grammer vocablary

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ACTION VERBS

Walk walks walked walked walking

Open opens opened opened opening

Close closes closed closed closing

Talk talks talked talked talking

Look looks looked looked looking

Listen listens listened listened listening

Wash washes washed washed washing

Watch watches watched watched watching

Clean cleans cleaned cleaned cleaning

Smell smells smelled smelled smelling

Smile smiles smiled smiled smiling

Laugh laughs laughed laughed laughing

Taste tastes tasted tasted tasting

Stop stops stopped stopped stopping

Cry cries cried cried crying

Try tries tried tried trying

Eat eats ate eaten eating

See sees saw seen seeing

Speak speaks spoke spoken speaking

Take takes took taken taking

Make makes made made making

Give gives gave given giving

Write writes wrote written writing

Do does did done doing

Go goes went gone going

Sing sings sang sung singing

Drink drinks drank drunk drinking

Sit sits sat sat sitting

Stand stands stood stood standing

Say says said said saying

Sleep sleeps slept slept sleeping

Keep keeps kept kept keeping

Feel feels felt felt feeling

Hear hears heard heard hearing

Cut cuts cut cut cutting

Hit hits hit hit hitting

Set sets set set setting

Put puts put put putting

Come comes came come coming

Run runs ran run running






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Read reads read read reading

Think thinks thought thought thinking

Bring brings brought brought bringing

Buy buys bought bought buying

BE VERBS

Be verbs

Be (used with modals, after "to") (imperative form)

Is, Are, Am (present tense)

's 're 'm (in contractions)

Was (past tense)

Were (past tense)

Been (past participle)

Being (-ing form, gerund)

Examples of usage:

Be

I will be there tomorrow. (use "be" after modals)

I might be late.

He wants to be an astronaut. (use "be" with "to" in the infinitive)

"To be or not to be;" that is the question.

Be nice now. (use "be" in the imperative)

Please be quiet.

Is/Am/Are

Bill is sick today. (use "is" with he/she/it in the present tense)

She is a doctor.

It is not time yet.

She is not here right now. (use 's as the contracted form of "is")

She isn't here right now.

She's not here right now.

Mr. Lee is eating dinner right now. (use "is" with he/she/it in the present continuous)

She's talking on the phone.

Maggie's leaving tomorrow.

The dog is running down the street. (use "is" with he/she/it in the present continuous)

I am a lawyer. (use "am" with I in the present tense)

I am not a liar.

I'm happy to be here. (use 'm as the contracted form of "am")

I'm not going anywhere.






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We are at the office. (Use "are" with they/we/you in the present tense.)

Jack and Jill are over the hill.

You are welcome anytime.

They're in the building. (Use 're as the contracted form of "are")

We're on the way.

You're kidding!

We are working hard. (Use "are" with you/we/they in the pres. continuous.)

They are hardly working.

The boys are waiting to see her.

We are not paying for the extra drink. (The negative "are not" can be contracted two ways)

We're not paying for the extra drink.

We aren't paying for the extra drink.

Was/Were

I was here yesterday, so was Tina. (Use "was" with I/ he/she and it in the past tense.)

It was a really nice trip.

Henry was at the dentist's for two hours.

We were in Spain last week. (Use "were" with you/we/they in the past tense.)

The Smiths were on vacation.

You were the only one here.

They weren't at work yesterday. (The only contracted forms are wasn't/weren't.)

Jared wasn't here either.

I wasn't aware of that.

Been

Rachel has been there before. (Use "been" after have/has/had.)

I've never been to Maine.

We have been living here since June.

You should have been paying attention.

Being

Being a good sport is important. (Use "being" when a gerund form of be is required.)

Being on time is essential.

I was being a jerk. (Use "being" when "be" is used in the continuous.)

COMMON ADJETIVES

big

large

short

fast

hot

sad

empty

light

serious

boring

healthy

rich

soft

easy

clean

hungry

thirsty

tired

busy

free






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good

old

pretty

fat

happy

full

dark

funny

interesting

cheap

high

deep

expensive

low

shallow

sick/ill

poor

hard

difficult

dirty

dangerous

different

thin/skinny

ugly

safe

same

early

strong

top

beautiful

handsome

late

weak

bottom

bad

new/young

great

friendly

favorite

little

small

tall/long

slow

cold

COMMON ADVERBS

Adverbs of Time

(When?) Adverbs of Place (Where?)

Adverbs of Manner

(How?)

Adverbs of Frequency (How

Often?)

(Note: Do not use these with

"to.")

