n i s ~ n cliuvodlio y syIiniinisG'nrfi a' r d u ~ r u u y I i o d A ~ i i n v ~ i ~ ~ f i n $ w ' R ~ r y 1 d i u a e r i o l G r ~ n ~ l y r r i ~ i o n i s 8 o r i s

w - d' E nszu-runis'nori~muisn~i~o~sruuIn~~u P 2 u s % oinsdf( 9:1 a1nrnunseu~unis~uni~#o~isdszno~ftb6~ ud~tbc(d16i-g 7 C

91

5 2 4 ~ drznis#o 0) d

1) undd~ornsyI$o(dd (Communication Source ur Sender)

2) n i s I h $ ~ (Encoding) ~ i ~ n l . i ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ? 1 u ~ 6 ~ ~ n l . i ~ ~ m s ~ ~ ~ 8 ~ . r $ R

d o riry bindu;d ~ r u u h q

3) T ~ ~ ~ d i ~ ~ i s d . ~ ~ ~ n i s k o n ~ i u y ~ u i u (Message)

Message

Message

Feedback

i

9.1 uuu~irsunnuaunilsm~~ (The Communication Process Model)

r d 4) d o ~ n i ~ h ~ ? u d ~ c i i u u " o ~ n ~ i ? ~ i f (Channel) ~ra~anniddarJiu"o~n

U

111 a mrrd CJ W"?Y U

5) n i ~ n o ~ ~ k (Decoding) ~ ~ o n i r ~ n ~ i u ~ u ~ ~ y a ~ u " o ~ n d ~ ~ m r d ~ n d ~ u ~ ' 6) (?u (Receiver)

7) u n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n ~ u ~ f ~ n i ~ i l Q U ~ ~ U (Feedback) ihLfluwasinniriin?iu

y'opdixnrdkui I

~du i~~~wduhgad1aw13 (Sender or Source)

n~s IhGw (Encoding)

~ i o n i r h ~ o i n ~ i u 8 m ~ ~ o ~ a ~ ~ d ~ ? m ~ d 6 a e n i r ' R a ~ i s ~ ~ i k(?uuirlinir

~ ~ d n ~ ~ f i ~ f l u s ~ ~ ~ ? o ~ ~ n ' n ~ m " I u ~ d ~ ~ w u d ~ ~ 1 n i r ~ d r ~ ~ s r d r z ~ u un k7b"rs~flidh

dou~uod~u~s~~d?uunnnni~niu U q . ,

1) ' $ n ~ ~ ( S k i l l ~ ) .

2) $k%t,nR (Attitudes)

3) naluj (Knowledg

4) sz~u~wusssunid I-cultural System)

O C ~ J Y ~ ~ I ~ ~ I T (Mess

1oi~d~iru~dsrsud~rz~1u7l~di~?~lnislds~a (Encoding) ~~oddC/ idd u wu t a d udysu (Receiver) kLmMLiun47 Message nduu Message $JMUI unda~did q

uinuiu ~ d u

bdob5lv?@ Ai;nWa Message d

buobfibfiuu hnaiuibfi u u ~ o Message

bdoimaislsd u niwainiia Message

~dornaaoldiiiui fiinid viinid6iia Message

0 d o ~ n i s (Channel)

a d n o a o n a ~ ~ d n s i ? n a i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ f l u n i s d ~ ~ i u u ' ~ ~ a d i a m s d ~ b ~ n i s ' f l ~ a ~ s PI w' 91

cidrzbiluw'btandodnid 91 ki~r"udddd~7'3'3zb~u~idnir~"b~~d~~unidni~ bbs~"ai~vinaiu -

IMUI~RU ~ u ~ ~ ~ n i ~ ~ ~ ~ ) ? a ~ i a ~ i ~ n d ~ i ( ~ a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u n i ~ d i ~ ~ u ~ ~ n s s u ~ n n n d ~ ~ r l k 91

w U

y n a i n n z ~ u d i ~ qlnudo~ni~d~Ouni~msd~~i lwkuni~ i~uanir~aiun~su~nu

uiyai ciaunisdo~istuadiam~6u~~dui'so~ciau6a 91 ~ O J R * J R U biru~~u ulngnddd

~udo~n id~~d i i r un idn~s

0 ~ I ~ ~ Q A T ~ ~ (Decoding

w w u c?sunoidi~ui u h6quo~nsruaunis80~is riouffrziinis?u+o~aiiams d W U ~z~~iinisada;lfliy~imriio~~Riluoilu~rlauudi~ ~lK~,Ousdauunwsu~iui.m 91 91

1+ih!Oijiu ~ ~ n i s n s z l j i ~ j n ~ i a w " ~ u n ~ i n i s n o ~ s r ~ " a (Decoding)

