paperco simple guide to dummies aug 10

Simple Guide toDummies

www.paperco.co.uk

Paper care 21

Printing processes 20

Paper problems 23

Laser pre-print guidelines 22

Envelope sizes 8 - 9

Paper sizes 6 - 7

Paper & envelope sizes

Folding & binding 3 - 4

Folding & binding

Paper & board types & associated terminology 11 - 19

Paper & board types & associated terminology

Conversion factors & useful calculations 25

British paper & board trade tolerances 24

INDEX Page no.

How to order a dummy 4

PaperCo provide samples of paper and board to helpyou and your end customer decide the perfect paperfor your job.

We supply A4 and SRA2 sized samples from our manythousands of different grades held in stock.

These guidelines will ensure that the dummy you orderis made exactly to your specification from the actualpaper and board grade you intend to use.

Our Sample department has commercial finishingequipment to produce a truly accurate mock-up ofyour project and finish them with wire stitching, perfectbinding or wiro binding.

Dummies are ideal to develop ideas, calculate mailingcosts, present visuals and communicate your ideas.

delivery Information

For all standard requests received before 4.30pm weaim for next working day delivery by Royal Mail 1stclass (most arrive within 24 hours).

Courier deliveries up to 30kg are all tracked for nextday delivery by 5.30pm latest.

If you request non-stocked paper grades or oversizedperfect bound items these may take up to 72 hours tofulfil.

Quantities Supplied

A4 up to 10 sheetsSRA2 Flat Sheets up to 20 sheetsDummies up to 10 per request

Service Information

Our sample department is open weekdays :Monday to Friday 8.00am to 6.30pm.

Contact your local branch for all sample and dummyrequests. Please see back cover for contact details.

Samples &

Dummies Service

1

Folding &

Binding

FOLDING & BINDING

3

4 pagesingle fold

6 pagegate fold

8 pagegate fold

6 pageconcertina fold

6 pagestandard fold

8 pageparallel double fold


broadsheet SRA2double folded to A4

6 pagegate fold with flip

8 page parallelmap fold

8 page reversemap fold


12 pagestandard letter fold

12 pageconcertina letter fold endorsement fold

portrait(upright)

landscape(wide)

6pp cover with textthrow-out at front/back

cover, flysheetand text

cover withtwo text sections

perfectbound

folderdiagonal pockets

folderhorizontal pocket

foldervertical pocket

folder with “L”shaped pocket

saddlestitched

stabstitched

wirobound

loopstitched

* French fold, Wirobinding & Loopstitching is alsoavailable (limited

service) Please call forinformation

See next page for more information

FOLDING & BINDING

HOW TO ORDER A DUMMY

All dummies produced on weights above

170 g/m2 are scored.

Scoring creates a debossed ridge along the

fold. The ‘ridge’ or hinge should be on the

inside of the fold to reduce paper stretch

and give a smooth outer edge.

This requires an extra allowance in the

dimension of the cover to accommodate

the fold (x) when heavy cover weight papers

are used.

Where the contents are too bulky for a

single fold, a double fold is needed to

create a boxed spine. Additional score lines

may be added to reduce pressure on the

spine of the dummy and to keep pages in

place.

1 Identify the materials you want to use,

brand name, colour (if applicable) and

grammage or caliper.

2 Detail final dimensions of dummy in

millimetres.

3 Specify the format required:

Portrait - spine is the longest dimension

Landscape - spine is the shortest

dimension

4 Clearly identify cover and text material.

5 Detail separately the number of ‘printed

pages’ (pp) required for both the cover

and the text:

example: Cover - 4pp / Text - 24pp

‘pp’ indicates the number of printed sides.

Omitting ‘pp’ suggests number of leaves

and therefore doubles the quantity of

paper.

6 Specify the type of binding you require:

Wiro bound, perfect bound, wire

stitched, stab stitched, loop stitched.

example of dummy order

Cover - 9lives 55 gloss 300gsm

Text - 9lives 55 silk 150gsm

Dimensions - 297mm x 210mm Portrait

Cover - 4pp / Text - 24pp

Binding - Saddle Stitched

(x)

Paper &

Envelo

pe Sizes

A0 SIze

A1

A4A6

A3

A5

A7

PAPER SIZES

6

A2

In 1959, the British Standards Institute

adopted a standardized system of sizes for

printing and writing papers. This new

standard was based on the International

Standards Organisation (ISO) sizes in use in

most other countries.

This practical and economical system is

based on a rectangle with an area of one

square metre, referred to as AO (841 x

1189mm).

In addition there are two other series of

sizes included in the system - B and C.

The B series of sizes are based on a basic

sheet size of 1000 x 1414mm and these are

used mainly for posters, wall charts and

some maps. The C series of sizes are based

on a basic sheet size of 917 x 1297mm and

are used for envelopes. These C series

envelope sizes are formulated to take A

series paper exactly. For example, C4 for

A4, C5 for A5 and C6 for A6. One of the

most popular envelope sizes, DL, is however

an exception to this. The DL designation is

derived from the German DIN Lang, ‘DIN’

being the German equivalent of the ISO

standard, and ‘Lang’ meaning long.

All ‘A’ series paper sub-divisions denote the

actual finished size of the sheet. Printers

often prefer to print on paper that is a little

larger than these A sizes to allow printing

and finishing machines to “grip” the sheet

and allow trimming, to clean up the end

product without reducing the final trimmed

size. These larger sizes are prefixed ‘R’.

Some work needs even larger sheet sizes to

allow printed images to “bleed off” the

trimmed size or for large “grip” allowances,

or to allow quality control images to be

printed in the trim margins. These sizes are

prefixed ‘SR’.

A number of derivatives of these standard

international sizes are becoming

increasingly popular for the economical

production of particular formats.

This can be a problem i.e. 707 x 1000mm,

720 x 1000mm and 720 x 1020mm can all be

described as B1. Avoid confusion by

specifying dimensions required.

A SerIeS - FOr TrIMMed WOrK

A0 841 x 1189mm 331/8” x 463/4”

A1 594 x 841mm 233/8” x 331/8”

A2 420 x 594mm 161/2” x 233/8”

A3 297 x 420mm 113/4” x 161/2”

A4 210 x 297mm 81/4” x 113/4”

A5 148 x 210mm 57/8” x 81/4”

A6 105 x 148mm 41/8” x 57/8”

A7 74 x 105mm 27/8” x 41/8”

A8 52 x 74mm 2” x 27/8”

A9 37 x 52mm 11/2” x 2

A10 26 x 37mm 1” x 11/2”

b SerIeS - FOr LArGer FOrMATS

B0 1000 x 1414mm

B1 707 x 1000mm

B2 500 x 707mm

B3 353 x 500mm

B4 250 x 353mm

B5 176 x 250mm

rA SerIeS - FOr nOrMAL TrIMS

RA0 860 x 1220mm

RA1 610 x 860mm

RA2 430 x 610mm

SrA SerIeS - FOr bLed WOrK

SRA0 900 x 1280mm

SRA1 640 x 900mm

SRA2 450 x 640mm

MeTrIC eQUIVALenT OF TrAdITIOnAL

SIzeS

(Limited Availability)

book Papers

Quad Royal 960 x 1270mm

Quad Demy 890 x 1130mm

Quad Large Crown 876 x 1056mm

business Papers

Double Cap 430 x 685mm

Large Post 420 x 535mm

General Print

Double Medium 585 x 910mm

Double Crown 508 x 762mm

6pp A4 340 x 640mm

630 x 880mm

12pp A4 640 x 650mm

650 x 920mm

B2 520 x 720mm

B1 720 x 1020mm

B0 1040 x 1550mm

PAPER SIZES

7

Envelopes may appear to be simple butthe range of choices is vast. There is anentire industry dedicated to theproduction of envelopes and it employssome of the most sophisticatedtechniques available to manufacture arange of products to meet everybody’sneeds. The international envelope sizerange has been developed toaccommodate A size sheets – the range ofenvelope sizes is designated the ‘C’ series.

