grammer guide for dummies

8/2/2019 Grammer Guide for Dummies

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Grammar Guide


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Parts of Speech Noun

Pronoun

Adjective Verb

Adverb

Preposition Conjunction

Interjection


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Person Place Thing Idea

Noun


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Pronoun

Takes the place of anoun

Mark is strong.

Heis strong.

He is the pronoun inthis example.


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Adjective Describes a noun or

pronoun.

Ex: The tallmanwas an excellentsaxophoneplayer.


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Verbs Action

Linking

Helping

He rantoday.

She isslow.

Father hasgonefishing.


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Adverbs Modifies a verb,

adjective, or other

adverb Usually ends in -ly

Miles quicklyspunthe hula-hoops.


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Preposition Shows direction,

location, or

association. The elf was under

the lightning bolt.

Ask where it was.

Q: Where was theelf?

A: Underthe

lightning bolt.


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Conjunction

Joins words orgroups of words

The dog flew, butthe cat walked.

Drew is tall andgenial.

Expresses emotion

Always ends in an

exclamation point Ouch!

Oh my!

Interjection


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Subject

Predicate

Complements

Phrases

Clauses


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Subject The main characterof the sentence.

The thing that doesthe action

Markplays soccer.


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Predicate What the subject

does or is.

Drew playsbaseball.

Q: What does Drewdo?

A: plays baseball


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Direct Object Indirect Object

Objective Complement

Predicate Nominative Predicate Adjective


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Direct Object Receives the action

of the verb.

Answers what?orwhom?

Brian loveswatermelon.

Q: What does Brianlove?

A: Watermelon.


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Indirect Object Comes before the

direct object.

Tells to whom?Orfor whom?

Mrs. Mayespromised usa trip toBraums.

Q: To whom didshe promise a trip?

A: To us.


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Objective Complement

Noun or Adjective

Refers to the Object

They thought shewas pretty.

Q: Thought she waswhat?

A: Pretty.


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Predicate Nominative

Follows a linkingverb

The same person orthing as the subject.

Brian is a soccerplayer.

Q: What is Brian?

A: A player.


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Predicate Adjective

Follows the linkingverb

Describes thesubject

Drew is cool.

Q: What is Drew?

A: Cool.


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Prepositional

Participial

Gerund

Infinitive

Appositive


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Prepositional Phrase

A group of wordsstarting with a

preposition andending with a noun.

The dog ran aroundthe yard.

Q: Where did thedog run?

A: Around the yard.


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Participial Phrase

Verb form ending in-ing or -ed used as

an adjective The smilingchild

was happy.

You are bad, said

the disappointedteacher.


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Gerund Phrase Verb form ending in

-ing used as a noun

Fishingis fun. I like eating.


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Infinitive Phrase To + a verb

Used as a noun,

adjective, or adverb I dont want to stay

too late.

Abby wants him towinthe election.


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Appositive Phrase

Noun or pronoun thatrenames another noun

or pronoun Usually set off by

commas

My brother Paullikes

bananas.

Florida, the SunshineState, is warm.


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Adjective Clause

Noun Clause Adverb Clause

Independent

Dependent


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Independent & Dependent Clauses

Independentclauses can standalone.

He is standingalone.

Dependent clauses

cannot stand alone. Mary, who is not tall,

cannot reach the

ceiling.


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Adjective Clause A clause that modifies

a noun or pronoun

Usually adjacent to themodified noun orpronoun.

This book, which is

about tennis, grabs myattention.


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Noun Clause Clause used as a

noun.

Can be replaced byit.

We heard that shegraduated with honors.

That she graduatedwith honors = It

We heard it.


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Adverb Clause A clause used as an

adverb.

Modifies verb,adjective, or adverb

Brian sleeps whenhe has time.

After Drew watchedthe movie, he left.


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Capitalization Capitalize the following:

1st word in a sentence,

the pronoun I

Proper Nouns and Adjectives Peoples names

Geographical Places

Organizations and Business Firms

Historical Events, Periods, & Calendar Items.

Nationalities, Races, and Religions

Brand Names

Titles of books, magazines, & paintings

This angus has nothing to do with

everything, but everything to do

with nothing.


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Period (.)

Question Mark (?) Exclamation Point (!)

Comma (,)

Dash (--) Parentheses (())

Underline/Italics ()/()

Brackets ([])

Semicolon (;) Colon (:)

Quotation Mark ()

Apostrophe () Hyphen (-)


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Period & Question Mark

Use a period at theend of a sentence or

with an abbr. Dr. Kevorkian

Ms. Tubble

This was fun.

Use a question markat the end of the

question. Why did you do

that?

Do you hate me?


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Comma Use to

separate items in series

to separate two or more

adj. before a noun before a conjunction

separating two or moreindependent clauses.

Salutations, closings Addresses, Dates

Introductory words

After a name followed

by Jr.


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Exclamation Point & Dash

Use an exclamationpoint at the end of an

exclamation or at theend of an exclamatorysentence.

Ouch!

Oh my gosh! Theykilled Kenny!

Look how dead Kenny

is!

Use to indicate an abruptbreak in thought or to

mean namely, in otherwords, or that is beforean explanation.

My point is - as you

know - people are notsmart

smart - not stupid


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Parentheses & Brackets

Use to encloseincidental explanatory

matter but isntconsidered important

Sen. Coy (Idaho) wason the committee

Use to enclose explanationswithin parentheses or in

quoted material whenexplanation isnt part ofquotation.

It [the party] was neat.

The report was sophisticated.(See pp. 16 [Section 3])


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Semicolon & Colon

Use when

the items in a seriesalready containcommas

Winners were Pam,1st; Helen, 2nd; andDick, 3rd.

independent clausesarent joined by

conjunction

The car was colorful;it was neat.

Use a colon to meannote what follows

Use in conventionalsituations

8:00 AM; Proverbs 3:3

Use between

independent clauseswhen the 2nd clauseexplains the 1st

Jay is popular: he isnice.


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Underlining/Italics

Underline or use Italicson the following:

words and letters notyet adopted into English

The Latin phrase adastra per asperagivesme hope.

titles of books,magazines, ships,newspapers, etc.

Romeo & Juliet


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Quotation Marks

Use to enclose titles ofpoems, short stories,articles, songs, t.v.episodes, chapters,slang, etc.

The Raven is a good

poem.

Use to enclose a directquotation.

Be careful! exclaimed

Alex.


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Apostrophe

Use to form acontraction

cant; isnt; its Use to form the

possessive case

the boys bike

the childrens money

the dogs barking


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Hyphen Use to divide a word

at the end of a line

Use with compound#s between twenty-one and ninety-nine

Use with prefixes

before proper nouns ex-mayor

anti-Beavis


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