Iuni~lcisriR ~ ~ l j i ~ r i i d l ~ m k 0 ~ 6 ~ ~ B n ' n u : ~ i u d i ~ q BnkunG Snaiui PI

aazszuuiwuassuni~~~nub~al f lunis~f iuu nirwn 91 l u f i i uo~~ luan i r fi?ui, 91

t d' rzdio~iin'nl~zlunisdiu~ianis8~ii?ubduh n~ubwsiz i isz6uuo~naiu i

d u u r o n s s z ~ ~ u ~ o a n s z 6 u a d f l i u ~ o o u m d n d 1 ~

H R R ~ " ~ M ~ & w ? Q ~ ~ T ~ ~ M ~ ~ " ' u (Feedback)

iio~usou#ozflsqa~ouiinisdd w i u u " o ~ a ~ i ~ r i s ~inbbnidprl"30~$ (Source

or Sender) I ~ U ~ C ~ ~ U # U ~ Z Z B Y PI W A k b?~mi~?'fl~d?if I J ~ M ~ Q I L!LIJ\@ L L A : ~ ~ durn q l f i ~ ~ u ~ n i i ~ ? u i n ~ i u ~ u " i l o l u r ~ ~ ~ i u a ~ u " o ~ ~ ~ i ~ w i s ~ i u n PI c?r~n'a~nis~5011i

1wzizw~rz6oun$uuo~lTa~ adi~wiz6n~uruiui&s:uu~~usi?uanii~sz~u d drz8n3niwuo~nrzu~uniaworiz

4 1 W A uvld~nno!vlinciln?sficilida~ (source of Distotortion)

a: ~uussniad6drznou 7 l ] ~ z n i ~ u u u u d i ~ o , d n ~ zuauni~dowizu~ k d ~ z d v r t: o~ni l~znoui i lon~r~o:r io~K~RanisGstdou~k ~ U R ~ I ? R I S I I PI w PI r d ( ~ ~ I o k o i o

r d v 8 n ~ n a i u ~ I u f i ~ n i ~ 6 u I n ~ ~ da~Gau i i a ~ ~ u u o i n i ~ ~ l ] r : s ~ n n w t i ~ i r o ~ n i s PI

R iu~~?u~r i lpCQndiq nisKnbn fim~flau I m ~ 6 u u ~ ~ o n a i u n ~ i n 1nfoua7'i)~iim

nisd~e3iu ~f i?ui iu~i la~uuinuiudoz~fi l r?"~~mnisf im~fiou~dun~i~~ PI 4hunG sy6u

riilry c y i n'nuzlunis8d' nizdiu nizGn~iu~3u6u

d k n ~ n l s d o ~ 7 5 a (C on Fundamentals)

n i s r ~ u u ~ d ~ ~ n i s i o a i s ~ i r i l u ~ ~ r i i n ~ i u ~ v i ~ o ~ i : u ~ ~ u ~ r ~ ~ ~ o l ~ ~ a ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~

u i ~ d o ~ ~ ~ u r i o u lwd~~mozfinsmi~iu?Wn~&~~i~udo~d~~ q d o ~ i f d ' 0 ,

1) zdauu fiani;lnis~naaumb o ~ n i s ~ o ~ i s (The Flow Patterns of

Communication)

2) nisrd7uu rfiaurnjoliioni?6aflisuuu rilunlrnisaazllir~unl~nis

(Compare Formal and lnformal Communication Networks)

3) n ~ i u h ~ ~ u a ~ n i s i o ~ i s ~ a 1 1 n i w . l n l u (The Importance of Nonverbal

Communication)

4) !d RTSR dl<$ k i ~ i u n - 1 . i ~ o ~ 7 s d ~ . (Major Barriers to Effective

Communication) I

~6WlldnTdoals (Direction of Communication)

n~sionlsmulso L ~ ~ ~ U R ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ J ~ U U ~ ? ~ J ~ ~ R Z L L M ~ ~ ~ Y ~"~auuauou nis

rnBouRilU~u~d~m~~snrrunfioismil6 2 L L U ~ ~ I J ~ Q

Y n i s r ~ d o ~ ~ i Q i m ~ a d u ~ a d d i d (Downward)

n i s ~ a n i s u u u & ~ u m s ~ a ~ ~ s ~ i n s ~ 6 u ~ ~ ~ r ~ ~ a u ~ ~ i ? r d ( i f i ~ n i ~ ~ d i n - i i 9l

i n unL?i?rduh~ui~is~nlf lun~.r i fon~iuW 91 ~ ~ ~ n ~ i n s n i u ~ ~ o ~ ~ n i s r ~ a l l ~ j ~ d

n s i u ~ o ~ n i s r i i u u ~ u l u ~ ~ i u r i l i~u iu lun isv i i~ iu ifinisdfiu3oiu <dszrii~

i l q j ~ q d ~ i < $ k n l s u a u ~ ~ i u ~ ~ u ~ a z i u q

Y n i s r ~ ~ o x o i ? o i n i i d ~ b u o d ' ~ x (Upward)

10unisBo~isdiinisrn8ouni~ins~~u~6~ldlu~i~n~~d~~#u vlw'ndiu u u P ~ ~ d ~ ~ ~ ~ M l d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 7 ~ ~ ~ n l ~ d i b ~ ~ n l i ~ d i J n l n i u ~ ~ w n ~ i u n i m r i i l w

o n i ~ ~ ~ ~ o w s i ? r J l w u ~ a a i u ~ " a a b ~ ~ a ~ a ~ (Lateral)

d n rY nis6omsnbnnuusz~ii~b~oufauciu\~~i~lr~i~l~~u ~ u i ~ n ~ u ~ i u ~ a w i t

Ao $~nn~sstn'u~t~lanir~~aw~n~iu~uqC(o~lurzsiu~lsani, ~.riisennisi#o~is

uuuaii niAorn.rr~uanu (Lateral Communication) d pl ruounis'flo~irauu~~uad3 Vertical Communication) C(fldszEn^aniwuh