yesterday here very always

today there quite frequently

tomorrow over there pretty usually

now everywhere really sometimes

then anywhere fast occasionally

later nowhere well seldom

tonight home* hard rarely

right now downtown* quickly never

last night back* slowly

this morning away carefully Related words

next week out hardly

already

barely normally

recently

mostly regularly

lately

almost every day

soon

absolutely once in a while

immediately

together once a week

still

alone twice a day

yet

again

IRREGULAR VERBS

Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

A

arise arose arisen

awake awakened / awoke awakened / awoken

B

backslide backslid backslidden / backslid






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be was, were been

bear bore born / borne

beat beat beaten / beat

become became become

begin began begun

bend bent bent

bet bet / betted bet / betted

bid bid / bade bidden

bid bid bid

bind bound bound

bite bit bitten

bleed bled bled

blow blew blown

break broke broken

breed bred bred

bring brought brought

broadcast broadcast / broadcasted broadcast / broadcasted

build built built

burn burned / burnt burned / burnt

burst burst burst

bust busted / bust busted / bust

buy bought bought

C

cast cast cast

catch caught caught

choose chose chosen

cling clung clung

clothe clothed / clad clothed / clad

come came come

cost cost cost

creep crept crept

cut cut cut

D

daydream daydreamed / daydreamt daydreamed / daydreamt

deal dealt dealt

dig dug dug

disprove disproved disproved / disproven

dive dove / dived dived

dive dived / dove dived

do did done

draw drew drawn

dream dreamed / dreamt dreamed / dreamt

drink drank drunk

drive drove driven

dwell dwelt / dwelled dwelt / dwelled






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E

eat ate eaten

F

fall fell fallen

feed fed fed

feel felt felt

fight fought fought

find found found

fit (tailor, change size) fitted / fit fitted / fit

fit (be right size) fit / fitted fit / fitted

flee fled fled

fling flung flung

fly flew flown

forbid forbade forbidden

forecast forecast forecast

forego forewent foregone

foresee foresaw foreseen

foretell foretold foretold

forget forgot forgotten / forgot

forgive forgave forgiven

forsake forsook forsaken

freeze froze frozen

G

get got gotten / got

give gave given

go went gone

grind ground ground

grow grew grown

H

hang hung hung

have had had

hear heard heard

hew hewed hewn / hewed

hide hid hidden

hit hit hit

hold held held

hurt hurt hurt

K

keep kept kept

kneel knelt / kneeled knelt / kneeled

knit knitted / knit knitted / knit

know knew known






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L

lay laid laid

lead led led

lean leaned / leant leaned / leant

leap leaped / leapt leaped / leapt

learn learned / learnt learned / learnt

leave left left

lend lent lent

let let let

lie lay lain

lie (not tell truth) lied lied

light lit / lighted lit / lighted

lose lost lost

M

make made made

mean meant meant

meet met met

misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood

mow mowed mowed / mown

P

partake partook partaken

pay paid paid

plead pleaded / pled pleaded / pled

proofread proofread proofread

prove proved proven / proved

put put put

Q

quick-freeze quick-froze quick-frozen

quit quit / quitted quit / quitted

R

read read (sounds like "red") read (sounds like "red")

rid rid rid

ride rode ridden

ring rang rung

rise rose risen

run ran run

S

saw sawed sawed / sawn

say said said

see saw seen

seek sought sought






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sell sold sold

send sent sent

set set set

sew sewed sewn / sewed

shake shook shaken

shave shaved shaved / shaven

shear sheared sheared / shorn

shed shed shed

shine shined / shone shined / shone

shit shit / shat / shitted shit/ shat / shitted

shoot shot shot

show showed shown / showed

shrink shrank / shrunk shrunk

shut shut shut

sing sang sung

sink sank / sunk sunk

sit sat sat

slay (kill) slew / slayed slain / slayed

slay (amuse) slayed slayed

sleep slept slept

slide slid slid

sling slung slung

slink slinked / slunk slinked / slunk

slit slit slit

smell smelled / smelt smelled / smelt

sneak sneaked / snuck sneaked / snuck

sow sowed sown / sowed

speak spoke spoken

speed sped / speeded sped / speeded

spell spelled / spelt spelled / spelt

spend spent spent

spill spilled / spilt spilled / spilt

spin spun spun

spit spit / spat spit / spat

split split split

spoil spoiled / spoilt spoiled / spoilt

spread spread spread

spring sprang / sprung sprung

stand stood stood

steal stole stolen

stick stuck stuck

sting stung stung

stink stunk / stank stunk

strew strewed strewn / strewed

stride strode stridden

strike (delete) struck stricken

strike (hit) struck struck / stricken






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string strung strung

strive strove / strived striven / strived

sublet sublet sublet

sunburn sunburned / sunburnt sunburned / sunburnt

swear swore sworn

sweat sweat / sweated sweat / sweated

sweep swept swept

swell swelled swollen / swelled

swim swam swum

swing swung swung

T

take took taken

teach taught taught

tear tore torn

telecast telecast telecast

tell told told

test-drive test-drove test-driven

test-fly test-flew test-flown

think thought thought

throw threw thrown

thrust thrust thrust

tread trod trodden / trod

U

understand understood understood

undertake undertook undertaken

undo undid undone

W

wake woke / waked woken / waked

waylay waylaid waylaid

wear wore worn

weave wove / weaved woven / weaved

wed wed / wedded wed / wedded

weep wept wept

wet wet / wetted wet / wetted

whet whetted whetted

win won won

wind wound wound

withdraw withdrew withdrawn

withhold withheld withheld

withstand withstood withstood

wring wrung wrung

write wrote written

PRONOUNS






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Subjective: I You He/She It We They

Objective: Me You Him/Her It Us Them

Possessive: My Your His/Her Its Our Their

Examples of usage:

I like her. She likes me too.

We saw her yesterday. Where did you see her? We saw her at the library.

They don't like us. We don't like them either.

I saw him last night. Where was he? He was at the theatre.

SIMPLE CONJUNCTIONS

And (to show addition) Ronnie and Maureen

But (to show contrast) I can, but I won't.

Or (to indicate a choice) This one or that one?

These types of conjunctions can be used to combine various parts of a sentence. Nouns

These types of conjunctions can be used to combine various parts of a sentence. Nouns

Salt and pepper

Tim, Nick, and Barry

Verbs

Come and eat!

Eat, drink, and get married

Adjectives

Black and blue

Tall, dark, and handsome

Full sentences

She drinks coffee and tea.

He drinks (either) coffee or tea.

Kay and Jay drink coffee.

Kay drinks coffee, and Jay drinks tea.

Kay drinks coffee, but Jay drinks tea.

SIMPLE MODALS

Will (in future tense) I will be there.

(in requests) Will you do it for me?

Won't (negative of will) No, I won't.






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Can (to indicate ability) I can do it.

(in requests) Can you help me?

(informally to ask permission) Can I use your phone?

Can't (negative form of can) No, you can't.

May (to indicate possibility) I may go to New York.

(to ask permission) May I help you?

Could (to indicate past ability) He could play cards well.

(to indicate possibility) I could give you a ride.

(in requests) Could you open the door please?

(to ask permission) Could I use your restroom?

