THE MEDITERRANEA

N WORLD:

Greece

PRE-TEST ANSWERS: 1. Greece is located in southern Europe. 2. Greece is made up of at least 1400 islands; 160

of those are permanently inhabited. 3. Some better known Greek cities are: Athens,

Sparta, Rhodes, Corinth, Salamis, Tripoli, Argos, Thebes etc.

4. Some famous people from ancient Greece are: Archimedes, Homer, Alexander the Great, Socrates, Pythagoras, Aristotle, Plato etc.

5. The Trojan horse was used by the Greeks to sneak into the walls of the city of Troy (Good idea!)

6. The Greeks were polytheistic; many gods. 7. The Olympics started in 776 BCE. 8. Greek gods include: Zeus, Hera, Poseidon,

Hermes, Hades, Athena, Ares, Apollo, Aphrodite etc

GEOGRAPHY:

Made up of morethan 2000 islands.

Three major seas surround Greece:

Ionian Aegean Mediterranean

GEOGRAPHY CONTINUED: Many of the islands

are rocky and unsuitable for agriculture.

Less than 20% farmed.

Main crops: figs, olives, corn, grain.

Sheep and goats

GREEK CIVILIZATIONS: Most people lived

within 70 km of the coastline.

Largest island was Crete, and is where the first Greek civilization was established, about 3000 BCE.

THE EFFECT OF GEOGRAPHY ON GREEK CIVILIZATION: 1) Few natural resources and little

farmland.

2) City states therefore relied on the sea for food and trade.

3) Mountains were protection from land invasions.

4) Mountains also kept the city-states isolated and often at war with each other.

Ancient Greece was never united under one main government and leader.

MAP OF ANCIENT GREECE ASSIGNMENT:

Use page 129 in your textbook to label the following places on your map: (25 marks)

-Macedonia -Thrace -Asia Minor -Crete -Peloponnese -Aegean Sea -Ionian Sea -Mediterranean Sea -Mycenae -Attica -Sparta -Knossos -Ephesos -Troy -Olympos -Delphi -Olympia -Athens -Hellespont -Salamis

Color your map according to the higher elevations that are located in this area of the world. The entire map should be colored.

THE MINOANS:

The Greeks trace their culture back to two groups, the Minoans and the Mycenaeans:

The Minoans were named after the legendary King Minos who had a large palace at Knossos on the island of Crete.

VIDEO:

What happened to the Minoans?

DISAPPEARANCE OF THE MINOANS:

A volcano erupted on Thera and blasted the island apart around 1450 BCE (page 134 of text)

Sulfurus gas altered the climate in Greece

There is evidence from tree rings and ice core samples that the climate was damaged so much that harvests failed repeatedly

Mainland Greeks (Mycenaeans) marched into the power vacuum and took over

THE MYCENAEANS:

The Mycenaeans were from the Peloponnesian Peninsula and they invaded and conquered the Minoans on Crete. Their most famous king was Agamemnon.

Mycenaean video

Story of Troy

Mycenaeans, Trojan War etc

FUNNY?

THE TROJAN WAR: Homer: great Greek

poet

Wrote the epics The Iliad and The Odyssey

These told the story of the Trojan War between the Mycenaeans and the Trojans.

Did it really happen?

THE DARK AGES:

Began with the decline of the Mycenaeans.

Greeks divided themselves into three main groups:

A) Dorians B) Ionians C) Aeolians

Dorians used iron weapons and were fierce warriors. They were able to conquer much of Greece.

THE DARK AGES:

This period is known as the Dark Ages because the Dorians were not interested in:

A) maintaining the Greek culture B) writing down their history C) maintaining their farming communities

They were interested in a Military type of existence.

EFFECTS OF THE DARK AGES:

Famine occurred and caused a severe drop in the population.

Sparta was developed as the main city-state of the Dorians.

…AND THEN WHAT HAPPENED?

To survive, other Greek communities developed into a ‘polis’.

As the population grew and people needed to spread out, they also developed ‘apoikai’ for survival.

(You will define both of these terms soon)

YOUR TURN (PAGES 138-140):

1. Why do historians call the years from 1100 BCE to 800 BCE the Dark Ages?

2. What did mainland Greeks do to avoid the invading Dorians?

3. What things were ‘lost’ due to the invading Dorians?

4. What is a polis? 5. a) How large was a polis? b) What were two exceptions to this size? 6. Why did the Greeks need to find additional land

by the middle of the 8th century BCE? 7. What is an apoikai and where were many

located around the Mediterranean? 8. List 5 important developments by the Greeks as

a result of this period of colonization.

