LIBRO DE GRAMÁTICA

Por Taloradora

1. Pagina Titulada

2. Indice de

Materiales

3. Presente (-AR; -

ER; -IR)

4. Ser y Estar

5. Verbos Como

Gustar

6. Nouns/ Articles/

Adjs

7. Preterite vs

Imperfect

8. Subj. in Noun

Clause

9. Subjunctive in Adj Clause

10. Commands

11. Object Pronouns

12. Possessive Adj & Pronouns

13. Demonstrative Adj & Pronouns

14. Reflexives

15. Por y Para

16.To Become

17.Future

18.Conditional

19.Present perfect

20.Relative pronouns

21.Neuter lo

22.Que vs. cual

23.Subjunctive in Adv Clause

EL PRESENTEPresent Tense is used to express habitual actions that will take place in the near future.

-o -amos

-as

-a -an

-o -emos

/imos

-es

-e -en

Yo (I) Nosotros/as

(We)

Tú (You-

informal)

El/Ella/Usted

(He/She/You-

formal)

Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes(They, You all)

-AR -ER/IR

SUBJECT PRONOUNS

Examples:BailarTú bailes bien.(You dance well.)ComerYo como muchos tacos.(I eat many tacos.)SalirNosotros salimos de la escuela.(We leave the school.)

EL PRESENTE: LOS VERBOS CON CAMBIOS DE RAÍZ

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Pienso Pensamos

Piensas

Piensa Piensan

(e-ie)

Puedo Podemos

Puedes

Puede Pueden

(o-ue) Pido Pedimos

Pides

Pide Piden

(e-i)

Pod

er

Pen

sar

Ped

irJugar has a u-ue stem change in all but the nosotros form; incluir and destruir have an i-y stem change in all but the nosotros form.

EL PRESENTE: “YO” IRREGULAR

Verbs with –go in the yo form

Tener Oir HacerTengo Tenemos

Tienes

Tiene Tienen

Oigo Oimos

Oyes

Oye Oyen

Hago Hacemos

Haces

Hace Hacen

Other verbs with an irregular yo form

Protejo Protegemos

Proteges

Proteje Protegen

Conocer (c-zc)Proteger (e-ie)Conozco Conocemos

Conoces

Conoce Conocen

IrVoy Vamos

Vas

Va Van

SerSoy Somos

Eres

Es Son

EstarEstoy Estamo

s

Estas

Está Están

DarDoy Damos

Das

Da Dan

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Time: Hour, day, and date.¿Qué hora es?

PossesionEs de Pepe

OriginSoy de America.

OccupationSoy maestra.

NationalitySoy americana.Political/ Religious AffiliationSomos católicos.

Geographic or Physical Location¿Dónde estás?State or Condition¿Cómo estás tú?

Many Idiomatic Expressionsestar de acuerdo.

Progressive TensesEstoy comiendo galletas.

Where an event is taking placeEs en la plaza.Essential QualitiesEres muy bonita, Sra. Linares.

Although both verbsMean “to be”,ESTAR is temporary.SER is permanent.For conjugation, look at slide #5.

SER Y ESTAR: CON ADJECTIVOS

Ser and estar both mean “to be”, but the context they are used in can mean two very different things.POR EJEMPLOSERTaloradora es muy simpatica(Taloradora is very nice.)ESTARTaloradora esta muy simpatica hoy.(Taloradora is very nice today.)

As you can see, the sentence using SER implies that Taloradora generally always has a nice personality. The sentence using ESTAR implies that Taloradora is only being nice today, which is temporary and not a general personality trait.

LOS VERBOS COMO GUSTAR“Gustar” is unique because it’s only conjugated two ways: “Gusta” and “Gustan”. Which form of

gustar used depends on whether the direct object is singular or plural.

Gustar To like

Molestar To be a bother

Fascinar To be fascinating to

Aburrir To bore

Importar To be important to

Interesar To be interesting to

Disgustar To hate something

Doler (e-ue) To be painful

Encantar To “love” something

Quedar To remain

Examples:GustarMe gustan los flores.(I like the flowers.)EncantarTe encanta comprar.(You love to shop.)DolerNos duelen los pies.(We hurt our feet.)Me duele la mano.(I hurt my hand.)

Verbs similar to gustar are conjugated the same way.

SUSTANTIVOS Y ARTICULOSIn Spanish, nouns normally come in either a “masculine” form or a “feminine” form. Words ending in –o, -or-, -l, -s, and –ma are usually masculine. Words ending in –a, -ora, -ión, -d, and –

z are usually feminine.