Couldn't (negative past tense) I couldn't help it.

Should (to express obligation) I should go to the wedding.

(to conjecture) He should be in Miami by now.

Shouldn't (negative suggestions) You shouldn't do that.

SIMPLE PREPOSITION

On At In the house

On the desk

At school

Above Below Above average

Below 100

Over Under Over the fireplace

Under the table

Around Through Around the building

Through the door

Before After Before lunch

After 10:00

To From (Go) to Colorado

(Come) from Arizona

About By A story about dogs

Written by me

With Without She wouldn't go with us.

So we went without her.

Between Among Just between you and me

There are no secrets among us (three).

Inside Outside Inside the room

Outside the box

In front of Behind In front of the house

Behind the tree

Next to Near Next to the bank

Near the library

On top of Underneath On top of the file cabinet

Underneath the refrigerator

Note:

Most prepositions have many meanings and are often used in combination with other words. This is only a list of the

most common prepositions and their simplest meanings.






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VERB LIST

REGULAR VERBS

base -s form past past participle -ing form

call calls called called calling

clean cleans cleaned cleaned cleaning

look looks looked looked looking

talk talks talked talked talking

end ends ended ended ending

wait waits waited waited waiting

kiss kisses kissed kissed kissing

wash washes washed washed washing

live lives lived lived living

love loves loved loved loving

beg begs begged begged begging

sin sins sinned sinned sinning

play plays played played playing

stay stays stayed stayed staying

cry cries cried cried crying

studies studied studied studying

die dies died died dying

tie ties tied tied tying

IRREGULAR VERBS

base -s form past past participle -ing form

cut cuts cut cut cutting

fit fits fit fit fitting

hit hits hit hit hitting

let lets let let letting

put puts put put putting

quit quits quit quit quitting

set sets set set setting

shut shuts shut shut shutting

split splits split split splitting

upset upsets upset upset upsetting






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burst bursts burst burst bursting

cast casts cast cast casting

cost costs cost cost costing*

hurt hurts hurt hurt hurting

spread spreads spread spread spreading

knit knits knit/knitted knit/knitted knitting

sit sits sat sat sitting

spit spits spat/spit spat/spit spitting

begin begins began begun beginning

swim swims swam swum swimming

ring rings rang rung ringing

sing sings sang sung singing

spring springs sprang sprung springing

cling clings clung clung clinging

fling flings flung flung flinging

sling slings slung slung slinging

sting stings stung stung stinging

swing swings swung swung swinging

wring wrings wrung wrung wringing

hang hangs hung/hanged** hung/hanged hanging

drink drinks drank drunk sinking

shrink shrinks shrank shrunk shrinking

stink stinks stank stunk stinking

think thinks thought thought thinking

bring brings brought brought bringing

buy buys bought bought buying

seek seeks sought sought seeking

fight fights fought fought fighting

catch catches caught caught catching

teach teaches taught taught teaching

creep creeps crept crept creeping

keep keeps kept kept keeping

sleep sleeps slept slept sleeping

sweep sweeps swept swept sweeping






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weep weeps wept wept weeping

bleed bleeds bled bled bleeding

breed breeds bred bred breeding

feed feeds fed fed feeding

flee flees fled fled fleeing

lead leads led led leading

speed speeds sped/speeded sped/speeded speeding

meet meets met met meeting

bend bends bent bent bending

lend lends lent lent lending

send sends sent sent sending

spend spends spent spent spending

deal deals dealt dealt dealing

feel feels felt felt feeling

kneel kneels knelt knelt kneeling

dream dreams dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed dreaming

mean means meant meant meaning

spill spills spilt/spilled spilt/spilled spilling

build builds built built building

burn burns burnt/burned burnt/burned burning

hold holds held held holding

sell sells sold sold selling

tell tells told told telling

find finds found found finding

grind grinds ground ground grinding

wind winds wound wound winding

break breaks broke broken breaking

choose chooses chose chosen choosing

freeze freezes froze frozen freezing

speak speaks spoke spoken speaking

steal steals stole stolen stealing

wake wakes woke woken waking

weave weaves wove woven weaving






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arise arises arose arisen arising

drive drives drove driven driving

ride rides rode ridden riding

rise rises rose risen rising

write writes wrote written writing

bite bites bit bitten biting

hide hides hid hidden hiding

slide slides slid slid sliding

get gets got gotten getting

forget forgets forgot forgotten forgetting

give gives gave given giving

forgive forgives forgave forgiven forgiving

forbid forbids forbade/forbad forbidden forbidding

fall falls fell fallen falling

swell swells swelled swollen swelling

dive dives dove/dived dived diving

blow blows blew blown blowing

fly flies flew flown flying

grow grows grew grown growing

know knows knew known knowing

throw throws threw thrown throwing

draw draws drew drawn drawing

withdraw withdraws withdrew withdrawn withdrawing

show shows showed shown showing

eat eats ate eaten eating

beat beats beat beaten beating

take takes took taken taking

forsake forsakes forsook forsaken forsaking

mistake mistakes mistook mistaken mistaking

shake shakes shook shaken shaking

make makes making

swear swears swore sworn swearing

wear wears wore worn wearing






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tear tears tore torn tearing

bear bears bore born bearing

stand stands stood stood standing

understand understands understood understood understanding

become becomes became become becoming

come comes came come coming

run runs ran run running

dig digs dug dug digging

spin spins spun spun spinning

stick sticks stuck stuck sticking

strike strikes struck struck/stricken striking

do does did done doing

go goes went gone going

have has had had having

hear hears heard heard hearing

lay lays laid laid laying

pay pays paid paid paying

say says said said saying

lie lies lay lain lying

light lights lit/lighted lit/lighted lighting

lose loses lost lost losing

leave leaves left left leaving

prove proves proved proven/proved proving

read reads read read reading

see sees saw seen seeing

sew sews sewed sewn/sewed sewing

shave shaves shaved shaven/shaved shaving

shine shines shined/shone shined/shone shining






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shoot shoots < td> shot shooting