SIZE C3To take: A3 297 x 420mm unfoldedUses: computer printouts, brochures,

calendars, showcards

SIZE C4To take: A4 210 x 297mm unfolded

A3 297 x 420mm folded onceUses: brochures, booklets and general

printed matter, A4 size flat

SIZE C5To take: A4 210 x 297mm folded once

A5 148 x 210mm unfoldedUses: small brochures and letterheads,

A4 folded in half

SIZE C6To take: A4 210 x 297mm folded twice

A5 148 x 210 folded onceUses: general correspondence, invoices,

etc.

457 x 324mm18” x 123/4”

229 x 162mm9” x 63/8”

324 x 229mm123/4” x 9”

162 x 114mm63/8” x 41/2”

C5 C4C6

ENVELOPE SIZES

8

C3

SIZE DLTo take: A4 210 x 297mm folded twice

A5 148 x 210mm folded onceUses: all general correspondence,

letters, invoices, etc.

SIZE B4To take: larger sizes than the more

popular C4 size

SIZE B5To take: larger sizes than the more

popular C5 size

ENVELOPE SIZES

9

A4 sheet

110 x 220mm41/4” x 85/8” DL

A5 sheet

110 x 220mm41/4” x 85/8” DL

19mm

IN

18mm UP

HOW WINDOWS ARE MEASUREDWindows (unless special) are always landscape, and are measuredlong edge first. The position is determined by the position of thewindow in relation to the left hand side of the envelope, and thebottom of the envelope.

35 x 90mm window size

Paper & Board Types &

Associated

Terminology

This listing is intended as a guide to some

of the terms used to describe different

grades of paper and board. Other industry

jargon is also included as related

terminology.

ACId-Free

Papers having a pH of 7.0 or more which do

not contain the free acids that cause faster

ageing which results in the premature

deterioration of documents and books.

AIr KnIFe COATInG

A method by which coating is applied by an

applicator roll revolving in a pan of coating

and applying heavy coating to the base

paper which then passes round a backing

roll where an air doctor (knife) smoothes

and meters the coating to give the required

coating weight. The process is normally

used for high quality, heavily coated papers,

and sometimes as the second unit for

double coating, when it might follow blade

or roll coating.

AIrMAIL

Papers made in the lightest grammages

(usually below 40 g/m2) for reasons of

postage costs, but with strength and a good

surface.

AnTIQUe

A good quality bulky paper, almost totally

opaque, with a rough surface finish. The

term comes from the period when paper

was hand made, and was used to describe

colour and finish. It can be made in white

or in colours, be deckle-edged, and either

laid or wove. It is often used for more

expensive books.

AnTIQUe LAId

Antique papers, but with feint laid lines

which can be seen when holding a sample

to the light.

AnTIQUe SPeCIAL FUrnISH

Antique papers made from a mixture of

different raw materials. For example,

chemical woodpulp and esparto grass.

AnTIQUe WOOdFree

Antique papers made from pulps

manufactured by the chemical process,

rather than mechanical or groundwood

pulps.

ArCHIVAL PAPer

(See Acid Free Paper)

ArT

General term for high quality off-machine

coated papers and boards; one and two-

side coated; gloss and matt; used for high

quality reproduction.

bAnK & bOnd

Descriptive of a wide range of white and

tinted uncoated printings and writings,

usually woodfree furnish - higher grades

with rag or cotton content. Banks are

grammages less than 60 g/m2. Widespread

usage - letterhead, stationery, office and

business, copy work etc.

bASe PAPer

Paper made for conversion by the

application of a surface coating.

bIbLe PAPer

Very thin printing papers, strong and

opaque. Originally made for bibles and

prayer books, this grade is also now in

common use for commercial purposes, such

as dictionaries, where many pages are

required in small volume.

bLAde COATInG

A method by which coating is applied to

base paper. The coater consists of a large

back-up roll around which the paper passes

and at the base of which is the coating pan

with an applicator roll applying coating to

the paper. The surplus coating is metered

off by a steel doctor blade that also serves

to smooth the coating before the wet web

passes into the drying section. Gives good

smoothness with low coating weight.

bLeACHed PULP

Pulp which is chemically treated to give high

whiteness, thus improving print contrast.

bLISTer PACK

This term describes a packaging system

which is a combination of board and

plastics. The board, usually of the cheaper

variety made from the lower grades of

waste paper, can be lined on one or both

sides, to carry a printed message or

advertising. The product is sealed to the

board by a transparent plastic film. This

system is often used for packaging small

products or difficult shapes and sizes.

bLOTTInG

Highly absorbent papers which may be

watermarked, white or in colours.

bLUe AnGeL

A German environmental label, which

covers many products, including paper. It

takes a ‘cradle to grave’ approach,

considering manufacture and disposal as

well as product use.

B

A

PAPER & BOARD TYPES & ASSOCIATED TERMINOLOGY

11

bOArd

A paper substrate in heavier grammages.

The demarcation line between paper and

board varies but generally in the UK it is

accepted as being 160 g/m2 or 170 g/m2.

bOOKJACKeT PAPer

The term applied to the printed dust cover

or wrapper used to cover books or similar

publications. Usually a strong, high quality

one-side coated grade. In fact, this grade

may be virtually any type of paper which

happens to attract the designer of the book.

brISTOL bOArd

A fine quality paperboard which may be

made solid by pasting two or more sheets

together.

brOKe

A paper mill term for paper waste arising

from the manufacturing process. Usually

recycled as part of the manufacturing

process.

brUSH COATInG

A method by which coating is applied by a

cylindrical brush, roll or spray, whilst the

web is supported. Produces papers with a

heavy and smooth coating, a process now

replaced by faster air knife and blade

coaters.

bULKY MeCHAnICAL

A mechanical content paper made to a

specific caliper as opposed to a fixed

grammage. This type of paper is used

predominantly for paperback books.

CALendered & SUPerCALendered

A method of using rollers during paper

making, to impart a finish or smoothness. It

reduces the thickness and increases the

density. Papers are subjected to smoothing

and polishing between stacks of highly

polished steam heated rollers, either

forming part of the paper machine

(calendered/machine calendered) or as an

off-machine process (supercalendered).

Calender rolls on a supercalender may be

arranged so that friction as well as pressing

is created, resulting in friction glazed

papers.

CArbOnLeSS COPY PAPer

Self-copy or no carbon required paper

comprises two sheets of paper, the

underside of the top sheet being coated

with a mixture containing colourless dye in

minute gelatine capsules. The underneath

sheet is coated with a mixture containing a

special reactive clay which changes to black

when penetrated by the colourless dye.

Pressure applied to the top sheet causes

the gelatine capsules to break and the black

dye appears on the underneath sheet.

CArbOn bALAnCed PAPer

Paper for which the carbon impacts of

production and distribution have been

estimated and balanced (offset) by the

World Land Trust (WLT), an international

conservation charity. Through land purchase

of ecologically important standing forests

under threat of clearance, carbon is locked

that would otherwise be released. These

protected forests are then able to continue

absorbing carbon dioxide from the

atmosphere.

CArTrIdGe

Papers originally used to form the tube

section of a shotgun shell. Because of its

strength this class of tough, rough surfaced

paper is used for a variety of purposes,

including drawing, envelopes, and for

covers. Offset cartridge is of special

dimensional stability for offset printing.