o i a f l d i n i u i i n i s ~ o ~ i s ~ ~ ~ u ILU~IIU (Lateral Communication) fi!naiudi~fluo~

d b ra io i7un~sdor7m dlu I

Informal Networks)

n Networks) i;oni~fii~umd~dnid 2 m d i ~ 7 d ~ d ~ ~ n i ~ ~ i ~ n ( / i a u w i u i s n ~ ~ o n

b n i o i ? u n ? J n ? l (Formal ~ehnrork)

l ~ ~ l ~ l d C n c l u i u ~ i ~ n i s ~ o m s ~ ~ u a A ~ n i u m o n i s u j ~ u C ~ a i ~ ~ ~ ~ u u ~ i n Y A ' Y d ~ u a ~ u u a ~ $ d i ~ u a t o i n d i ~ ? ~ u d ~ u ~ 91 il"art0~do~niswo ms6miuai~u

diu nis'Romsuuu6mauun~oismi

1) ~ U I J f l n r d (Chaln)

d d n L i f l ~ n i ~ ' R ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ n R ~ i d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ W l ~ ~ 7 l d ~ ~ i ~ n l ~ ~ d ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ i (Chain of

c w U U ~ d Command) ~insrtduu npLnm*l uoudnuun?iugnR'ad ~nudnsd~~ar~cluirwu n+ d Y ' r ~ o m s ~ ~ u u u o ~ ~ o o b i u ~ ~ ~ ~ " n i s ~ i ~ i u ~ d s ~ ~ n ~ n i ~ d ~ ~ ~

2) bnl l lnJ%I (Wheel)

~ ~ w n i s & m s d a i ~ u ~ " ~ i d ~ 91 ~ ~ u ~ u d n a i ~ ~ i ~ ~ ' ~ d d s r m ~ ~ i ~ n ' u 91 ~n"sou'i u n q '

w w d nulfi&iun.nudo~nadid 7 d ~ ~ n i t ' R o ~ i s i h i s ~ ~ u u 6 ~ ' ~ ; ; ~ u n i s d i u a d c l ~ n

~ f l u ~ u 6 n ~ i d 1 ~ ~ o n i w ~ ~ w m d o o n d d n i a ~ w ' ~ i ~ u ~ a ' b ~ d f 7 n ~ u i n ~ d ~ u 91 qJ

3) UUVD wnd5zm6 (All-Channel)

rruugnfa (Chain)

8dd 9.2 ~ ~ 5 8 h h t n 1 & t r n q d ~ n 1 m ~ u l u n ~ ~ ~ u i ~ ~ ~ n (Formal Small-Group Network)

182 GM425

unnd.9 m~rnrh~kmi%rhrh~o'~~r l~u~ ,- '

-, 1-

/-

rmal Network)

nisi& aisaiind~~tflun~~n~sd;sd~~~~uu~nu~o ql aioui~usdu U o~ms~oa i r

uuudindadin (Person-to-Person Method) d~tDuCfnnunih onL7Wiit0udo~ uormmrzai udiaodidld ~gun i~n ls (Grapevine) ~'3odia;a (Rumor) k ' u ~ o d

~nuolzuo~dialoni oluor n i n s w o ~ ~ d d s ~ ~ ~ u d i K ~ ~ 6 ' 3 dznis4o

dasn7rssan d i a i j o ~ ~ l u ~ ~ d ~ J a i u i s o n a u n u ~ ~ n u i l i u u i ~ i s q

(UnControllable Factor) \

da-nqsdnod wCn~iitdol&?unnu~~1?~n~niiti~u6~dt~u1~1~ d

~1~a~n~uinniiniau~~dia~di~~flu.u(7jnimo~iliuu~~is

\

w &-\ Q

&C(16ndi7ui ~~l$?.lii~dluhfli'i~u41 n1sns:aidi-i o d i ~ l i ~ 8 u ~ i ~ n i s l u

usr1~? i~k~~d8n i r i a1 isds~b61nw+b~s i~a~ f l i 1n"1~2"u~~~ ~ l i i a w i a i n a ~ i d

d i d q L d ~ h ~ l ~ . b ~ ~ ~ ~ i d ~ ~ n ~ ~ n l T ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i t ~ ~ ~ d n ~ ~ ~ 2 1 ~ d ~ d ~ n l ~

' ~ n i ~ d o ~ i i 6 ~ i i u n i w n i u (Nonverbal Cornrnunicatian)

odass~dlw?unnsdoafl75d~i q (Barriers to Effective

Communication) ?

nis~ou'onaiuoinu'ci~~d U k~?ulunseu?unisifo~it~stnou#unitldad 91

hniy~f l iudrtn is ~ d o d n ' l l s t n o u ~ ~ r i i u " ~ o i ~ r i o ~ r s ' ~ f i m n i ~ ~ u iinr6tlu~;o~n .

ai'u~uri d a ~ d ~ ~ s i o t u i i i o i f m i f i d ~ d a f f n d o t v f i ~ ~ n i s ~ ~ a i ~ u i n d ~ ~ ~ n ~ n i w ~ d vo. r ~ilu~dmiu~oa9iu~uo~w'dd 91 ~ d a ~ s n ~ d n d i a ~ i o ~ b ~ ~ n ~ o i s ~ i ~ m m ~ u q

1) nisnkunsod (Filtering)

2) nis~tionillf (selective Perception)