win wins won won winning

be is/are/am was/were been being

PREFIXES

Prefix Meaning Examples

anti- against antibiotic

bi- two bicycle

contra- against contradict

di- two diameter, dichotomy

dis- apart, away from dissatisfied, disillusion

ex former ex-wife

ex-, e- go out from exit

extra- beyond extraterrestrial

hyper- extremely hyperactive

in-, im-, il-, ir- negative, not incapable, impossible, illogical, irresponsible

inter- between interaction, intermingle

intra- within intracoastal

intro- inward introduction

macro- large macroeconomics

micro- tiny, small microscope

mis- wrong misuse, misinform

mono- one monolingual

multi- many multinational

neo- new neophyte, neonatal

non- negative, not non-binding

omni- all omnipotent

poly- many polyglot

post- after postwar

pre- before previous

re- again reply, rearrange

retro- backwards retroactive

semi- half semiannual

sub- under submarine, subordinate

super- above supersede

tri- three tricycle, triplets

un- negative, not unidentified

uni- one unilateral

SUFFIXES

Suffix Part of Speech Examples

-er, -or noun teacher, director






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-ance, -ence noun difference, attendance

-ant, -ent noun deviant, President

-ee noun employee, trainee

-ess noun stewardess, waitress

-ian noun electrician, beautician

-ism noun Communism, theism

-ist noun chemist, artist

-ity noun rarity, velocity

-ment noun achievement, astonishment

-ness noun happiness, fondness

-ship noun relationship, friendship

-tion, -ation noun action, coronation

-ate verb deviate, create

-ify verb typify, solidify

-ize verb tenderize, authorize

-able, -ible adjective reliable, capable, sensible

-al adjective comical, radical

-ful adjective wonderful, helpful

-ish adjective impish, sheepish

-ive adjective creative, sensitive

-ous, ious adjective dangerous, impervious

-ly adverb quickly, happily

WORD FORMS

Common Endings

Verbs Adjectives

-ise advertise -ous humorous

-ize organize -ious hilarious

-ate communicate -al emotional

-ial influential

-ic generic

-ive creative

-y thrifty

-ing interesting

-ed embarrassed

Nouns (Person) Nouns (activity, field, characteristic)

-er teacher -tion reaction

-or actor -ation cooperation

-ess actress -ment advertisement

-ist artist -ing accounting

-ian electrician -ance maintenance

-ant accountant -ence difference

-ent resident -ness happiness






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-ee employee -ry dentistry

-ic mechanic -ty specialty

-man fisherman -y assembly

-woman policewoman -ism journalism

-person salesperson -ure architecture

-eur chauffeur

PHRASAL VERB LIST

Verb Meaning Example

ask someone out invite on a date Brian asked Judy out to dinner and a

movie.

ask around ask many people the same question I asked around but nobody has seen my

wallet.

add up to something equal Your purchases add up to $205.32.

back something up reverse You'll have to back up your car so that I

can get out.

back someone up support My wife backed me up over my decision to

quit my job.

blow up explode The racing car blew up after it crashed into

the fence.

blow something up add air We have to blow 50 balloons up for the

party.

break down stop functioning (vehicle, machine) Our car broke down at the side of the

highway in the snowstorm.

break down get upset The woman broke down when the police

told her that her son had died.

break something down divide into smaller parts Our teacher broke the final project down

into three separate parts.

break in force entry to a building Somebody broke in last night and stole our

stereo.

break into something enter forcibly The firemen had to break into the room to

rescue the children.

break something in wear something a few times so that it doesn't

look/feel new

I need to break these shoes in before we

run next week.

break in interrupt The TV station broke in to report the news

of the president's death.

break up end a relationship My boyfriend and I broke up before I

moved to America.

break up start laughing (informal) The kids just broke up as soon as the clown

started talking.

break out escape The prisoners broke out of jail when the

guards weren't looking.

break out in something develop a skin condition I broke out in a rash after our camping trip.

bring someone down make unhappy This sad music is bringing me down.






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bring someone up raise a child My grandparents brought me up after my

parents died.

bring something up start talking about a subject My mother walks out of the room when my

father brings up sports.

bring something up vomit He drank so much that he brought his

dinner up in the toilet.

call around phone many different places/people We called around but we weren't able to

find the car part we needed.

call someone back return a phone call I called the company back but the offices

were closed for the weekend.

call something off cancel Jason called the wedding off because he

wasn't in love with his fiancé.

call on someone ask for an answer or opinion The professor called on me for question 1.

call on someone visit someone We called on you last night but you

weren't home.

call someone up phone Give me your phone number and I will call

you up when we are in town.

calm down relax after being angry You are still mad. You need to calm down

before you drive the car.

not care for

someone/something not like (formal) I don't care for his behaviour.

catch up get to the same point as someone else You'll have to run faster than that if you

want to catch up with Marty.

check in arrive and register at a hotel or airport We will get the hotel keys when we check

in.

check out leave a hotel You have to check out of the hotel before

11:00 AM.

check

someone/something out look at carefully, investigate

The company checks out all new

employees.

check out

someone/something look at (informal) Check out the crazy hair on that guy!

cheer up become happier She cheered up when she heard the good

news.

cheer someone up make happier I brought you some flowers to cheer you

up.

chip in help If everyone chips in we can get the kitchen

painted by noon.

clean something up tidy, clean Please clean up your bedroom before you

go outside.

come across something find unexpectedly I came across these old photos when I was

tidying the closet.

come apart separate The top and bottom come apart if you pull

hard enough.

come down with

something become sick

My nephew came down with chicken pox

this weekend.