Coated cartridge is a cartridge paper

coated with china clay for a wide variety of

printing purposes. It is given the minimum

of calendering to smooth the natural

roughness of the coating, but not enough

to provide a gloss.

CAST COATed PAPer & bOArd

Papers or boards having an extremely high

gloss finish for top quality printing. The

finish is obtained by the coating mix

solidifying whilst in contact with a heated,

polished surface.

CHAIn OF CUSTOdY

Chain of Custody standards allow credible

tracking of certified wood and wood

products from certified forests through

trade and manufacturing to committed

retailers and consumers. In the paper

industry this means being able to trace

paper from the forest of origin, through

pulp and paper mill, paper merchant and

printer to the end user. A third party audits

Chain of Custody systems, as with the FSC

and PEFC schemes.

CHeQUe & SeCUrITY PAPer

Papers which have been specially treated or

sensitized during manufacture, in such a way

as to prevent unauthorised alteration of

documents.

CHIPbOArd

A board made from waste paper used

mainly in packaging, especially with a white

liner and coating, but also for making the

covers of case books.

CHLOrIne bLeACHInG

A method used for 200 years for whitening

paper fibres, now being replaced by other

bleaching methods such as oxygen

bleaching, as some of the chlorine

compounds like dioxin are considered to be

environmentally unfriendly.

C


12

CHrOMO

A term used to describe papers and boards

that are heavily brush coated. Coating may

be applied to one or both sides, depending

on end use.

COATed PAPer

Paper (or board) coated on one or both

sides with a mixture of china clay, latex and

other loadings to fill up surface pits and

improve the printing surface. There are a

variety of coating methods, the most

common on-machine coating method being

roll coating. Off-machine processes include

blade coating, air-knife coating, the

traditional brush coating, or combinations of

these types. A very high quality form of off-

machine coating is cast coating.

COnTAIner MIddLeS

Multi-ply boardmaking for use in solid

fibreboard case manufacture (see also

‘Liner’).

COnTInUOUS STATIOnerY

A grade widely used for computer printing.

The paper is in reel form printed and

perforated. May be in duplicate and/or

Manifold. A particular use is for invoices,

delivery notes, statements and similar

documents.

COPIer/LASer PAPer

Lightweight grades of good quality and

dimensionally stable papers used for

xerographic copying and laser printing.

COVer PAPer & bOArd

A grouping of substrates which may be

plain, embossed coated etc., and which

offer a very wide choice of materials for

printing booklets, box coverings and many

other purposes. Many cover papers are

characterised by strength, flexibility and

durability.

CSr

Corporate Social Responsibility is the

commitment by business to behave ethically

and contribute to economic development

while improving the quality of life of the

workforce and their families as well as of the

local community and society at large,

including the environment.

dAndY rOLL

A metal roll formed by a wire mesh which is

used on a papermaking machine to close

up the sheet while it is in a wet state. This

improves the look-through of the finished

paper. There are two basic designs for the

mesh, ‘wove’ and ‘laid’. The dandy roll also

carries the watermark when required.

deCKLe

The maximum practical width the paper

web can be made on the papermaking

machine.

deCKLe edGe

The four feathery edges on sheets of hand

or mould-made paper, or the two feathery

edges on machine made paper which are

normally trimmed off before the paper is

reeled on the end of the papermaking

machine.

dIMenSIOnAL STAbILITY

The behaviour of paper and board with

respect to its dimensions and flatness with

variations in moisture content.

dIOXIn

Aromatic chlorine compound. Its presence

has been detected in the effluent systems of

mills using the chlorine bleaching process.

dISPLAY PAPer & bOArd

A wide range of coated papers and boards

used for display and exhibition purposes.

Some grades may be metal lines or

laminated.

drAWInG PAPer & bOArd

The best grades are tub-sized, air-dried,

with sheet surface textures varying

according to use.

dUPLeX PAPer & bOArd

Grades made from two different webs

(often different colours) combined whilst still

moist during the manufacturing process,

without the use of adhesive.

dUPLICATOr PAPer

Unsized and semi-sized, these papers have

a ‘built-in’ quick drying facility and are used

on stencil duplicating machines.

eCF (elemental Chlorine Free)

Pulp which has been bleached with Chlorine

Dioxide rather than Chlorine gas. Produces

enormously reduced levels of Organo-

chlorides and virtual elimination of Dioxins.

eMAS

Eco-Management and Audit Scheme. The

European Union’s regulated environmental

management system. Similar to ISO14001

but also requires public reporting.

eMbOSSInG

A process whereby a relief image is formed

on the paper or board surface by placing it

under pressure between male and female

un-inked dies. Usually done as a separate

operation after printing, but is also done on

plain paper, and the embossed image can

be a printed or unprinted area (in the latter

D

E


13

case it is known as ‘blind embossing). As

the paper is distorted in the raised area, it

must be sufficiently strong to prevent

rupturing.

eUGrOPA reCYCLed MArK

Similar to the NAPM scheme but only

requires 50% of fibre to be recycled. For use

Europe-wide but the uptake has been

limited.

FILLer (Loading)

Mineral matter (china clay, titanium dioxide,

calcium carbonate, etc) which is added to

the fibre content of paper to improve

printing quality, whiteness and opacity.

FInISH

The kind of paper surface imparted in the

course of manufacture, e.g. antique, matt,

machine or gloss finished.

FLOCK PAPer

Something between a paper and a textile.

The paper is the base on which flocking

materials (e.g. wool, cotton, rayon or other

fibres) are built up to achieve various

finishes - suede, baize, velvet or plush.

FLUOreSCenT PAPer & bOArd

A white base paper or board coated with a

mixture of fluorescent pigment and binder,

the latter being used to key the former to

the surface. The coating is activated by

ultra violet light, either by exposure to an

actual ultra violet lamp or indeed to natural

daylight.

FOIL PAPer & bOArd

A strong body or base paper is coated with

an adhesive and a fine bronze powder, and

subsequently burnished. Other metals such

as tin, aluminium, and gold leaf may be

used. Foil papers are used for box making,

labels which carry printing, wrapping and

decoration. Aluminium foils used for

packaging purposes may be laminated to

greaseproof papers, glassine, tissue, kraft

etc., depending on end use.

FOLdInG bOXbOArd

Although box boards can vary in quality

from grey board to high class board made

from virgin fibre, the term today is usually

taken to mean white lined boards made

from a top quality furnish, coated,

impregnated or laminated. A feature is that

such boards have exceptional scoring and

folding properties. They are used in the

manufacture of high class cartons for a

variety of purposes, and where outstanding

printing surfaces are required.

FSC

Forest Stewardship Council is an

international organisation promoting

responsible forest management. FSC has

developed principles for forest

management which may be used for

certifying the management of forest

holdings, and a system of tracing, verifying

and labelling timber and wood products

which originate from FSC-certified forests

(Chain of Custody). FSC papers contain

fibre certified by the Forest Stewardship

Council. The FSC is a non-profit

organisation committed to the promotion of

environmentally, socially and economically

responsible forest management.

PaperCo is an FSC Chain of Custody

certified supplier - certificate number

TT-COC-002075.

FUrnISH

The nature and proportions of the materials

used in making paper.

GrAIn dIreCTIOn

A term applied to the machine direction of

papers and boards, as opposed to the cross

direction.

GrAMMAGe (Substance)

The weight of paper or board expressed in

grams per square metre (g/m2) as

determined under standard test conditions.

GreASePrOOF

Papers which have a high resistance to

penetration by grease or fats found in

various foodstuffs. The paper is produced

by prolonged beating in the pulp stage,

providing an end product which is close and

to a degree transparent. Sizing adds the

greaseproof characteristic. Widely used for

wrapping foods.