3) oisud naiu$nu~d$?u (Emotions) d Hd

4) n i wnlraoais (~an~uage)

d u , nisn hnsodnu~ufdnisn~ adu"oY ~d iams (Sender or Source) ~6~$ia)iYii n i r n n ~ ~ d ~ ~ ~ L L ~ R , I d ? ~ d s ~ $ o u a d i a ~ i s d ~ t d ~ ~ d ~ ~ ~ n i i ~ ~ ~ ~ a i ~ ~ i u o ~ w ' r ' u q PI PI 9d 91

d a d uo. A CQ niodi~J iu qn~nuo$dou ~ r d u n i s n ~ ~ n n i m ~ 1 ~ i u n i s d g u m ~ i u ~ ~ o n a i u ~ u ~ ~ i

'lunisdi~Grwiulrs'uiuln~d~ ~mnisqt i iarw 91 ~ I ~ I U S I L ~ ~ I U L ~ W I ~ ~ J ~ U I ~ ~ ~ M ~

Ia t lhW ut%$?u ((Receivers) ~ ~ n ~ r ~ ? ~ n l ~ ~ ~ ~ i 5 0 e ~ ~ o n ~ ~ " r o $ ~ ' R o d i d U 7 duo(&

1) R ? I U ~ Q ~ ~ I S (Needs)

2) id3d lo (Motivations)

3) d s r a u n i d (Experience)

4) 6 u ~ i u n l d n i s i n u l v i s o R f dun?? (Background) d

5) ~ n w o c : k u y n n n o u 7 (Other Personal Characteristics)

fi?u~n~nis?id~nsdn1sh~?~dddau~o~a:fdd~i~~~di~i~7?unisr'u~~~ U a

d i ~ a i s l u ~ ~ : d i ~ i f f ~ ? i ~ ~ u i LI

w d d b: wqiUZRnn~uusrnrniru?nMRznirnu wq1~~fi~Bd+m1~liowq1~3lfiu!

odir !ntr n ~ i u ~ n ~ ~ r ~ u ~ n ~ v n ~ r n ~ o n a i u ~ ~ 5 " i ' b ~ n ~ ~ u ~ s nqiu$h kndiqdou

~ i l u q d r n n d h < ~ s i a n i s ~ o ~ i s d ~

0 n~wd%?'danl.r (Language)

d i w m d a u d n ? i u a u ~ u ~ b b ~ n d i r n ' u o ~ n ~ d m i ~ n a i ~ b b ~ n d i r ~ ~ d ~ ~ n ~ i u 91

d W d u n ~ i u ~ u i u d u ~ s ~ ~ ~ a ~ d i ~ n l d 1 6 0 d d d i w m 91 q1 do$ngmn7iudir~in" hadsf! d d n

r h < ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ^ a w ~ d ~ h 7 ~ ~ ~ 3 7 ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ " 5 ~ ~ 7 ~ n * 6 ~

1) Q l q (Age)

2) iu2iunisdn w (Education) Y

3) wununir?wumu (Cultural Background)

luarn'nirsiir qwcinriu~niiGl;r_iuA~~mneiid~u d ~ ~ n i i i t u n i s ~ m u u u n U U

riuunsnmi unqiudiuiq b~wlr6lu nlwll~awl:: (Technical Term or Technical

Language) ~a~udnz5ai~wdoui rs lnd isn i id ho rn ' n i r l ~q j qijnisnszoiu d ra w~n~idddrzdiCrn5nindi~ 91 q d i~~~"5omwnlasr~undidn'u uirnh4irmdi 91

~Buan'ibn*oi~ijnai~~auiudirn'ul6 .

n ' n w z n d d i ~ ~ d ~ ~ a ' p ~ n ~ ~ d ~ w i ~ d ~ aJ ( ~ e y communication skills)

1 ) TII sfid Q d i d &Is (Active Listening Skills)

2) nisbm~~1unish~l5'u w~~K~'QM?%Y (Providing Feedback)\

0 nlsfida $idkd~o (Active Listening Skills)

- 1) inaiu&k (Paying Attention)

' 2) inir~naiunu~uro~d~d\~"iitb (Interpreting) I

3) i n i s a a ~ ~ ~ i n ~ d u i n s z ~ t b I 6 (Remembering) u d'd a n i s ~ o d i ~ ~ ~ ~ a ~ ~ n d i ~ ~ ~ ~ a u a ~ n ~ I [ ~ i ~ ~ u n i r w z l i ~ ~ d o z c t i \ J r i n i s U

d - d l aaaisddszau w a i i ~ i i , ~nodnisdszuirunirriii Iunrzuaunisioaisunu~?w - Y dazau~Jumstb

nirfid 45% (Listening)

niflm 30% (Speaking)

n i f d i ~ 16% (Reading)

nix$ uw - 9% (Writing)

f3U 100% (Total) \

Y u a ainriaudsrrnldn~iaii~~i~6u~ralnunu~ini~fi~driau~&ui~duau'o~~u

~ ~ n R ' n m s n i s ~ a w n i s a o ~ b ~ d ~ ~ ~ n w m i ~ ~ u n i s d i u U (Reading) n is ln

(Speaking) L L ~ L ~ I S L ~ U W (Writing) ~fluriaulnd ~donisfi~i inaiu h f i c i o Yad - a n szuauni~omsnluun~~na~in~~~6~i~~i~\6vfinis~nwciun?i~~onii~nir

~ d i d c ~ n f mw donisdoais steil ~ & u z ~ i $ ~ m o ~ u n i s 4 $UR o dmul<$a d d m - d' B o i l SIER a~uai5uu*uaowm~u

PI w 1) ~ I ~ ~ U ~ ~ I S ~ ~ R ~ I ~ J H U I ~ (Sense)

n ~ , d a m r u ~ m 7 ~ ~ % h l 0 1 1 ~ ~ n $ w ' unndig ',( .