GREEKS IN BATTLE: Two main city-states: -Athens and Sparta

Athens : men aged 20-50 must fight if

needed.

Sparta : all men fought, no matter their age.

Soldiers were called hoplites.

HOPLITES:

Helmet: bronze, tall crest of horsehair.

Body armour: leather or bronze (iron too heavy), shin plates

Shield: usually wood with bronze; family crest painted on it.

TRIREMES (SHIPS):

Greek ships were called triremes.

Up to 170 oarsmen, who were usually slaves.

Pointed hull (front end) made of bronze or iron in order to ram enemy ships.

‘Scary’ designs

THE PHALANX (CLIP): 16 rows of heavily armed foot soldiers. 4.5 meter long lances. During battle, lance was lowered forward

in the front. Shields were used to protect the left side.

THE PERSIAN WARS:

Were a series of conflicts between several Greek city-states and the Persian Empire.

Not all Greek city states fought against the Persians; some were neutral and others allied with Persia, especially as its massive armies approached.

BACKGROUND TO PERSIAN WARS:

Greek city-states in Asia Minor came under the control of the Persians.

The Persian rulers were tyrants who made the Greek citizens serve in the Persian Army and pay high taxes.

Rebellion occurred and a Persian leader asked for help from the Greek Mainland city-states.

BACKGROUND TO PERSIAN WARS CONTINUED:

Sparta was asked 1st and said ‘No’.

Athens gave 20 triremes and joined the revolt.

After a few years, Athens lost interest and went home.

Persia never forgot and their leader Darius vowed vengeance.

In 490 BCE, something big happened…

FLIPBOOK (25 POINTS):

Find the following information for each of the three battles/wars:

1. When the battle happened.

2. Where the battle took place.

3. Who fought in the battle. (leaders of each side)

4. What happened. (At least 3 details)

5. The final outcome(s) of the battle.

VIDEO: Ancient Warriors: The Spartans Part 2 Part 3:

1. Who were the Helots?

2. What happened to newborns who did not pass inspection by elders?

3. What does the name Thermopylae stand for?

4. How were the Persians able to gain an advantage in the battle of Thermopylae?

5. Why was Aristademis dishonored? Deadliest Warriors: Spartans vs Ninjas (2:30-3:40)

BATTLE OF MARATHON: Happened in 490 BCE

Leaders: Militades (Athens) and Darius (Persia)

Met on the plains of Marathon.

The first ‘marathon’ was run by Phedippedes. (see story)

Persians placed best troops in center, Greeks put best on their wings.

Surprise attacks caused the Persians to lose thousands; the Athenians only 192.

Athenians had a glorious victory.

BATTLE OF THERMOPYLAE: Happened in 480 BCE

Leaders: Xerxes (New Persian King) and Leonidas

(Leader of 300 Spartans, and the other Greeks by

default).

Xerxes brought 1200 ships and 170 000 hoplites.

Greeks had 200 triremes and 7 000 hoplites.

Greek traitor helped the Persians.

Leonidas and all of his 300 Spartans died.

Athens left vulnerable; Greeks fled to Salamis.

“Passerby, tell Sparta that her soldiers aren’t missing in action; they made their last stand here and died.” (rhymes in Greek)

BATTLE OF SALAMIS: Happened in 480 BCE

Leaders: Themistocles (Greek) and Xerxes

(Persian) Happened in narrow waters of Salamis. Greeks not killed at Thermopylae

escaped to the Island of Salamis. Persians were tricked to believe the

Greeks would try to escape. The battle became a great Greek victory

and the Persians retreated back to Persia.

CLASSICAL GREECE: End of Persian wars led to the

greatest age in ancient Greek history

480-380 BCE showed great achievements, mostly from Athens (became prosperous city and cultural center)

Time of great thinkers, poets and artists

DELIAN LEAGUE: Formed to protect Greek states against

further attacks from the Persians

Athens led the league because it had the most democratic government

Member states contributed men, as well as ships or money to a common defence fund

Athens used money collected to build ships

Member states could not withdraw without the consent of all other states

TENSIONS BETWEEN SPARTA AND ATHENS:

A) Athens tried to expand into Spartan territory

B) Athens used its power to block the trade of some cities at ports which it controlled

C) Some of the states in the Delian league asked Sparta for help in dealing with the oppressive Athenians

This would lead to a war between the two states…….

THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR:

Athens was ruled by a democratic government and had a supreme navy

Sparta was ruled by an oligarchy (a small group) of rich and powerful men and had a supreme army

Both wanted to control all of Greece

THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR:

THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR:

It’s a long and complicated story but the Spartans eventually defeated Athens with the help of the Persians.

VIDEOS: Athens vs Sparta (Part1) Athens vs Sparta (Part 2)

GREEK LAWS AND JUSTICE:

While Athens was the most powerful city-state, it wanted to spread its form of government throughout the empire.

Athens developed the world’s first democracy over time, with the changes made by several rulers:

DRACO:

Athenian leader who created legal rights for all citizens (common people as well as the wealthy were protected).

Distinguished between minor and major crimes (different punishments)

He preferred harsh punishments however; death was most common.

‘DRACONIAN’ LAWS:

The only Draconian law that still exists today is one for homicide.

He distinguished between murder and manslaughter.

Punishment for murder was death; for manslaughter you could be banished.

SOLON:

Athenian leader who gave common citizens the right to hold political office.

Set up councils where hundreds of citizens had a vote in government.

Freed farmers who had been sold into slavery due to their debt.

The greatest innovation of Greek laws was the jury.

Greek trials were held in town squares and had juries from 201 to 1501 members.

Jurors ‘cast their votes’ by throwing bronze disks.

Disks were solid for innocent; hollow for guilty.

VIDEOS: Athens: The Truth about Democracy

Brain Pop: Athens

Free Space

GREECE BINGO VOCABULARY:

Epic Barbarians Minoan Dorians Helots city-state Homer Democracy Polis Trireme Peloponnesus Phalanx Mediterranean

Crete Mycenaeans Agamemnon Troy Xerxes Leonidas Dark ages Apoikai Hoplites Marathon Thermopylae Salamis Classical

Greece Delian League Draco Solon Grammatikos Pedagogue Pythagorus

Hippocrates Alexander Macedonia Agora

UNIT QUESTIONS:

1. Briefly summarize the Greek myth which explains how the Olympic games originated.

2. Who could participate(compete) in the Olympic games?

3. What was the punishment for a married woman if she tried to watch the games?

4. How long did the games last?5. What were the winners rewarded?

6. Did all children receive a formal education in ancient Greece? Explain.

7. What is a grammatikos?8. What is a pedagogue?9. Unless you have already done so in questions 7

and 8, explain the purpose of each of these two things.

UNIT QUESTIONS:

10. In what ways were the lives of the women in Sparta different than the lives of women in the rest of ancient Greece?

11. Who was the most famous Greek mathematician?

12. What is he most remembered for?13. Who are two other important mathematicians?14. What did these other mathematicians create?15. Who was Hippocrates?16. What are some reasons why he is a famous

doctor?17. What advancements did the Greeks make in

the field of astronomy?

ALEXANDER THE GREAT:

Alexander was a prince; the son of King Phillip of Macedonia.

Born in Macedonia in 356 BCE.

Macedonia was not a Greek city-state, it was a huge country north of Greece which had previously conquered and absorbed several Greek city states into its empire.

ALEXANDER THE GREAT: Alexander had Greek teachers, one of

which was Aristotle.

He spoke Greek and knew Greek history.

He believed in the Greek gods and his mother told him he was a descendant of Achilles.

At age 20, his father was murdered and he became the leader of Macedonia.

He immediately had possible rivals for his position murdered.

ALEXANDER THE GREAT:

He put down threats of rebellions by city states by making an example of Thebes.

He completely destroyed the city, except for the temples. 6000 citizens were executed; the rest were sold into slavery.

He then set out to expand the empire and conquer the world as his father had begun before him.

ALEXANDER THE GREAT:

He brought an army of 30 000 foot soldiers and 5 000 cavalrymen.•He also took engineers, surveyors, architects, scientists and even historians.

ALEXANDER THE GREAT: Everywhere he went, he introduced the newly

conquered people to Greek literature, myth, dance, language, money, medicine, art, and theatre.

-He allowed conquered people to run their own country as long as they adopted Greek culture.

ALEXANDER’S EMPIRE:

ALEXANDER THE GREAT:

Died at 32, probably of malaria or typhoid, but maybe he was poisoned.

Had conquered Asia Minor, Central Asia, Egypt, Persia, Mesopotamia, and India.

70 cities named after him.

Upon his death, his empire collapsed.