GreYbOArd

A board made entirely from waste paper. It

may be lined or unlined and is use for a

variety of packaging purposes.

GUMMed PAPer

A variety of different qualities are available,

depending on the end use. Suitable body

papers are web ‘coated’ with various types

of adhesive, which will adhere to different

surfaces.

HAnd MAde PAPer

Super quality papers made by the hand

mould principle; tub sized and loft dried.

Chiefly rag furnish (see also ‘Mould-Made’).

G

F

H


14

HArdWOOd PULP

Short fibred pulp obtained from deciduous

trees (e.g. birch, eucalyptus & poplar) which

gives good printing quality and imparts high

bulk, compressibility, and good opacity to

the paper.

HeATSeAL PAPer

A body paper coated with an adhesive

material which is activated by the

application of heat. Sometimes known as

heatfix papers, this grade is used largely for

labels, and can be made to adhere to

materials ranging from paper to metal.

IndeX bOArd

This grade is usually a strong pulp board

manufactured with a good surface suitable

for printing and writing.

IVOrY bOArd

High quality board of one or more

laminations of identical quality and having

characteristic features of transparency and

rigidity. Used for visiting cards and similar

high-class printed work.

KrAFT PAPer

Used mainly for wrapping purposes, it takes

its name from the German word Kraft,

meaning strength. Made from virgin fibre,

providing a high mechanical strength, it can

be bleached or unbleached and may be

unglazed, ribbed, machine glazed or

treated by a process which provides

increased stretch and softness. There are

also grades which are bituminised and

scrim-lined, used for special packaging

purposes.

LAbeL PAPer

A large variety of various types of plain or

coloured body papers which have been

gummed or to which a self-adhesive

material has been applied, and

subsequently cut into a vast number of

shapes and sizes depending on end use

and surface application.

LAId

Papers with a ribbed appearance produced

by a mould or dandy roll which has wires

parallel to each other and not woven. The

closely spaced lines parallel to the paper’s

machine direction are laid lines, and the

widely spaced ones in the opposite

direction are chain lines (see also ‘Wove’).

LedGer PAPer

Strong (fully hard) sized paper, traditionally

rag containing, often azure in tint and

watermarked. Intended primarily for record-

keeping. Strength and proof against

discolouration are important characteristics.

LIGnIn

Non-cellulose material found in wood and

other cellulose plants. In the groundwood

methods of pulp production the lignin is

softened but not removed, and the papers

made from groundwood pulp are weaker

and more inclined to discolour on exposure

to the atmosphere. In the chemical pulp

making process most of the lignin is

dissolved and the resulting papers are

stronger and suffer less from discolouration.

LIner

Top layer of a vat-made board which is

often the printing surface with a better

furnish than the other layers.

LOnG GrAIn

Indicates the longest dimension of a sheet

of paper, corresponds to the direction the

paper travelled on the papermaking

machine. When paper takes up or gives off

moisture, it expands or contracts more in

the cross direction, so ‘Long Grain’ paper

minimises the total distortion, and is of

great benefit for litho printing, but not

exclusively so (see ‘Short Grain’).

LOnG LIFe PAPer

(See Acid Free Paper)

MACHIne COATed

Paper or board, which is pigment coated on

the end of the paper or boardmaking

machine.

MACHIne dIreCTIOn (Grain Direction)

The direction of paper and board

corresponding with the flow of fibres on the

papermaking machine, and having greater

stiffness than the cross direction.

Traditionally the machine direction on a

sheet of paper was parallel to the second

dimension when written, e.g. 640 x 900mm

is long grain, but 900 x 640mm is short

grain. The latest agreement is to place the

letter ‘M’ after the dimension running

parallel to the machine direction, e.g. 640 x

900mm (M) is long grain, and 640 (M) x

900mm is short grain.

MACHIne FInISHed (MF)

Paper which is calendered on the

papermaking machine, but is not

I

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15

subsequently super-calendered to give a

very smooth finish or gloss. Has good bulk

which is of value for book work.

MACHIne GLAzed (MG)

Paper which is dried on the papermaking

machine by a very large cylinder with a

polished surface, sometimes referred to as a

Yankee drier. When being dried, the wire

side of the paper, which is in contact with

the cylinder, takes on a reproduction of the

highly polished surface. The paper has a

smooth and a rough side. MG papers are

used for wrapping papers and posters (see

also ‘Poster’).

MAnIFOLd PAPer

Bank paper quality, usually weighing less

than 44 g/m2 (generally between 28-44

g/m2).

MAnILLA

Papers and boards used for making tags,

high strength cartons, correspondence

folders and many other articles where

strength is at a premium. Furnish usually

contains hemp rope pulp , and the product

is usually machine glazed.

MArbLe PAPer

Special effect papers used largely as end

papers in bookbinding; also in paper

boxmaking and other purposes, such as

designer work.

MATT PAPer

A coated paper with a dull, smooth finish.

MeCHAnICAL

Papers containing fibres only from the

mechanical (i.e. groundwood) pulping

processes (see also ‘Woodfree’).

MeCHAnICAL WOOdPULP

Produced by mechanical means and the

cheapest of wood pulps, although having

good printing qualities, high bulk and

opacity. Failings are low strength and

shade, the latter deteriorating quickly when

exposed to light. Currently available with

improved qualities, e.g. in strength (by

thermo-mechanical treatment), shade (by

bleaching) and with less shive (by more

refining), and can now be used for better

quality paper when mixed with chemical

treated pulps.

MF PrInTInGS & WrITInGS

Papers calendered on the paper machine

through a stack of metal rolls. Gives good

bulk of value for bookwork (see also ‘SC

Printings & Writings’).

MeTALLISed MATerIAL

Materials coated with an extremely thin

layer (about 0.05 micron) of metal, usually

aluminium, deposited from a vapour source

under very high vacuum. Almost any

substrate can be metallised, but for thin

sheet materials polyester or polypropylene

films are most commonly used, also paper

and, more recently, cartonboard.

MIddLeS

All waste furnish board used for laminating

to make solid fibre board cases.

MILL bOArd

A high grade board, brown in colour, made

from rope and other materials. Very hard,

tough, with a good finish. Is used for covers

of better quality account and other books.

MILL brOKe

Offcuts and rejected material that has not

left the paper mill. Broke is routinely re-

pulped and the fibre used in the production

of new paper. Mill broke is not normally

considered to be true recycled fibre.

MOULd-MAde PAPer

Not to be confused with paper made by

hand via a hand mould, these quality papers

are made on a mechanical mould-making

machine, producing papers with two

genuine deckle edges plus possibly two

imitation deckle edges (see also ‘Hand-

Made Papers’).

MULTI-LAYer bOArd

These are boards manufactured from two or

more layers at the same time and on the

one multi-wire paper machine, sometimes

using the same stock, but usually where a

middle layer is included a different stock is

used. The grade is of particular benefit

where rigidity is important as well as a good

print surface, for example, display cartons

and covers (see also ‘Triplex Board’).

nAPM reCYCLed reCOGnITIOn

The National Association of Paper

Merchants’ scheme for designating a paper

as recycled. To qualify, a grade must

contain at least 75% recycled fibre.