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come forward volunteer for a task or to give evidence The woman came forward with her

husband's finger prints.

come from

somewhere originate in The art of origami comes from Asia.

count on

someone/something rely on

I am counting on you to make dinner while

I am out.

cross something out draw a line through Please cross out your old address and write

your new one.

cut back on something consume less My doctor wants me to cut back on sweets

and fatty foods.

cut something down make something fall to the ground We had to cut the old tree in our yard

down after the storm.

cut in interrupt Your father cut in while I was dancing with

your uncle.

cut in pull in too closely in front of another vehicle The bus driver got angry when that car cut

in.

cut in start operating (of an engine or electrical

device)

The air conditioner cuts in when the

temperature gets to 22°C.

cut something off remove with something sharp The doctors cut off his leg because it was

severely injured.

cut something off stop providing The phone company cut off our phone

because we didn't pay the bill.

cut someone off take out of a will My grandparents cut my father off when

he remarried.

cut something out remove part of something (usually with

scissors and paper) I cut this ad out of the newspaper.

do someone/something

over beat up, ransack (Br.E., informal)

He's lucky to be alive. His shop was done

over by a street gang.

do something over do again (N.Amer.) My teacher wants me to do my essay over

because she doesn't like my topic.

do away with

something discard

It's time to do away with all of these old tax

records.

do something up fasten, close Do your coat up before you go outside. It's

snowing!

dress up wear nice clothing It's a fancy restaurant so we have to dress

up.

drop back move back in a position/group Andrea dropped back to third place when

she fell off her bike.

drop in/by/over come without an appointment I might drop in/by/over for tea some time

this week.

drop

someone/something off

take someone/something somewhere and

leave them/it there

I have to drop my sister off at work before I

come over.

drop out quit a class, school etc I dropped out of Science because it was too

difficult.

eat out eat at a restaurant I don't feel like cooking tonight. Let's eat






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out.

end up eventually reach/do/decide We ended up renting a movie instead of

going to the theatre.

fall apart break into pieces My new dress fell apart in the washing

machine.

fall down fall to the ground The picture that you hung up last night fell

down this morning.

fall out separate from an interior The money must have fallen out of my

pocket.

fall out (of hair, teeth) become loose and unattached His hair started to fall out when he was

only 35.

figure something out understand, find the answer I need to figure out how to fit the piano

and the bookshelf in this room.

fill something in to write information in blanks (Br.E.) Please fill in the form with your name,

address, and phone number.

fill something out to write information in blanks (N.Amer.) The form must be filled out in capital

letters.

fill something up fill to the top I always fill the water jug up when it is

empty.

find out discover We don't know where he lives. How can

we find out?

find something out discover We tried to keep the time of the party a

secret, but Samantha found it out.

get something

across/over communicate, make understandable

I tried to get my point across/over to the

judge but she wouldn't listen.

get along/on like each other I was surprised how well my new

girlfriend and my sister got along/on.

get around have mobility My grandfather can get around fine in his

new wheelchair.

get away go on a vacation We worked so hard this year that we had to

get away for a week.

get away with

something do without being noticed or punished

Jason always gets away with cheating in

his maths tests.

get back return We got back from our vacation last week.

get something back receive something you had before Liz finally got her Science notes back from

my room-mate.

get back at someone retaliate, take revenge My sister got back at me for stealing her

shoes. She stole my favourite hat.

get back into

something become interested in something again

I finally got back into my novel and

finished it.

get on something step onto a vehicle We're going to freeze out here if you don't

let us get on the bus.

get over something recover from an illness, loss, difficulty I just got over the flu and now my sister

has it.

get over something overcome a problem The company will have to close if it can't






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get over the new regulations.

get round to something finally find time to do (N.Amer.: get around to

something)

I don't know when I am going to get round

to writing the thank you cards.

get together meet (usually for social reasons) Let's get together for a BBQ this weekend.

get up get out of bed I got up early today to study for my exam.

get up stand You should get up and give the elderly

man your seat.

give someone away reveal hidden information about someone His wife gave him away to the police.

give someone away take the bride to the altar My father gave me away at my wedding.

give something away ruin a secret My little sister gave the surprise party

away by accident.

give something away give something to someone for free The library was giving away old books on

Friday.

give something back return a borrowed item I have to give these skates back to Franz

before his hockey game.

give in reluctantly stop fighting or arguing My boyfriend didn't want to go to the

ballet, but he finally gave in.

give something out give to many people (usually at no cost) They were giving out free perfume

samples at the department store.

give something up quit a habit I am giving up smoking as of January 1st.

give up stop trying My maths homework was too difficult so I

gave up.

go after someone follow someone My brother tried to go after the thief in his

car.

go after something try to achieve something I went after my dream and now I am a

published writer.

go against someone compete, oppose We are going against the best soccer team

in the city tonight.

go ahead start, proceed Please go ahead and eat before the food

gets cold.

go back return to a place I have to go back home and get my lunch.

go out leave home to go on a social event We're going out for dinner tonight.

go out with someone date Jesse has been going out with Luke since

they met last winter.

go over something review Please go over your answers before you

submit your test.

go over visit someone nearby I haven't seen Tina for a long time. I think

I'll go over for an hour or two.

go without something suffer lack or deprivation When I was young, we went without

winter boots.

grow apart stop being friends over time My best friend and I grew apart after she

changed schools.

grow back regrow My roses grew back this summer.

grow up become an adult When Jack grows up he wants to be a

fireman.