4) nn3rgnih (Respond)

~ u i n i i ~ i i d ~ f i 5 u 1 ~ n ' n ~ u ~ ~ d r 0 u d i ~ a r r a z n i w n i u l d k f i ~ o ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ 6 ~ u PI

n n u ~ i ~ i i l f i u ' o n ~ i u d d ~ u i r r h

steil r ~ a ~ i n i s ~ ~ d n s u ~ n u w o u k n ~ i ~ u i i r l j ? o z ~ i l u n i s ( ; ~ ~ d d ~ waI4'nis d aaaisdszau w a E!i r i o l 6

I

0 aanzn'o~ngu (Feedback)

r ~ o n s z u ~ u n i ~ ~ o a 1 ~ 6 4 ~ 1 r ~ u n i ~ w i u $ u w oudid 7 & ~ r d ~ d d W ~ u f i ~ ~ u d d ~rdidouozrfim waazfiounaunrrtlnniii 'Feedbackn Feedback & r f i ~ o i n f i PI

Vd d oiarUul6$dni~uqnaarni~au ~ i n r U u w a n i ~ u ~ n l i ~ z r l i ~ 4 ' i c i ~ r ~ ~ ~ ~ i u s ~ n u PI PI

u d L I U d d n ~ i u w i o u ~ ~ o u n i u n s z o s o i ~ n o : ~ o c n s d o ~ un'ni~inrElwwani~a~n"oz$~lJi u d cld~~iiwn~iu~nms~n"uU"iununndi~ui PI i

ImnnLIduk-a Feedback C(LEIUWR~IJRU ~ ~ ( d d r o d ~ i d n f d ~ l n ~ a u ~ ~ n d o z b: d' r"u ddotldaz~zran~~o L ~ I J ~ S ~ ~ ~ ~ G Q ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C ( L ~ ~ R ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I L U ~ J S ( ~ ~ ~ R U PI ndu

rwn~mnsrzuaibnuu'nlriaou?;dd~ai# adlunisinw rn4ir~uiior~bilorrazt~u b: d a

nqiuffin'ry~ ad Feedback n ~ n ~ u ~ a n i ~ u ~ n ~ a z ~ ~ n i ~ a u ~ d ~ ~ i Feedback ui I+

dsznounis~o~snr .1dr"ud~~nszu~unisdaais l4 '~ds:nniwau PI l un i sh b: '

Feedback uifloif ~ ~ i ~ d ~ l ~ d s ~ n o u n i s & ~ u l o d r " ~ d ~ ~ n ~ ~ u ~ u n i s d ~ i s u u q kd - I P d h n g ~ ~ o z n ' o ~ ~ a i s m i n ~ i u ~ n ~ ~ w s ~ a ~ z n ~ i u r i ~ ~ ~ o i i o s o ~ Feedback jiriimoin

u ' U n i s i w i n l i i o i m i n i t l n ~ i u ~ n ~ i r ~ t l ~ ~ n ~ ~ ~ ~ w ~ ~ ~ o n i s ~ r ~ ~ ~ ~ s z r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ i ~ I d d ws~I~ms~uinitln~iuGnr~unai~rraz~ilunifirdorio PI rdoMfiwmnwniidofdnu

d?ws?u ~ d n " r f l u n i ~ o i n d o z d s ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 6 b w s i ~ ~ u ~ ~ n " u ~ a ~ f l ~ o ~ R i l r y r y i nqiu -

a a i a ~ n a $ & o d ~ o ~ ~ " u ~ ~ i ~ r ~ e i n z ~ u PI I u n i s r ~ n u n m n i u Feedback itu~o w u Y m d r ~ l ~ n i d d i ~ q ~j(I?wdu

I) n is ro izo~a~ lddw~~nssu lmw~~nssun i l~ lmerac lnz (Focus on

Specific Behaviors)

2) I ~n~zrzu l4 ' r~uko~dtdu~~o~n 'u ln i In t l rawi t q (Keep Feedback

Impersonal)

3) ~~~s~lddr i l inuiut l r inn (Keep Feedback Goal-Oriented)

4) n?l!nl5l$n(iUlu~?~lc~Hufi25 (Make Feedback Well-timed)

5) 6 o ~ i u l a i i n i ? l r io ' ld~i inn?iurJi lo~i 'u5i (Ensure

Understanding) Y d uu

6) fi25"dUuz Feedback Rnnun e~ud@%l6 (Direct negative

feedback toward behavior that is controllable by the recipient)

. n ~ a ~ o ~ ~ o ~ a ~ I ~ ~ A w ~ ~ n ~ ~ u I ~ w ~ ~ n a a ~ p l l i i ~ T m u ~ a r c ~ : : (Focus on

Speclfic Behavlors)