Converters’ waste, printers’ waste and post

consumer waste (from homes and offices)

are all allowed (printed or unprinted) but

not mill broke - the waste has to have left

the mill. The remaining 25% can be mill

broke or virgin fibre.

neUTrAL SIzInG

Internal sizing with a synthetic size giving

the paper a pH of 7.0 which is essential for

long life paper and those containing

calcium carbonate. Depending on the use

of the paper it will be hard, medium, or soft

sized to control the degree of water

absorbency.

neWSPrInT

One of the cheapest printing papers

produced largely from mechanical pulp or

groundwood supplied in both reels and

sheets. The standard substance is in the

N


16

range of 45 to 48 g/m2.

nOrdIC SWAn

An environmental label encouraging

production methods that create minimum

environmental impact. Evaluation for paper

is based upon strict limits for emissions and

effluent from pulp and paper mills.

OCr PAPer (Optical Character

Recognition)

Paper which is specially made for reading

machines, having a tight specification on

brightness, opacity and smoothness. Must

be speck-free.

OFFICe PAPer

Good quality lightweight papers, may be

glazed or unglazed, used for

correspondence and other documents in

the office.

OFF-MACHIne COATed (Process Coated)

Base paper which is coated as a separate

operation from the actual papermaking.

OPAQUe

Papers of a substance or type which prevent

the passage of light. For example, a sheet

with good opacity is one where the printing

on one side cannot be seen from the other

side under normal conditions.

PArCHMenT

Parchment, or parchmentised papers, have

a high resistance to the penetration of

grease and atmospheric humidity. Used

largely for wrapping purposes, there are

also grades of imitation parchments which

are less impervious. Similar to greaseproof

papers.

PASTe bOArd

Contains two or more laminations of paper

having a middle of lower quality.

PeFC

The PEFC Council (Programme for the

Endorsement of Forest Certification

schemes) is an independent, non-profit,

non-governmental organisation, founded in

1999 which promotes sustainably managed

forests through independent third party

certification. The PEFC provides an

assurance mechanism to purchasers of

wood and paper products that they are

promoting the sustainable management of

forests.

PaperCo is a PEFC Chain of Custody

certified supplier - certificate number BMT-

PEFC-0187.

pH VALUe

The pH scale ranges from 0-14 units. Values

below 7 indicate increasing acidity, whilst

values above 7 denote increasing alkalinity.

pH 7 is neutral. Because the scale is

logarithmic, one unit change in pH value will

indicate a ten-fold change in acidity or

alkalinity. When reporting pH the testing

method must be stated, as the results are

dependent on the ratio of paper to water

and test conditions. For litho printing the

pH by Tappi hot extraction should not be

below pH 5.0. With pH 9.0 and above

(found with some coated papers) the

fountain solution could be neutralised,

causing plate scumming. Paper with a low

pH can retard the drying of the ink.

PIGMenT

Used both as fillers and for coating. Mineral

pigments such as calcium carbonate, clay,

titanium, and pigmented dyes are used in

paper.

POST-COnSUMer WASTe

Woodfree printed waste that has been used

and discarded by the end user, typically

homes and offices.

POSTer MG

Litho paper with quick-drying surface. Used

for outdoor poster work. Rough underside

lends itself to rapid pasting. Can also be

coated on both sides, the unprinted side

including a dye to improve opacity.

Pre-COnSUMer WASTe

Unprinted waste paper and board that has

left the mill but has not reached the end

user. Typically trimmings and rejected

material from printers, envelope converters

etc.

PreSSPAHn

This is a German word widely used to

describe a grade of board used for a variety

of purposes, often industrial. It is of a light

weight, glazed and extra hard, rolled and

friction glazed.

PULP bOArd

Made from pulp as a homogenous sheet on

a cylinder machine.

rAG PAPer

Old cotton or linen garments or clothing are

one source for obtaining fibres for rag

papers. The merit of using rag fibres, or

part of the fibre furnish, is because they are

a long fibre imparting dry and wet strength

for special purpose papers, and also giving

them a long life.

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17

reeLS

A continuous length of paper wound on a

coil, irrespective of diameter, width or

weight. Reels may thus be rewound into

smaller reels or slit into coils.

reLATIVe HUMIdITY (RH)

The percentage of the maximum amount of

moisture the atmosphere can hold at a

given temperature. With a constant amount

of moisture in the atmosphere, raising the

temperature will lower the relative humidity

and lowering the temperature will make it

higher.

rOSIn SIzInG (Resin Sizing)

Internal sizing used to control water being

absorbed by the sheet and spreading

across its surface. Depending on the paper

type the degree of sizing used is hard,

medium or soft, the first being most

resistant to water. With its use, alum is

necessary, making the finished paper acid

and therefore unsuitable for papers

containing calcium carbonate, which is

decomposed by acid and is equally

unsuitable for long life papers.

SC PrInTInGS & WrITInGS

Papers which receive superior finish (matt

and gloss) by passing through off-machine

supercalender stack of chilled steel, granite,

and ‘soft’ rolls.

SeCUrITY PAPer

Various grades of paper incorporating

special identification features to assist in the

detection and prevention of fraud.

SeLF AdHeSIVe PAPer

Used essentially for labelling purposes, the

grade has a self-adhesive coating on one

side and a good surface suitable for printing

on the other side. The adhesive is

protected by a laminate which enables the

sheet to be fed through the printing

machine, the laminate subsequently being

stripped when the label is applied.

SeLF COPY PAPer

Another name for carbonless papers.

SHOrT GrAIn

Paper or board sheet with the longest

dimension parallel to the paper’s cross

direction. It is not suitable for printing

colour registered work by sheet fed offset

litho, when the sheet has to pass through

the press for each side printed, e.g. four

colour work on a single or two colour press.

SILUrIAn

A class of papers where the pulp is coloured

separately with fast dyestuffs, darker fibres

being added to produce a mottle-like

appearance.

SIzInG (Engine Sized)

Additional materials added to paper fibres

in order to resist the spontaneous

penetration of aqueous liquids, particularly

writing ink (see ‘Neutral’ and ‘Rosin’ Sizing).

SOFTWOOd PULP

Pulp obtained from softwoods (long fibre)

such as from coniferous trees, which imparts

the strength properties to the paper.

SPeCIAL FUrnISH GrAdeS

This is a category of papers and boards

which contain very high grade pulps, a

percentage of which will be rag, cotton or

other non-wood pulps. The product is also

likely to contain a proportion of chemical

pulp (woodfree) often associated with

quality letterheads, textured and some

embossed qualities.

SPeCIALITY PAPer & bOArd

This is a paper trade definition applied

to such grades as off-machine coated,

laminated, impregnated etc., as

distinguished from printings and writings

etc., and other grades which do not require

further processing. Speciality papers and

boards are often the raw materials for use

by other industries. The electrical and

instrumental industries are examples.

STOCK

A term loosely applied to paper making

material in all its stages, but usually referring

to the wet pulp before it is fed on to the

paper making machine.

STrAWbOArd

Board made from straw pulp. Used

principally for case book covers, cheap

account books and rigid box-making. Not

readily available nowadays.

SUrFACe SIzed

Sizing of paper web in the course of the

paper making machine run (by size press).

Opposite to engine sizing where size is

added at the pulp stock stage.

SYnTHeTIC PAPer

Materials made from synthetic fibres which

have the characteristics of paper, but which

are infinitely stronger. They may be printed

and are often impervious to grease, oils,

moisture etc. One important use for these

usually expensive materials is in maps.

TCF (Totally Chlorine Free)

Pulp which has been bleached with agents

such as Oxygen or Hydrogen Peroxide,

which contains no Chlorine compounds at

all. Produces no detectable levels of Dioxins

S

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18


or Organo-chlorides above natural

background levels.

TICKeT bOArd

Another name for pasteboard, although

coated board can be included in this grade

which is used for showcards or similar

purposes. May be white or tinted.

TISSUe PAPer

Soft, lightweight papers plain or coloured.

Widely used for hygienic and household

purposes. May be in more than one ply.