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grow out of something get too big for Elizabeth needs a new pair of shoes

because she has grown out of her old ones.

grow into something grow big enough to fit This bike is too big for him now, but he

should grow into it by next year.

hand something down give something used to someone else I handed my old comic books down to my

little cousin.

hand something in submit I have to hand in my essay by Friday.

hand something out to distribute to a group of people We will hand out the invitations at the

door.

hand something over give (usually unwillingly) The police asked the man to hand over his

wallet and his weapons.

hang in stay positive (N.Amer., informal) Hang in there. I'm sure you'll find a job

very soon.

hang on wait a short time (informal) Hang on while I grab my coat and shoes!

hang out spend time relaxing (informal) Instead of going to the party we are just

going to hang out at my place.

hang up end a phone call He didn't say goodbye before he hung up.

hold

someone/something

back

prevent from doing/going I had to hold my dog back because there

was a cat in the park.

hold something back hide an emotion Jamie held back his tears at his

grandfather's funeral.

hold on wait a short time Please hold on while I transfer you to the

Sales Department.

hold onto

someone/something hold firmly using your hands or arms

Hold onto your hat because it's very windy

outside.

hold

someone/somethingup rob

A man in a black mask held the bank up

this morning.

keep on doing

something continue doing

Keep on stirring until the liquid comes to a

boil.

keep something from

someone not tell

We kept our relationship from our parents

for two years.

keep

someone/something out stop from entering

Try to keep the wet dog out of the living

room.

keep something up continue at the same rate If you keep those results up you will get

into a great college.

let someone down fail to support or help, disappoint I need you to be on time. Don't let me

down this time.

let someone in allow to enter Can you let the cat in before you go to

school?

look after

someone/something take care of I have to look after my sick grandmother.

look down on someone think less of, consider inferior Ever since we stole that chocolate bar your

dad has looked down on me.

look for try to find I'm looking for a red dress for the






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someone/something wedding.

look forward to

something be excited about the future

I'm looking forward to the Christmas

break.

look into something investigate We are going to look into the price of

snowboards today.

look out be careful, vigilant, and take notice Look out! That car's going to hit you!

look out for

someone/something be especially vigilant for

Don't forget to look out for snakes on the

hiking trail.

look something over check, examine Can you look over my essay for spelling

mistakes?

look something up search and find information in a reference

book or database

We can look her phone number up on the

Internet.

look up to someone have a lot of respect for My little sister has always looked up to me.

make something up invent, lie about something Josie made up a story about about why we

were late.

make up forgive each other We were angry last night, but we made up

at breakfast.

make someone up apply cosmetics to My sisters made me up for my graduation

party.

mix something up confuse two or more things I mixed up the twins' names again!

pass away die His uncle passed away last night after a

long illness.

pass out faint It was so hot in the church that an elderly

lady passed out.

pass something out give the same thing to many people The professor passed the textbooks out

before class.

pass something up decline (usually something good) I passed up the job because I am afraid of

change.

pay someone back return owed money Thanks for buying my ticket. I'll pay you

back on Friday.

pay for something be punished for doing something bad That bully will pay for being mean to my

little brother.

pick something out choose I picked out three sweaters for you to try

on.

point

someone/something out indicate with your finger

I'll point my boyfriend out when he runs

by.

put something down put what you are holding on a surface or floor You can put the groceries down on the

kitchen counter.

put someone down insult, make someone feel stupid The students put the substitute teacher

down because his pants were too short.

put something off postpone We are putting off our trip until January

because of the hurricane.

put something out extinguish The neighbours put the fire out before the

firemen arrived.

put something assemble I have to put the crib together before the






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together baby arrives.

put up with

someone/something tolerate

I don't think I can put up with three small

children in the car.

put something on put clothing/accessories on your body Don't forget to put on your new earrings

for the party.

run into

someone/something meet unexpectedly I ran into an old school-friend at the mall.

run over

someone/something drive a vehicle over a person or thing

I accidentally ran over your bicycle in the

driveway.

run over/through

something rehearse, review

Let's run over/through these lines one more

time before the show.

run away leave unexpectedly, escape The child ran away from home and has

been missing for three days.

run out have none left We ran out of shampoo so I had to wash

my hair with soap.

send something back return (usually by mail) My letter got sent back to me because I

used the wrong stamp.

set something up arrange, organize Our boss set a meeting up with the

president of the company.

set someone up trick, trap The police set up the car thief by using a

hidden camera.

shop around compare prices I want to shop around a little before I

decide on these boots.

show off act extra special for people watching (usually

boastfully) He always shows off on his skateboard

sleep over stay somewhere for the night (informal) You should sleep over tonight if the

weather is too bad to drive home.

sort something out organize, resolve a problem We need to sort the bills out before the first

of the month.

stick to something continue doing something, limit yourself to

one particular thing You will lose weight if you stick to the diet.

switch something off stop the energy flow, turn off The light's too bright. Could you switch it

off.

switch something on start the energy flow, turn on We heard the news as soon as we switched

on the car radio.

take after someone resemble a family member I take after my mother. We are both

impatient.

take something apart purposely break into pieces He took the car brakes apart and found the

problem.

take something back return an item I have to take our new TV back because it

doesn't work.

take off start to fly My plane takes off in five minutes.

take something off remove something (usually clothing) Take off your socks and shoes and come in

the lake!

take something out remove from a place or thing Can you take the garbage out to the street






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for me?

take someone out pay for someone to go somewhere with you My grandparents took us out for dinner

and a movie.

tear something up rip into pieces I tore up my ex-boyfriend's letters and gave

them back to him.

think back remember (often + to, sometimes + on) When I think back on my youth, I wish I

had studied harder.

think something over consider I'll have to think this job offer over before I

make my final decision.

throw something away dispose of We threw our old furniture away when we

won the lottery.

turn something down decrease the volume or strength (heat, light

etc)

Please turn the TV down while the guests

are here.

turn something down refuse I turned the job down because I don't want

to move.

turn something off stop the energy flow, switch off Your mother wants you to turn the TV off

and come for dinner.

turn something on start the energy, switch on It's too dark in here. Let's turn some lights

on.

turn something up increase the volume or strength (heat, light

etc)

Can you turn the music up? This is my

favourite song.

turn up appear suddenly Our cat turned up after we put posters up

all over the neighbourhood.

try something on sample clothing I'm going to try these jeans on, but I don't

think they will fit.

try something out test I am going to try this new brand of

detergent out.

use something up finish the supply The kids used all of the toothpaste up so

we need to buy some more.

wake up stop sleeping We have to wake up early for work on

Monday.

warm

someone/something up increase the temperature

You can warm your feet up in front of the

fireplace.

warm up prepare body for exercise I always warm up by doing sit-ups before I

go for a run.

wear off fade away Most of my make-up wore off before I got

to the party.

work out exercise I work out at the gym three times a week.

work out be successful Our plan worked out fine.

work something out make a calculation We have to work out the total cost before

we buy the house.