Por Ejemplo:Masculine: El amigo, el escritor, el papel, el paraguas, el temaFeminine: La amiga, la escritora, la ilusión, la amistad, la paz

Masculine nouns are preceded by the definite article “el” or the indefinite article “un”. Feminine nouns are preceded by the definite article “la” or the indefinite article “una”.

Plural nouns are typically formed by adding –s to nouns ending in a vowel and –es to nouns ending in a consonant. Nouns that end in –z change to –c before adding –es. If a

singular noun ends in a stressed vowel, the plural form ends in –es. If the last syllable of a singular noum ending in –s is

unstressed, the plural form does not change.Por Ejemplo: -s, -es, and –cesEl hombre – Los hombresLa novia – Las noviasLa mujer – Las mujeresEl lápiz – Los lápices

Por Ejemplo: stressed & unstressedEl tabú – Los tabúesEl israelí – Los israelíesEl lunes – Los lunesLa crisis – Las crisis

ADJECTIVOSSpanish adjectives, or adjetivos, agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify. Most adjectives ending in –e or a

consonant have the same masculine and feminine forms.

Singular

Plural Singular

Plural Singular

Plural

Masculine

Rojo Rojos Inteligente

Inteligentes

Difícil Dificíles

Feminine

Roja Rojas Inteligente

Inteligentes

Difícil DificílesDescriptive adjectives typically follow their nouns. If one adjective modifies more than one noun, the plural form is

used. If one of the nouns is masculine, then the adjective is masculine. Some adjectives have shortened forms when they

come before a masculine singular noun.Por Ejemplo:Un libro apasionanteA great bookUn suegro y una suegra maravillososA wonderful mother- and father- in law

Las parejas contentasThe happy couplesLa literatura y la culturas ecuatorianasEcuadorian literature and cultureSome adjectives change their meaning depending on their

position. When the adjective comes before, the meaning is more figurative whereas when the adjective comes after the

noun the meaning is more literal.

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Imperfect is used for actions that were repeated habitually

or to “set the stage” for another action. Also, it is used

for telling time and stating one’s age.-aba -abamos

-abas

-aba -aban

-ar-ía -íamos

-ías

-ía -ían

-er/ir

Veía Veíamos

Veías

Veía Veían

Era Eramos

Eras

Era Eran

Iba Ibamos

Ibas

Iba iban

Ir Ser Ver

Trigger Words:SiempreA Veces

A MenudoCadadia

Todos los dias

Preterite is used for actions that were completed in the

past. The endings for preterite are conjugated by being affixed to the end of the

infinitives.-é -amos

-aste

-ó -aron

-ar -er/ir-í -imos

-iste

-ío -ieron

Examples:BailarTú bailaste bien.(You danced well.)ComerYo comé muchos tacos.(I ate many tacos.)SalirNosotros salimos de la escuela.(We left the school.)

Trigger Words:AyerAnocheAnteayerLa semana pasado

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVEPresent Subjunctive is different from normal Spanish conjugations because it is a mood instead of a tense. Rather than telling when an action took place, mood

reveals how the speaker feels about the action. Subjunctive shows attitudes; it’s uncertain and hypothetical.

-e -emos

-es

-e -en

-a -amos

-as

-a -an

-AR

-ER/IRDar Dé

Estar Esté

Ir Vaya

Saber Sepa

Haber Hava

Ser Sea

IRREGULARS

VERBS OF WILL & INFLUENCE

Sugerir (e-ie)

To suggest

Aconsejar To advise

Importar To be important, to matter

Insistir (en)

To insisit (on)

Mandar To order

Prohibir To prohibit

Recomendar

To recommend

Rogar (o-ue)

To beg, to plead

EXPRESSIONS OF EMOTION

EXPRESSIONS OF DOUBT, DISBELIEF, AND DENIAL

Dudar To doubt

Negar To deny

Es imposible

It’s impossible

Es improbable

It’s improbable

No es cierto

It’s not true, it’s not certain

No es seguro

It’s not certain

No es verdad

It’s not true

- - - - - - - - - -

Alegrarse (de)

To be happy

Esperar To hope, to wish

Sentir (e-ie)

To be sorry, to regret

Sorprender To surprise

Temer To be afraid, to fear

Es triste It’s sad

Ojála que I hope that/ I wish that

- - - - - - - - - -

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE: NOUN CLAUSEThe subjunctive is used mainly in multiple clause

sentences which express will, influence, emotion, doubt, or denial. The present subjunctive is formed by dropping the –o from the yo form of the present indicative and adding

the subjunctive endings.Verbs with irregular yo from show the same irregularity

throughout the forms of the present subjunctive.Verb Conjugati

onVerb Conjugati

on

Conocer Conozca Tener Tenga

Decir Diga Ver Vea

Hacer Haga Traer TraigaPor EjemploMartina quiere que grabemos este anuncio para el viernes.