Other grades are used for packaging and

laminated to such materials as aluminium

foil.

TITAnIUM dIOXIde

A pigment used for a paper filling which has

excellent properties for giving good opacity

with high brightness. More expensive than

clay or calcium carbonate but is invaluable

for papers with low grammages that need

good opacity, like Bible and/or diary paper.

TOP SIde (Felt Side)

The side of machine made paper which is

not in contact with the wire. It has the

better printing surface but the weaker

surface strength. There are exceptions on

MG, hand and mould-made papers where

the wire side may have the better printing

surface (see also ‘Wire Side’).

TOP WIre

Is an additional wire added to a

conventional Fourdrinier paper making

machine. It makes twin-wire paper, but with

a difference, in that only one layer of fibre is

produced. The top wire is positioned

horizontally on the normal wire and the fibre

is sandwiched between them. It may have

either vacuum or foils to assist in the

removal of water, which is its main purpose,

and 40% of the total water can be removed.

The advantages are that the paper

produced is more even-sided and the

machine speed can be increased.

TrIPLeX bOArd

Board manufactured from three stocks, one

of which is waste (middle), with a different

paper top and bottom.

TWIn WIre PAPer

The product of a paper machine which has

two wires on which separate webs are

formed, they are then brought together wire

side to wire side before the pressing and

drying operations so that the finished sheet

has two identical high quality printing

surfaces.

TWO-SIded

The normal characteristics of paper made

on a single-wire machine. The two sides of

the sheet differ in a number of properties,

but when the variation exceeds what is

intended or achievable, it will be termed

‘Two-Sided’.

VeLLUM PAPer

Papers with a strong, tough character and a

high quality appearance, made to represent

the fine smooth finish of a parchment made

from animal skin, often used for certificates.

WATerMArK

A watermark is a design which is impressed

into the paper when it is formed on the wire

of the paper making machine. The design

is carried by the dandy roll and is slightly

proud of its surface. The slight pressure

which is applied reduces the thickness of

the paper, and when dry shows through,

because it is less opaque.

WIre SIde

The side of the paper web which was in

contact with the wire on the paper making

machine. Of the two sides it has the inferior

printing quality, but the stronger surface. A

wire mark, the patterns of the wire mesh,

may be present, but the prominence of this

has been much reduced by the use of

plastic ‘wires’.

WOOdFree

A term used to describe a paper which is

free from groundwood, mechanical or

thermo-mechanical woodpulp and which

contains no fibres other than those from

chemical wood pulp.

WOVe

Paper produced with a plain wove pattern

dandy roll.

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19

drY LITHOGrAPHY

Identical to offset lithography but without

the use of water, the non-printing areas of a

special plate being silicon and non-

receptive to the special inks that are used.

FLeXOGrAPHY

Printing from a relief image with a rubber or

plastic plate using liquid ink, either solvent

or water based, plus pigment dyes, and is

used mainly for packaging products.

GrAVUre (Photogravure)

Printing from an intaglio copper plate or

cylinder (Rotagravure) where the image is

formed by the same size small squares, but

of varying depth. The deeper cells

producing the greater print density, or as

more commonly today by using an invert

halftone when the print density range is

produced by both the depth and size of

dots. The ink is of low viscosity, mainly

solvent with pigment, dyes and binder. For

good quality printing it requires a smooth

paper.

InKJeT

Non-impact printing process where the

image is formed by a continuous stream of

ink droplets of the same size and frequency.

The position of the dot on the substrate is

determined by an electrostatic charge. The

unwanted droplets are diverted to a waste

tray.

LASer

Describes the process where digital

information from computer is used to

generate pulses of light to form images on

a light sensitive drum. Thereafter the

actual non-impact printing process is

xerographic.

LeTTerPreSS

Printing from a relief printing image of

metal, rubber or plastic with a viscous ink

direct to the paper.

LeTTerSeT

Uses a shallow-depth relief letterpress

printing plate which transfers the printing

image first to an offset blanket then to the

paper.

LITHOGrAPHY

Printing from a planographic metal plate,

the printing and on-printing areas being on

the same plane, with the non-printing areas

only accepting water, and the printing areas

only accepting a greasy ink. When the inked

image is directly transferred to the paper it

is known as “direct lithography”, but when,

as in most cases, the ink is first transferred

to a rubber offset blanket and then to the

paper, permitting good quality printing on

the less smooth papers, it is termed “offset

lithography”.

nOn-IMPACT PrInTInG

A term used to describe modern printing

processes such as Laser and Inkjet printing.

These processes are described as non-

impact as there is no direct physical contact

between the printing mechanism and the

paper.

SCreen

The printing image is produced through a

mesh made by a cut or photographic

stencil, the ink being forced through the

mesh by a squeegee. The ink film thickness

of the printed image is significantly greater

than that produced by other printing

processes. Can print on a wide range of

different material.

THerMAL

An impact printing process where the image

is formed by an electrically heated printing

head contacting a special paper, (coated or

surface treated), containing a concealed

colour dye and an activator which becomes

coloured when touched by a heated

element, forming a letter or number. Used

for recording information on charts and

supermarket instant weight and price labels.

THerMOGrAPHY

A method of imitating the more expensive

die stamping, as used for stationery. The

printing is as normal for letterpress or

lithography, but the wet printed image is

dusted with resin and immediately fused by

heat, producing a similar relief image to die

stamping but without the embossing on the

reverse side of the sheet.

XerOGrAPHY

Non-impact printing using an electrostatic

charge to produce a printing image on a

drum which then attracts a resinous powder

which is transferred to the paper and fused

to give the finished print. Now able to

produce colour printing.

PRINTING PROCESSES

20

STOre YOUr PAPer In A COOL drY

PLACe

Paper is a living, natural material and its

properties may change slightly with

variations in humidity and temperature. All

paper likes stable conditions and when

stored at room temperature in normal

humidity, it stays in perfect condition for a

long time, always ready to use.

dOn’T eXPOSe YOUr PAPer TO HeAT

Next to a radiator or in direct sunlight is not

the place for storing paper. Paper’s copying

and printing properties are affected not

only by excessive humidity but also by

excessive dryness.

ALWAYS STOre PAPer FLAT, In ITS

OWn PACKAGInG

Boxes and ream wrappings have been

designed specifically to protect the paper

against moisture, dirt and damage during

transport and storage. Keep the paper flat

in its own package – even if it is not full –

until it is used. This will ensure you get high

class results.

PACKAGInG PrOTeCTS THe PAPer

The polyethylene seal on ream wrappers

offers many benefits. Dirt or plastic particles

cannot get on the surface of the paper inside

the wrapping, and static electricity does not

form.

PAPer needS TIMe TO AdJUST TO THe

SUrrOUndInG TeMPerATUre And

HUMIdITY

You will avoid problems with using paper if

you let pallets of paper that have been

stored elsewhere, possibly in the cold,

adjust to a new room temperature and

humidity before use. The time it takes for a

full pallet of paper to adjust to a new

environment depends on the difference in

temperature between the storeroom and

the new surroundings. The following table

gives guidelines for paper brought into a

room with a temperature of 20o

C.

store hours for hours for room temp. pallet to adjust box to adjust

20°C 0 0

15°C 14 3

10°C 26 7

5°C 38 11

0°C 75 21

PAPer IS reAdY TO USe STrAIGHT

FrOM THe PACKeT

To avoid generating static electricity or

damaging the precisely cut edges, do not

fan the paper or tap a stack of paper on the

table to get the end level. Copier and Laser

paper is at its best when taken from the

ream wrapper and placed straight in the

copier’s or laser printer’s paper holder.