INTERJECTION






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Hi! That's an interjection. :-)"Interjection" is a big name for a little word. Interjections are short exclamations like Oh!,

Um or Ah! They have no real grammatical value but we use them quite often, usually more in speaking than in

writing. When interjections are inserted into a sentence, they have no grammatical connection to the sentence. An

interjection is sometimes followed by an exclamation mark (!) when written.

Here are some interjections with examples:

Interjection Meaning Example

ah expressing pleasure "Ah, that feels good."

expressing realization "Ah, now I understand."

expressing resignation "Ah well, it can't be heped."

expressing surprise "Ah! I've won!"

alas expressing grief or pity "Alas, she's dead now."

dear expressing pity "Oh dear! Does it hurt?"

expressing surprise "Dear me! That's a surprise!"

eh asking for repetition "It's hot today." "Eh?" "I said it's hot today."

expressing enquiry "What do you think of that, eh?"

expressing surprise "Eh! Really?"

inviting agreement "Let's go, eh?"

er expressing hesitation "Lima is the capital of...er...Peru."

hello, hullo expressing greeting "Hello John. How are you today?"

expressing surprise "Hello! My car's gone!"

hey calling attention "Hey! look at that!"

expressing surprise, joy etc "Hey! What a good idea!"

hi expressing greeting "Hi! What's new?"

hmm expressing hesitation, doubt or disagreement "Hmm. I'm not so sure."

oh, o expressing surprise "Oh! You're here!"

expressing pain "Oh! I've got a toothache."

expressing pleading "Oh, please say 'yes'!"

ouch expressing pain "Ouch! That hurts!"

uh expressing hesitation "Uh...I don't know the answer to that."

uh-huh expressing agreement "Shall we go?" "Uh-huh."

um, umm expressing hesitation "85 divided by 5 is...um...17."

well expressing surprise "Well I never!"

introducing a remark "Well, what did he say?"

TOP 25

Top 25 Verbs Top 25 Nouns Top 25 Adjectives

1. be 1. time 1. good

2. have 2. person 2. new

3. do 3. year 3. first

4. say 4. way 4. last

5. get 5. day 5. long

6. make 6. thing 6. great

7. go 7. man 7. little

8. know 8. world 8. own

9. take 9. life 9. other






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10. see 10. hand 10. old

11. come 11. part 11. right

12. think 12. child 12. big

13. look 13. eye 13. high

14. want 14. woman 14. different

15. give 15. place 15. small

16. use 16. work 16. large

17. find 17. week 17. next

18. tell 18. case 18. early

19. ask 19. point 19. young

20. work 20. government 20. important

21. seem 21. company 21. few

22. feel 22. number 22. public

23. try 23. group 23. bad

24. leave 24. problem 24. same

25. call 25. fact 25. able

SAY OR TELL?

Say and tell have similar meanings. They both mean to communicate verbally with someone. But we often use them

differently.

The simple way to think of say and tell is:

You say something

You tell someone something

You say something You tell someone something

Ram said that he was tired. Ram told Jane that he was tired.

Anthony says you have a new job. Anthony tells me you have a new job.

Tara said: "I love you." Tara told John that she loved him.

But, of course, it is not always so easy. Here are a few rules to help you.

Personal object

We usually follow tell with a personal object (the person that we are speaking to). We usually use say without a

personal object:

She told me that she loved John.

She said that she loved John.

He told everybody that he had to leave.

He said that he had to leave.

Say "to someone"

With say, we sometimes use "to someone":

He said to me that he was tired.






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Tara said to Ram that he had done very well.

Anthony said to her, "I hope you come soon."

"I'd like to sleep," she said to him quietly.

Direct speech

We can use say with direct speech. We use tell only with direct speech that is an instruction or information:

Amanda said, "Hello John. How are you?"

"That's great'" she said.

He told her: "Open the door quietly."

She told me, "I have never been to England."

We can use say with direct questions, but we cannot use tell:

She said: "Do you love me?"

The policeman said to the prisoner, "Where were you at 8pm?"

Reported speech

We can use say and tell to talk about reported information:

She said that it was raining.

She told me that she would call at 2pm.

We cannot use say or tell to talk about reported questions. We must use ask (or a similar verb):

She asked if I had ever been there.

They asked what I wanted to eat.

She asked where he lived.

He asked if she wanted to go home.

Orders, advice

We use tell + object + infinitive for orders or advice:

She told him to sit down.

They told me not to wait.

Tell Neil to have a holiday and forget her.

Phrases

Here are a few fixed phrases with tell. We cannot use say with these phrases:

tell (someone) a story

tell (someone) a lie

tell (someone) the truth

tell the future (= to know what the future will bring)

tell the time (= know how to read a clock)

Right and wrong

Read these examples of correct and incorrect usage:

We cannot... These are NOT possible... These are possible...






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say someone to do something Tara said Jo to go away. Tara told Jo to go away.

say someone something Panita said me that she was hungry. Panita told me that she was hungry.

tell something He told that he likes coffee. He said that he likes coffee.

tell to someone Tookta told to me that she was

coming.

Tookta told me that she was coming.

Tookta said to me that she was

coming.

say a lie Siriluck always says lies. Siriluck always tells lies.

tell somebody "direct speech"

(except instructions and

information)

Ram told Nok: "Let's turn on the TV."