Feedback ~12511: LOW~IISLLI~JUR q [ n f l o w ~ o ~ w q ~ n ~ ~ u l ~ w ( J ~ n l l u ~ d ~

lolu~avnr b.ildt0unirwoluu~s?u PI qhulriszy azl5rau niniinlnzuo q lii~Sm rou

ui'2ozvfi1d~z~anei ~n i5 t%i ld f l ' i 1 i f~~ id~zn Q I J ~ I ~ ~ ? U ~ ~ J q rrAd6ix~ L L Z J ~ ~ J

dsztdu 1 1 t ~ ~ n d ~ ~ n l 5 w ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ n u 6 d d i o l d d U

" q m i i ~ ~ u n ~ d I d i r a

14w u~.rrnvii~1odqmr11

"WBJIU"U QJ ~ Y l l d l 6 ~ ? 7 ~ ~

t t d ~ ~ c u ~ ~ ~ a r o u s i ~ d o ~ d w ' q

U U Y ut~~~iunmd8u3do q u uazirpluaf~ 7 rai.rwu~"~dn.iui

&fiu6iuo~cnrduiinn

u r d o ~ i u 6 q ~ ~ i r l ~ ~ ~ ~ h' lC~nnir ' iur2ai~~fo do~dodirl i~nwz A rolo~r51ozrBe~n~i~~

- d ' a ~ o ~ d s d o n n a ~ u t d u n i n z u ~ ~ " ~ d u ~ d i ~ ~ o l r o u ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ d ~ 6 ~ u ~ i " d u r " d u q U R ~

m r n ~ d I ~ ~ u n i ~ ~ i t l i i q

d uu d u- hni5?u Feedback i~n?55z~'l~".a'ol louii$~~oln~ 5u"d€IlJ ~Jlflnc?5II~dilriaoIi

d d ~ r i m ~ s s r ~ ~ ~ ' ~ a f i ~ d n t n ~ u a i a d ~ u ~ ~ T ~ a i ~ Q (Keep Feedback

Impersonal)

, ~ n t l n L ? ~ ~ r r ~ i Feedback o i n n s z u a u n i s ~ ~ ~ i s ~ n ~ ~ u ~ a n i ~ a u u i n n ~ i u a - & a d' d P d' niduan n ~ u u o ~ n a s ~ n 8 ~ ~ ~ 1 z ~ ~ u u l u ~ n ~ ~ ~ n i s u s s t l i u 8 ~ n a i t l o ? ~ n ~ n n u u

u i n n i i n i s i d a u ~ d ~ n ~ u ~ " s o ~ i ~ b ~ u k a Feedback t u 7 d ~ ~ ~ i r s i o z ~ ~ ~ ~ w o h

do Feedback I.h.winu'~flbdfJd~n ~ ~ o r . n o i o ~ i i ' l n s ~ ~ u ~ l L M ~ c ( b r n " ~ ? ~ n " m i u n "

o ~ l i a d ~ o i i Feedback $ul~u609u099iu o r i l v i l n l s i w l n l i ~ ~ ~ i s & ~ ~ n a ~ n ~ n n a d ad'u ~ u ~ ~ s o a m i i ruiiio&u~~n q nisC(mblszudofid 91 ju.G,qiuii

c ~ n a ~ i ~ i u ~ J ~ ~ o ~ n q I

~ n a ~ t u ' u l d ~ ~ q

unal~naiumuisnn q + - r j ,

.add ''ncuuisqculruu~nnk~?u~iufil q

~ i w a k n r i i ~ i i u c i o ~ r I i ~ d ~ i i n n a i u r d ' ~ ~ ~ 6 ~ 91 ifinnistnwtliuinuazrhn

naiui"R+h9uwuviofiwn 91 91 91 p p n ~ s d ~ ~ ~ ~ i u ~ u d i ~ u o l o ' L d n " ! u ~ o z r i i ~ ~ a n dszh'imw and?uirundddao,q d~ivcinli?oisnin"i;ozilwa1'rodow~8nssulu

nisd8u.~?1~iu ~jifunast~bj waldnnuuuusau q u M u A~fiunim~.rttflu diuds~on q q

d ~ i l u ~ i ~ ~ ~ u o ~ i l ~ ~ ~ 5 u G

dd '1 W T J ~ J A L w w n (Keep Feedback Goal-Oriented)

addoil Feedback ~ f l u ~ g . s ~ ~ n ~ o n i l r ~ K ~ n ~ ' r l ~ n i s d i u ~ s ~ af lu c 9

d v- o u n w i o ~ o r u f l u l r a ' ~ n w i q ~ u u ~ K t l ~ ~ ~ i u ~ i ] i ~ u i ~ n ~ s u ~ o n i s I ) QJQIUIU~~J J I

fla?uli~fluuaznaiu . . di6$$qn~u~4ilo a 8 a i a u f l o f a u l a n i c ~ ~ ~ " u ~ n u d ~ ~ i ~ u i u

I T I .