PAPER CARE

21

Many of the papers detailed within our

Directory of Products and Prices are

guaranteed for laser and inkjet printing and

others are described as ‘suitable’ for these

processes.

Where products are ‘guaranteed’ the

manufacturers produce their own Pre-

Printing Guidelines and we recommend that

these are observed to ensure optimum

performance during subsequent laser or

inkjet printing.

Where products are described as ‘suitable’

(and even when guaranteed) we

recommend pre-production trials and

thorough testing to ensure compatibility

with the end user’s non-impact printing

equipment and compliance with the

machine manufacturers’ guidance on

grammage and use.

The following guidelines are offered as

‘common sense’ advice and in no way

should they be viewed as a replacement for

the manufacturers’ guidelines in respect of

guaranteed papers.

FOr THe OFFSeT PrInTer

• Prior to printing, leave paper in the press

room for at least two days to allow it to

reach equilibrium with ambient room

temperatures.

• Keep the paper wrapped until the last

minute before printing to avoid moisture

pick up or evaporation (possible in

conditions of extremely low relative

humidity). The relative humidity of

laser/copier papers is in the region of 35%

which is considerably lower than ‘normal’

conditions and it is important to maintain

this status to avoid problems in the laser

printer or photocopier.

• Print the wire side first. Paper is normally

manufactured with a built-in controlled

curl, which means that one side is more

suitable to be laser printed/copied first -

this is the under side of the paper - ‘the

wire side’. Wrapped paper is always

presented wire side up when the wrapper

joint is uppermost (not relevant with

twinwire papers) and some grades are

marked with an arrow to indicate the first

printing side (or wire side). Bulk packed

material is always presented wire side up.

• Use special laser inks and varnishes (if in

doubt ask your ink supplier) to avoid the

possibility of ink build-up on the fuser roll

of the laser printer. Avoid coldset

conductive and rubber based inks. Avoid

Thermography and Foil Blocking as these

can melt during laser printing, or use

alternative thermographic powders and

cold foils. Care must be taken if

embossing or die stamping, as these

finishes may be flattened in the laser

process.

• Minimise damping. When possible use an

alcohol damping system.

• Avoid the use of anti set-off sprays. If

required, use should be kept to a

minimum to avoid problems during laser

printing.

• Cover paper immediately after offset

printing to avoid moisture pick up prior to

cutting, conversion etc. Always indicate

with an arrow which side is the wire side to

ensure trouble free copying or laser

printing.

• Guillotine with care using a sharp blade to

avoid subsequent feeding problems

during copying or laser printing.

• Rewrap in moisture proof wrappers when

final conversion is completed and mark

wrapper clearly to indicate the wire side of

the sheet.

FOr THe LASer PrInTer Or

PHOTOCOPIer USer

• Leave pre printed paper for 10-14 days to

cure ink before laser printing to avoid the

possibility of ink build-up on the fuser roll

of printer.

• Store wrapped pre-printed or plain paper

for up to two days in the vicinity of the

printer to allow it to reach room

temperature.

• Only open wrappers immediately prior to

use to avoid moisture pick up.

• Fan pre-printed sheets taking care not

to damage edges. note: it is not

necessary to fan un-printed plain paper

in manufacturer’s own wrapper.

• Print wire side first.

LASER PRE-PRINT GUIDELINES

22

The incidence of physical paper problems

has decreased steadily in recent years in line

with the introduction of sophisticated manu-

facturing processes, and greatly enhanced

quality control procedures. However, as with

all mass production processes, things

occasionally go wrong.

Sometimes, problems can be seen instantly

on a plain sheet of paper, but others may

only appear during printing, and given the

endless variables created by the choice of

different inks and printing processes, it can

be difficult to identify the root cause of the

problem.

It is important therefore, that full supporting

evidence is gathered to help you to present

your case in the best possible way.

We aim to resolve all complaints quickly and

efficiently, and to this end we offer the

following advice:

• Always notify us at once if you suspect a

problem.

• Always remember to take a note of the

making number(s) involved (these are

detailed on ream end/pallet labels) as well

as pallet or reel numbers.

• Always collect adequate evidence.

• Always protect rejected material for

subsequent examination or return to the

supplier.

• Always wrap evidence in moisture proof

wrappers where possible.

• Never dispose of any rejected/damaged

material until the matter is resolved.

• Never roll evidence submitted for curl or

moisture problems.

• Never fold sheets submitted for size or

squareness variations.

• Never continue to run on unless the

quality is satisfactory to you or you have

our agreement.

SUPPOrTInG eVIdenCe FOr

COMPLAInTS

1. Problems obvious on paper

– 25 Consecutive sheets (unprinted)

– 5 Clearly showing the marked fault

2. Problems occurring during printing

– 25 Sheets plain paper (consecutive)

– 10 Printed sheets

5. If the problem occurs on the backup:

– 25 Sheets printed first side

– 10 Sheets printed backup

3. Stability

– Misregister

– Creasing

– Image Doubling

– Runnability

5. Problems such as these require specialist

instrumental analysis of atmospheres and

paper conditions. Specialist assistance

should be sought.

NOTE: Material evidence for these types of

complaint must be preserved in moisture

proof wrappers or a sealed polythene bag.

4. Sundry debris

Evidence should be removed with

sellotape from blanket/plate and fixed to

acetate film - not paper

5. Ink and fount solutions will be required to

support claims of

– Mottle

– Piling

– Dusting/Chalking

– Plate Wear

5. These types of complaint usually require

specialist assistance.

6. Damaged blankets

Must be retained and presented as

evidence together with offending sheets

and debris.

7. Evidence

Evidence of satisfactory performance on

similar alternative grades may help to

support a complaint.

8. Photographic evidence

Photographic evidence can be very

helpful in certain cases,

i.e. damaged pallets etc.

PAPER PROBLEMS

23

This is a summary of some of the most

useful trade tolerance customs, extracted

and condensed from British Paper & Board

Trade Customs (1988 edition). These

customs are endorsed by the major British

paper trade associations.

SCOPe

The scope of these customs includes all

papers and boards, coated or uncoated,

excluding hand and mould-made papers;

soft tissue paper; newsprint; and certain

special boards for which individual

tolerances apply. These customs only apply

to perfect paper. Special offer, retree, job

and clearance papers are not covered.

CUTTInG TOLerAnCeS - SHeeTS

For paper guillotine trimmed or precision

cut, the permissible tolerance shall be not

more than plus or minus 2mm. Sheets not

guillotine trimmed or precision cut shall not

vary from the ordered measurement by

more than the following.

a) plus or minus 3mm for measurements up

to and including 610mm;

b) plus or minus 5mm for measurements

over 610mm and up to and including

1245mm;

c) plus or minus 6mm for measurements

over 1245mm.

CUTTInG TOLerAnCeS - reeLS

GrAPHIC PAPerS

Reels shall not vary from the ordered width

by more than the following amounts:

a) plus or minus 2mm for reels up to and

including 1000mm width;

b) plus or minus 3mm for reels over 1000mm

width.

ALL OTHer PAPerS

Reels shall not vary from the ordered width

by more than the following amounts:

a) plus or minus 3mm for measurements up

to and including 610mm;

b) plus or minus 5mm for measurements

over 610mm and up to and including

1245mm;

c) plus or minus 6mm for measurements

over 1245mm.

GrAMMAGe

Grammage readings obtained by the British

Standard method of sampling and testing

shall not vary from the ordered grammage

by more than plus or minus 7.5% under 40

g/m2 or more than plus or minus 5% for 40

g/m2 or over.

THICKneSS

Thickness readings obtained by the British

Standard method of sampling and testing

shall not vary from the ordered thickness by

more than plus or minus 10% for thicknesses

up to and including 100 micrometers or

more than plus or minus 7.5% over 100

micrometers.