Martina wants us to record this ad by Friday.Es necesario que lluegen al estreno antes de la una.It’s necessary that they arrive at the premiere before one

o’clock.Prefiero que vayas en marzo.I prefer that you go in March.

El agobiado recomienda que lea el contrato antes de firmar.

The lawyer recommends that I read the contract before signing.

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE: ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

When the subordinate clause of a sentence refers to something (the antecedent) that is known to exist, the indicative is used. When the antecedent is uncertain or

indefinite, the subjunctive is used.Main ClauseBusco un trabajo

ConnectorQue

Subordinate clausePague bien

Antecedent certain: Indicative

Antecedent uncertain: Subjunctive

Necesito el libro que tiene una foto de un chico

Mexicano.

Necesito un libro que tenga una foto de un

chico Mexicano.When the antecedent of an adjective clause is a negative

pronoun (como nadie o ninguno/a), the subjunctive is used in the subordinate clause.

Antecedent certain: Indicative

Antecedent uncertain: Subjunctive

Elena tiene tres parientes que viven en Los Estados

Unidos.

Elena no tiene ningún pariente que viva el

Limón.

COMMANDSAFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE

TÚ

USTED/ USTEDES

TÚ

USTED/ USTEDES

Drop the s.

Put in yo form and change to opposite vowel.

Put in yo form and change to opp vowel, add S.

Same as affirmative.

Irregulars: di, haz, ve, pon, sal, sé, ten, ven Irregulars: TVDISHES

Irregulars: TVDISHESIrregulars: TVDISHES

MONO VERBSSentémosnos. Sentémonos!

Vayamos Vamonos

DOP + IOP + ‘se’ must go before negative command.

DOP + IOP + ‘se’ can attach to infinitive

OBJECT PRONOUNS: INDIRECT & DIRECTPronouns are words that take the place of nouns. Direct object pronouns directly receive the action of the verb, while indirect

object pronouns indirectly receive the action of the verb. They tell either to whom or for whom.

Me Nos

Te

Lo/la Los/las

DirectMe Nos

Te

Le Les

Indirect

Indirect and direct object pronouns precede the conjugated verb.

When the verb is an infinitive construction, object pronouns may either be attached to the infinitive or placed before the

conjugated verb.Indirect: Debes pedirle el dinero de la apuesta/ le debes pedir el dinero de la apuestaDirect: Voy a hacerlo enseguida/ Lo voy a hacer enseguida

Carla siempre me da boletos para el cine.Carla always gives me movie tickets.Ella los consigue gratis.She gets them for free.

OBJECT PRONOUNS: CONTINUEDLo is also used to refer to an abstract thing or idea that has no

gender.Lo pensé (I thought about it)

When the verb is in the progressive, object pronouns may be either attached to the present participle or placed before the conjugated

verb.Comelo or lo come (eat it)Double object pronouns

The indirect object pronoun precedes the direct object pronoun when they are used together in a sentence. Me los mandaron por correo. (Quack.)

Le and les change to se when they are used with lo, la, los, or lasSe lo da. (Give it to them.)

When object pronouns are attached to infinitives, participles, or commands, a written accent is often required to maintain proper

word stress.

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES & PRONOUNS

Adjectives in the possessive form are used to express ownership. Spanish has two types of possessive adjectives: the stressed (short) forms and the unstresssed (long) forms. Both

forms agree in gender and number with the object.Stressed Form Unstressed FormMi (s) My Mío (s) My/ (of) Mine

Tu (s) Your Tuyo/a (s) Your/ (of) Yours

Su (s) His, Hers, Its Suyo/a (s) Your (of yours)/ His/ (Of) His.. etc

Nuestro/a (s) Our Nuestro/a (s) Our/ (of) ours

Su (s) Your/ Their Suyo/a (s) Your/ (of) yours

Short possessive adjectives precede the nouns they modify.En mi opimiom. Esa telenovela es pesima.In my opinion, that soap opera is awful.

Nuestras revistas favoritas son Money y Music.Our favorite magazines are Money and Music.

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES & PRONOUNS CONTINUED

Stressed possessive adjectives follow the nouns they modify. They are used for emphasis or to express the phrases “of

mine”, “of yours”, etc. The nouns are usually preceded by a definite or indefinite article.