V u ~ ? T ~ ~ , T ~ ~ R ~ ' I M N R ~ ~ ' ~ S I U ~ ~ T (Make Feedback Well-tlrned)

d d w r a ' n d ~ d ~ d m ~ ~ t b d s b d ~ f i ~ r ! ~ ~ i t b i ~ ' o d n i s d i u u z ~ a i n ~ ~ ~ ~ " i ~ n " d o i n d

dcr - r ! ~ ~ i ~ ~ + o m u ~ u i w n r ! i ~ a u i n n d i ~ u d ~ d n u n i s ~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ u wn~itb4~oz~Y"tbltb~nrnu

w a w d o d ~ ~ ~ ~ i i n i 5 ~ d n ~ 1 ~ 0 e n ' o ' l ~ r n @ ~ a i ~ r ~ i ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ (Ensure

Understandihg)

* d u u p l 8 d 8 . 4 n?saszclw'nci?uii Feedback n rnozd~ ldk~suonns~c lu~wuun~ iu U U Y W U

nznam i a q u u n z c r u U s n i ~ f i u ~ w a d a ; ~ i l ~ c ? s u ~ G i l ~ a d i ~ ~ a ~ ~ ~ pnR'o~~fio~wo

~ i o l l l ~ ~ z ~ ~ s z ~ n i i n i ~ ~ a c r 1 s d d z d s z c r u u w ~ i ~ i o o z 6 n ~ d ~ z n o u ~ d n i u n i s

d i ~ n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ d n ' t b ~ d ~ ~ ~ ~ 91 I[tbr!itbod~fiu?nUtb Feedback oz6

d ~ ~ 9 n 8 u n ~ d i ~ s i o z 9 ~ ~ o ~ i ~ i u ~ z u i u i ~ o r ! i n ~ i u ~ u i ~ ~ 1 w n ~ i u ~ u i u d ~ s i o z U

$osnirdi unoe1hld~uil6 9l

,

d w- w RaqArMI: Feedback n i d ~ ~ d o n ~ b n ~ ~ ~ n ~ ~ ~ d B Y ' 8 1 6 (~ i rect

negative feedback toward behavior that is controllable by the

reciplent)

nis~~~wzii~u'ounwio~dfin~un"nlmrdl~muison~u~ul2ioz~ilwnir d' d a , d' d wu .auuznuniriaucl+olJi3di~w~1 ~ n c r ~ ~ o ~ d ~ ~ n n i ~ n u ~ ~ a . a ~ ~ s a z d o w ~ ~ n ~ s u n ~ s u

rnuisndflu%i16~& Riadid~du

nisnEii~di~irwrin~~saduir!i~i~~i~~wnciu~~wiiinid~n$~u'ud~~ q

o r ~ s ~ r j ~ ~ i n u ~ ~ ~ ~ n i ~ ~ u $ t b ~ f i ~ & t b ~ n ~ ~ d ~ n i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d ~ r a ' n d i t b q

n isn~i~di~ i iwra 'n~i~duir ! i~ i tbmu ~wf i t fn~a urnsrf iaqdu~~ dst~su 2 % tbquarclnoduon~cldonisn~u~uuo~~aurns 91 i

n i m E i i ~ d i ~ ~ w r a ' n ~ ~ s a d u ~ r ! i d i s a ~ i n ~ v m z n i s ~ a ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ a ~ w r a ' n ~ i ~

utbddu?w.atbLotb$tb

udn'i~inuncrr~iau$d~~sawnnidnu (Negative Feedback) r!inis<~~uzda d wu dcr pl w q ~ n s s u n w s u n i u i s n d ~ ~ 3 l f i o i a ~ z ~ i l s a ~ ~ s a ~ ~ ~ ~ " r o G ~ ~ a u z n a 9l udszluaw'

'.

n~~SmIPr2azla~ndu q (Group Decision Making)

~ ~ o u f l u d i l l d . j ~ ~ ~ r G w ~ i " b ~ & i u d i ~ q ~iluCiU

ndu6u~nna q q (Group vs: the lndlvld~al)

niznkfiu~almai$u ~M~~~%IUI~$I~MR~U qldso~~unisr i i~ iu~uo~~nis rrci

~ ~ ~ v l u i u n ~ i u i i ~ n I ' s o ~ e t d i ~ ~ ~ f i u ~ o ~ m a n ~ u b a ~ ~ i ~ n i s ~ m f i d ' b ~ b u ~ n n n r f i ~ ~

~ ~ % ~ ~ U ? L R L I n l ~ ~ ~ f i ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ d ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ b 1 1 ~ 1 t ~ ~ ~ d l h v l i ~ ~ 1 d ~ ~ J ~dnisGmfiuImu

P, 4 ' ~ o r n ~ n d n l r ~ r n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n u n d ~ ~ (I (Advantages of Group Decision

Making)

d W ml 1unir6m6~1a#drodnrju~~atu0dku~nna(iou~~ D I L L ~ Z % ~ L I L ~ U ~ L L R ~ ~ ~ J ~ ~ (

o o n W l~ijiirnis6m~ulo~uul~udor~auiz~uCu~n~oiunis~~6 haiunis

~-~ 'ru lruo~n~ui j$o~6~do ldu '

1) ~ D ~ R L L F I I R ? I U ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Y J R ? I U I ~ U ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I (More Complete

Information and Knowledge)

~ a s n i m u n u t u a o i n u n n a ~ a a i n a ~ l u PI q i~$il~~6u'o~a6iuauuinuil.a" drznounir$m6ulo

2) j1~?1aJ~s~7nvrRle191~3~~~ (Increased Diversity of Views)

u o n r i n ~ ~ ~ u ~ o u e d i u a u u ~ n ~ d o l ~ d i l s - n a u n i s $ m l u ~ o ~ ~ ~ a PI n l u h 0 q

d s d d z~iinniini~aioni~~+onnmn~m

6'7 s

d (increased Acceptance of a

Solution)

u ~ u o d n i u u i o i n n i . i ~ d n a i ~ ~ f f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n ~ d a t b u i n ~ u q q ~:o!nisatu~ M L q a: d' ~duhnndiu~~6oia~soua'u~~s~zd~ummiu 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i z m u ~ o ~ d d a ~ ~ a u ~ u n i ~ $ m 6 u ~ o

u ~ z ~ u i ~ n ~ u d d s ~ u n ' ~ n o = : w u i ~ ~ u n s t ~ ~ \ r ; i ~ u u o u r ' ~ l u ~ 6 a s ~dunic