QUAnTITY VArIATIOn

Making orders are any orders for paper

which are outside the normal stock range of

the manufacturer and shall be deemed to

be properly executed if the quantity

supplied in each size and weight is within

the following limits either way of the

quantity ordered in each size and weight:

Up to and including

1 tonne 10% 15%

Over 1 tonne

and not exceeding

5 tonnes 5% 10%

Over 5 tonnes

and not exceeding

10 tonnes 5% 7.5%

Over 10 tonnes

and not exceeding

20 tonnes 3.75% 5%

Over 20 tonnes 2.5% 2.5%

BRITISH PAPER & BOARD TRADE TOLERANCES

24

Standardstockquantity andgrammage inspecial sizes

Non-standardpapers byreason ofquantity andgrammage

CONVERSION FACTORS & USEFUL CALCULATIONS

Inches to Millimetres x 25.4

Millimetres to Inches x 0.0394

Tons to Tonnes x 1.016

Tonnes to Tons x 0.9842

To find weight in kilos per 1000 sheets given

g/m2 and size in millimetres

g/m2 x length x breadth

1,000,000

To find g/m2 given weight in kilos per 1000

sheets and size of sheet in millimetres

Kg/1000 x 1,000,000

length x breadth

To find the price per tonne given the price

per 1000 sheets and Kg weight per 1000

sheets

price per 1000 sheets x 1000

Kg weight per 1000 sheets

To find the price per 1000 sheets given the

price per tonne and the Kg weight per 1000

sheets

Kg weight per 1000 sheets x price per tonne

1000

COnVerSIOn TAbLe

Thousandths of an inch to microns

Inches Microns Inches Microns

.001 25 .013 330

.002 51 .014 356

.003 76 .015 381

.004 102 .016 406

.005 127 .017 432

.006 152 .018 457

.007 178 .019 483

.008 203 .020 508

.009 229 .030 762

.010 254 .040 1016

.011 279 .050 1270

.012 305

25

Aberdeen

Unit C

Minto Avenue

Altens Industrial Estate

Aberdeen

AB12 3JZ

Tel: 01224 898 039

Fax: 01224 873 352

beLFAST

Units A & B

9 Michelin Road

Mallusk

Newtownabbey

Co. Antrim

BT36 4PT

Tel: 028 9084 3161

Fax: 028 9084 0119

brISTOL

Unit R1D

Rockingham Gate

Cabot Park

Poplar Way West

Avonmouth

Bristol

BS11 0YW

Tel: 0117 923 5195

Fax: 0117 923 5196

edInbUrGH

11-13 Sciennes House Place

Edinburgh

EH9 1NN

Tel: 0131 667 7111

Fax: 0131 667 1329

PaperCo Locations

PAPERCO LOCATIONS

DONALD MURRAY PAPER

PAPERCO LOCATIONS

GLASGOW

211 MacLellan Street

Kinning Park

Glasgow

G41 1RR

Tel: 0141 427 1271

Fax: 0141 427 6999

TYne & WeAr

1 Brooklands Way

Boldon Business Park

Boldon

Tyne & Wear

NE35 9LZ

Tel: 0191 537 7055

Fax: 0191 537 7056

LOndOn

Unit 2 Bricklayers Arms

Mandela Way

London

SE1 5SP

Tel: 020 7231 0044

Fax: 020 7252 0583

bIrMInGHAM

Unit 8

Junction 6 Industrial Estate

Electric Avenue

Birmingham

B6 7JJ

Tel: 0121 326 1020

Fax: 0121 326 1021

IPSWICH

Island House

Nacton Road

Ipswich

IP3 9RR

Tel: 01473 711 123

Fax: 01473 270 109

LeTCHWOrTH

Camfield House

Avenue One

Letchworth Garden City

Herts

SG6 2WW

Tel: 01462 689 689

Fax: 01462 689 550

PreSTOn

182 Walton Summit Centre

Bamber Bridge

Preston

PR5 8AJ

Tel: 01772 311 593

Fax: 01772 627 032

LeedS

Fairfield House

186 Armley Road

Leeds

LS12 2QH

Tel: 0113 263 2541

Fax: 0113 387 4820

nOTTInGHAM

Fairfield House

Glaisdale Parkway

Bilborough

Nottingham

NG8 4GP

Tel: 0115 928 0071

Fax: 0 115 928 8976

SHeFFIeLd

Fairfield House

Tyler Street,

Sheffield

S9 1DH

Tel: 0114 244 5192

Fax: 0114 263 7510

SHOreHAM-bY-SeA

Apex House

Dolphin Way

Shoreham-by-Sea

West Sussex,

BN43 6NZ

Tel: 01273 440 000

Fax: 01273 440 322

SOUTHAMPTOn

3 Nelson Industrial Park

Herald Road,

Hedge End

Southampton

S030 2JH

Tel: 01489 789 222

Fax: 01489 789 214

CASTLe dOnInGTOn

Central House

Willow Farm Business Park

Castle Donington

Leicestershire

DE74 2UB

Tel: 01332 817 950

Fax: 01332 817 951

DIXON & ROE

MASON’S PAPER

NORTH WEST PAPER

ROTHERA & BRERETON

SOUTHERN PAPER

REEL PAPER

27

Title (Mr/Mrs/Ms) Name

Position

Company name

Building name or number

Street

Town/City

County Postcode

Telephone

Fax

Email

Please supply your dummy details below and right

Final dimensions (width mm)

Final dimensions (height mm)

Cover material and colour

Cover weight (gsm)

Text material 1 and colour

Text material 2 and colour

Text weight (gsm)

Number of cover pages

Number of text pages

Number of dummies required

Enter any further information, or a full description of the dummy you require

A faxed diagram will help to eliminate any confusion

Nature of business Advertising Sign Making & Display

Marketing Publishing

Design Government Agency

Printing Local Authority

Digital Office Supplies

Screen Printing Other

Please tick

FormatLandscape Landscape folder

Portrait Portrait folder

Please tick

Binding type Perfect bound Wire stitched Wiro bound

Stab stitched Loop stitched No binding

Please tick

COPY THIS FORM AND USE IT TO FAX YOUR REQUEST

PLEASE FAX BACK TO YOUR LOCAL BRANCH

www.paperco.co.uk TPC 07/10

Aberdeen Donald Murray Paper Tel: 01224 898 039

beLFAST Donald Murray Paper Tel: 028 9084 3161

bIrMInGHAM Masons Paper Tel: 0121 326 1020

brISTOL Donald Murray Paper Tel: 0117 923 5195

CASTLe dOnInGTOn Reel Paper Tel: 01332 817 950

edInbUrGH Donald Murray Paper Tel: 0131 667 7111

GLASGOW Donald Murray Paper Tel: 0141 427 1271

IPSWICH Masons Paper Tel: 01473 711 123

LeedS Rothera & Brereton Tel: 0113 263 2541

LeTCHWOrTH Masons Paper Tel: 01462 689 689

LOndOn Dixon & Roe Tel: 020 7231 0044

nOTTInGHAM Rothera & Brereton Tel: 0115 928 0071

PreSTOn North West Paper Tel: 01772 311 593

SHeFFIeLd Rothera & Brereton Tel: 0114 244 5192

SHOreHAM-bY-SeA Southern Paper Tel: 01273 440 000

SOUTHAMPTOn Southern Paper Tel: 01489 789 222

TYne & WeAr Donald Murray Paper Tel: 0191 537 7055

Text printed on 9lives 55 Silk 170g/m2

Cover printed on 9lives 55 Silk 250g/m2

paperco simple guide to dummies aug 10

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