Ram said to Nok: "Let's turn on the

TV."

(Ram told Nok, "Turn on the TV.")

(Ram told Nok: "I was born in 1985.")

say or tell a reported question

She said if I wanted to come. She asked if I wanted to come.

Tookta told what I wanted to do. Took asked what I wanted to do.

WH QUESTIONS WORDS

We use question words to ask certain types of questions (question word questions). We often refer to them

as WH words because they include the letters WH (for example WHy, HoW).

Question Word Function Example

what asking for information about something What is your name?

asking for repetition or confirmation What? I can't hear you.

You did what?

what...for asking for a reason, asking why What did you do that for?

when asking about time When did he leave?

where asking in or at what place or position Where do they live?

which asking about choice Which colour do you want?

who asking what or which person or people (subject) Who opened the door?

whom asking what or which person or people (object) Whom did you see?

http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-questions_types.htm






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whose asking about ownership Whose are these keys?

Whose turn is it?

why asking for reason, asking what...for Why do you say that?

why don't making a suggestion Why don't I help you?

how asking about manner How does this work?

asking about condition or quality How was your exam?

how + adj/adv asking about extent or degree see examples below

how far distance How far is Pattaya from Bangkok?

how long length (time or space) How long will it take?

how many quantity (countable) How many cars are there?

how much quantity (uncountable) How much money do you have?

how old age How old are you?

how come (informal) asking for reason, asking why How come I can't see her?

CONJUNCTIONS

As their name implies, conjunctions join together elements of thought: words, phrases, sentences, and paragraphs.

Coordinating conjunctions are the simplest kind, and they denote equality of relationship between the ideas they

join. Coordinating conjunctions are sometimes called the fanboys because that is an acronym for them:

For

And

Nor

But

Or

Yet

So

Their relatives, correlative conjunctions, not only denote equality, but they also make the joining tighter and more

emphatic.

Coordinating Conjunctions Correlative Conjunctions






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and

but

or

nor

for

so

yet

both . . . and

not only . . . but also

either . . . or

neither . . . nor

whether . . . or

just as . . . so too

Examples:

John and Sally built a fish pond.

The train was late, and Tom was tired.

Just as the smell of baking brought back memories, so too did the taste of the cider.

Coordinating and correlative conjunctions are great when two ideas are of the same importance, but many times one

idea is more important than another. Subordinating conjunctions allow a writer to show which idea is more and

which is less important. The idea in the main clause is the more important, while the idea in the subordinate clause

(made subordinate by the subordinating conjunction) is less important. The subordinate clause supplies a time,

reason, and condition, and so on for the main clause.

Subordinating Conjunctions

Time Reason Concession Place Condition Manner

after

before

since

when

whenever

while

until

as

as . . . as

once

because

since

so that

in order that

why

although

though

even though

while

where

wherever

if

unless

until

in case

provided that

assuming that

even if

as if

as though

how

Examples:

Sally steamed the corn while Fred fried the steaks.

After the rain stopped, the dog ran into the mud to play.

The snowman melted because the sun came out.

Even though John fell asleep, the telephone salesman kept talking.

Conjunctive adverbs make up an even stronger category of conjunctions. They show logical relationships between

two independent sentences, between sections of paragraphs, or between entire paragraphs. Conjunctive adverbs are

so emphatic that they should be used sparingly; however, when used appropriately, they can be quite effective.

Conjunctive Adverbs

also consequently






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hence

however

still

likewise

otherwise

therefore

conversely

rather

furthermore

nevertheless

instead

moreover

then

thus

meanwhile

accordingly

Examples:

If the salmon is grilled, I will have that; otherwise, I might have the chicken.

James has a garage full of wood working tools. He might, however, have some metric wrenches, too.

I do not recommend that you play with a stick of dynamite lit at both ends. Rather, a ham sandwich would be

better for you.

Relative pronouns and relative adjectives are also used to join ideas together by creating adjective or noun clauses,

which allow a writer to create smoother, more flowing and effective sentences by combining ideas.

Relative Pronouns and Relative Adjectives

who

whom

whose

whoever

whomever

which

that

what

whichever

whatever

Examples:

This is the man who sells peanuts.

Tell me what you want.

Hers is an idea that I would like to think through.

The shirts, which are in the laundry, will need ironing.

Adverbs of time, place, and sequence are actually transitions of logic, but as such they also have conjunctive force,

because they connect ideas by showing a time relationship.

Adverbs of Time, Place, and Sequence

earlier

next

lastly

later

before

after

then

now

soon

here

there

today

first

second

third

fourth

eventually

tomorrow

Examples:

The twilight glides away. Soon night will awake.






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First, get a pad and pencil. Next, find a quiet place to think.

Sentential Adverbs are closely related to conjunctive adverbs. The "official" line on these words is that they convey no

meaning of their own but instead serve only to emphasize the statement to which they are attached. As such, then,

they technically do not show a logical relationship like time or cause between ideas, and that fact prevents them from

being true-blue conjunctive adverbs. But it could be argued that sentential adverbs create a relationship of emphasis

between ideas: this new idea is important in light of what preceded it. Indeed, that is why they are included here.

Sentential Adverbs

of course

indeed

naturally

after all

in short

I hope

at least

remarkably

in fact

I think

it seems

in brief

clearly

I suppose

assuredly

definitely

to be sure

without doubt

for all that

on the whole

in any event

importantly

certainly

naturally

Examples:

The flashlight hit the floor and broke into a hundred pieces. At least there was a candle in the room.

They all began to use appropriate sentential adverbs in their writing. They were convinced, I suppose, by the

excellent examples.

The conjunction list has left the building. On the whole, I hope you enjoyed it.

grammer vocablary

Education

jay drinks tea

kay drinks coffee

ram told nok

relative adjectives

expressing surprise

main clause

past tense

extra drink