4) ~ i u ~ ? 7 u % ~ ~ ~ 3 3 u ~ 7 ~ n ~ ~ 8 5 7 ~ (Increased Legitimacy)

d m l , 1uli~nununi~1suuuu~se%i5d1ms8~ nszuaunisCmSulouo~nluot q

~onn~~~,'uomunis~niddft'fli~d~~~~w%7~uioin~~uddau~a~uodnu~undu~"ra 1 q

d 4 dfiunCuii~Ssc~iduin .a~noliGn~iuaoumu~~luC~nu '

n ~ ~ R a ~ m ~ ~ ~ a . 7 n m i r i i u Z w ~ ~ ~ n ~ u t und Q

Y'o r f l u u ~ ~ n l s ~ m ~ ~ ' I ~ ~ m u n i u q ,(Disadvantages of Group Declslon

Maklng)

d Y d U d Y n i s ~ ~ u ~ o ~ w m ~ u u a n r i n ~ ~ u u o ~ w i u d n 1 i a u i u ~ ' ? ~ 1 ~ u u o ~ ' r u 2 i ? a d u ~ dUeY uazCar~udffin'cyuw~u

1) L ~ ~ U L ? R I U ~ ~ (Tlme Consumlng)

2) ~ ~ R ~ ~ u ~ R ~ M P ~ ~ J ~ u R ~ u (Pressure to Conform)

n i r r l u n ~ u ~ n i n a i u n n n l u n i ~ k n u ~ ~ w ~ u n ~ ~ d ~ s i ~ ~ u n ~ i "~Uunaiu

6a~n isvo~n~un~oru i%ndau ln~~un~u ' ' * . n a i u r ~ u a 5 ~ u h n a i u n ' o ~ n i s ~ ~ i a ~ n

dfi~mrisolrirfiuln u~flu~Qi~M'o LI (Minority) UO~GQJ u a u ~ i u ~ ~ u ~ h ~ u i n (Majority) d P L * . ~wodgun~iusz~duu~~azna~nmn'vo~n~u

3) ~ ~ R ~ Q Y ~ ~ ~ R u R u ~ ~ H ~ Q u (Domlnatlon by the Few)

dnd 9 nwdokriE&n?~$mfi 1 BVOJ ndu -

~rnbiguous Responsibility)

I

maiimn75akinaHpdqundu Q (Group Decision Making Techniques)

1) Brainstorming

2) Nominal Group Technique

3) Delphi Technique J

0 Bralnstormlng

a* aanir~1~~ul~1olun~uuuuu'~~n~ii~u1~d~=:~01'11~::n~iunn~uiud~IK~ii~ U r n

d a ni~uauniu~unisdsr~u)r(hn'~~oii~ui%nn~ua~noiir~u~da.rsndoni~a5iii ,

niii~iion~%iia5i~a~z6~o~n~u .*. , h

' - . an84

Brainstorming uqani~(i~6 - . , 1 - 0 I

I ) ~uni.rd~r~u~~~~:~~uu~~'b)r("uaui%ntlr:ui~~ 6-1 2 duiii.rou~lnau : L

2) ~~in~udinisa~ulud~::L~~ily~io1iiii.a'n~8uid6~~aui%n~nn~~u"i~~1

a : " u d

4) IliuGnisiwinlj?o1s&ttu7ni~lm q n ~ f i u l K G n ~ s u u n n l ? ~ n u u 7 n i ~ ~doJi~dnndstr~uuqt5~ns1z~"Iu~oni adold

luninrnu~uo~d~Uudu~nstu7unisstnun71uiim~a1nna1 U L L R ~ ~ ~ U S ~ U

l i t r i i zu ic~rii i isdsrtbuu~ta~du'o~u'otduvo~ueiaruu~iimusiori~~

0 Nomlnai Graup Technique

4) ~ ~ 1 ~ n ~ ~ ~ H ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t t t ~ ~ ~ ~ t ~ ~ 7 ~ W d l 3 ' ] ~ d l ~ d . l l ~ ']LL(II~RIZ

-- nu?iin61~'nruuu~3~mo'z R 041 tilunis~mfiuIo~m u ndu m~ u?+n~su' 91 q P

v d Y a a ' U Q ~ Y o r 5 i n i q u n n o lCaui inuidsrq .umiudnG u d ~ u n i s r o o n r i i u ~

amzuuu aui8ni i8rsz~~l~~nnsou~i lmu~nnalm qluniu --- "

Delphl Technique

t ~ u i ~ n i s C ( ~ u ~ ~ u u a t ~ . a ' t ~ a ~ u ~ n n & i u ~ ~ ~ Nqrninal Gmup Technique

unriunisuidcquf~u5tb~~~aui%n~~siti~nishddnisds~~ui~u~uvo~auih q

Delphi Technique itunounjd I) ijnisrrCds:rluQryni~vr"%~~iQn~mu rr~dfiuiQnr~uoauanirlwnis