CREATE YOUR OWN GREEK MYTH:

1. Read some examples of Greek Myths: (Prometheus, Pandora, Narcissus, King Midas)

2. Elements of Greek Myths: A) Explain origin of natural phenomenon B) Good vs evil characters C) Teaches a moral (lesson) D) A hero’s quest to accomplish a great feat E) Mortal vs immortal characters (Gods)

3. Brainstorm a list of natural phenomenon, a moral to be learned, a great feat to be accomplished

4. Background Information about Greek Gods (Handout)

GREEK GODS BACKGROUND INFO: Zeus: -King of all the gods. -Often shown holding a thunderbolt -brother of Hades

and Poseidon- was angry and feared by mortals and gods Poseidon: -God of the sea, storms and was often referred to as the Earth Shaker

(Earth Quakes) -Shown holding a trident (a spear with three raised points ) and riding in a chariot pulled by horses that can run on water.-Brother of Zeus and Hades

Hades: -God of the underworld, and ruler and judge of the recently departed-Shown wearing the Helm of Darkness (a helmet that allows the wearer to become invisible)-Brother to Zeus and Poseidon

Hera -Goddess of Marriage and Child Birth -The Cow and Peacock were symbols that were holy to her -She was often shown as jealous and vengeful -She is Zeus’ wife

Ares: -God of War and Blood Thirst -Son of Hera and Zeus -He was believed to be the cause of every conflict, battle and war in Ancient Greece.

Apollo and Artemis: -Twins, the children of Zeus -Apollo was god of light and the sun; truth and prophecy; medicine, healing, and plague; music, poetry, and the arts. -Artemis was the goddess of the hunt the wilderness and childbirth -Apollo’s symbol was the sun -Artemis’ symbol was that of the bow and arrow.

Athena: - Zeus' daughter -symbols were an olive and an owl - goddess of wisdom and warfare

Hermes : naughty, mischievous child - the messenger of the gods- invented the alphabet and mathematics.

Dionysus : god of wine and feasting Aphrodite: goddess of love and beauty- mother of Eros- Wife of Hephaestus (God

Of Fire) Hephaestus: God of Fire-Husband to Aphrodite-Forger of Zeus’ Thunderbolt

CREATE YOUR OWN GREEK MYTH (YOUR TASK):

Use at least one of the Greek Gods

Use at least one of the other elements of Greek myths (natural phenomenon, moral, great feat, good vs evil)

Story of at least one full page

Colored illustration to go with your myth (story)

Title page

Proper spelling, grammar etc

Neatly done work

OTHER VIDEOS: Brain Pop: Greek Gods

Brain Pop: Seven Ancient Wonders of the World

FOR THE TEST: Geography of Greece Effect of geography on

civilization in Greece First civilizations: Minoans

and Mycenaeans Disappearance of the

Minoans Trojan War Homer and Iliad and Odyssey Dark Ages (events and

effects) The rise of the Dorians and

Sparta Polis and apoikai Dark Ages questions

assignment

Greeks in battle (hoplites, triremes, phalanx)

Persian Wars (Background and battles)

Classical Greece Delian League Athens vs Sparta tensions Peloponnesian War Unit questions assignment

(Olympics, everyday life, science etc)

Greek Laws and justice Draco and Solon Juries and trials Alexander the Great (life and

accomplishments)

MINOANS AND MYCENAEANS (PGS 130-138)

Find the information and fill in the chart below:

Art Work:

Trade products and

partners:

Construction (buildings

etc):

Religious/burial

practices:

Types of communicati

on:

Great authors and writers:

Reason for their

disappearance

MINOANS AND MYCENAEANS (PGS 130-138)

Art Work: Wall paintings (frescos) (131)

Trade products and

partners:

Construction (buildings

etc):

Light wells or shafts to create a brighter, more open atmosphere, indoor plumbing, (131)-Vertical burial shafts, then beehive shaped vaults called tholos tombs (137-8)

Religious/burial

practices:

Bull was sacred to them, mother goddess (goddess of fertility) worshipped as well. (131)

Types of communicati

on:

Great authors and writers:

Homer

Reason for their

disappearance

Minoans-eruption of volcano, invaders from Greek mainland. (132) Mycenaeans-civil wars, outside invasion, drought, famine, disease (pg 138).

20 POINT ASSIGNMENT: There are two versions of the battle of Salamis found

in your textbook on page 143.

Choose one of these accounts (Greek or Persian), then:

Pretend that you were an eyewitness to the battle of Salamis. Write a newspaper story for either the Persian National News or the Greek National News-your choice.

Your article must include: A) A title B) Review of events leading up to the battle C) Description of the battle D) Outcome of the battle E) Any other important information F) 1 page minimum