Tus amigas Las amigas tuyas.

Because sus and suyo/as have multiple meanings, the construction [article] + [noun] + [de] + [subject pronoun] can

be used to clarify.Su casa/ la casa suya La casa de el/ella/usted/ustedes

Possessive pronouns have the same forms as stressed possessive adjectives and are preceded by a definite article. Possessive pronouns agree in gender and number with the

nouns they replace.No encuentro mi libro.

Si la amiga suya no llegada, la nuestra iría.

DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS

Demonstrative adjectives specify to which noun a speaker is referring. They precede the nouns they modify and agree in

gender and number. Singular PluralMasculine Feminine Masculine Feminine

Este Esta Estos Estas

Ese Esa Esos EsasAquel Aquella Aquellos Aquellas

Demonstrative pronouns are identical to demonstrative adjectives, except that they contain an accent mark on the stressed vowel. They also agree in gender and number with

the nouns they replace.No quiero esté. Quiero esé.

No leí éstas, pero sí leí aquéllas.There are three neutral demonstrative pronouns: esto, eso,

and aquello. These forms refer to unspecified things or ideas. They do not vary in gender or number nor do they carry an

accent.Eso es interesante.

PREPOSITIONAL PRONOUNS

Prepositional pronouns function as the objects of prepositions. Except for mi, ti, and si, they are identical to

their corresponding subject pronouns.Lo compramos para él.

Mí Me, myself

Tú You, yourself

Usted You, yourself

El Him, it

Ella Her, it

Sí Himself, Herself, Itself

Nosotros/as Us, ourselves

Ustedes You, yourselves

Ellos/ Ellas Them

Sí Themselves

[ A + prepositional pronoun ] is often used for clarity or emphasis.

PREPOSITIONAL PRONOUNS #2

The pronoun sí (himself, herself, itself) is the prepositional pronoun used to refer back to the same third-person subject. When mi,

ti, and si are used with con, they become conmigo, contigo, and consigo Quieres ir conmigo al museo?

These prepositions are used with tú and yo instead of mi and ti: entre, incluso, excepto,

menos, salvo, según.

REFLEXIVESReflexive verbs always use reflexive pronouns (me, te, se, nos, os, se). In a reflexive construction, the subject of the verb both

performs and receives the action.Elena se lava la cara.

Lavarse (to wash oneself)

Yo Me lavo

Tú Te lavas

Ud./él/ella Se lava

Nosotros/as Nos lavamos

Uds./ellos/ellas Se lavan

Many of the verbs used to describe daily routines and personal care are reflexive. Many verbs change meaning when they are

used with a reflexive pronoun.Aburrir: To bore

Aburrirse: To be bored

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PortalExpressing movement along, through, around, by, or about.PoreverDuration of time

PorposeReason/motive for an action.Import/ExportAn exchange.

PortugalMotion or general location.

I’m por, pay for me!Doing something in place of someone else.

ParaposeExpressing purpose.

ParamedicA time limit.

ParaguayDestination/movement towards a place.Para-celAddressee/recipient of action.Com-para-sonA comparison.

TO BECOMESpanish has several verbs and phrases that mean to become.

Many of these constructions make use of reflexive verbs. The construction [ ponerse + adjective ] expresses a change in mental, emotional, or physical state that is generally not

long-lasting.No te pongas cansada.

The construction [ volverse + adjective } expresses a radical mental or psychological change. It often conveys a gradual or

irreversible change in character. In English this is often expressed as to have become + adjective.

Te has vuelto loca.Hacerse can be followed by a noun or an adjective. It often

implies a change that results from the subject’s own efforts, such as changes in possession.

Le yerno de Lidia se ha hecho agobiado.Llegar a ser can also be followed by a noun or an adjective. It indicates a change over time and does not imply the subject’s

voluntary effort.La novela que escribio ha llegado a ser un superventas.

EL FUTUROEl futuro is used to explain what someone will do in the

future. To conjugate, you just keep it in the infinitive and attach the ending to the end. All Spanish verbs use the same

ending:

-e -emos

-as

-a -an

Examples:GustarMe gustare los flores.(I will like the flowers.)EncantaraTe encantaras comprar.(You will love to shop.)

Decir Dir-

Hacer Har-

Salir- Saldr-

Saber Sabr-

Querer Querr-

Tener Tendr-

IRREGULARS

EL CONDICIONALEl Condicional is used to express probability, conjecture,

possibility, or wonder. It’s what someone WOULD or MIGHT do. It’s conjugated like the future tense by simply affixing an ending to the infinitive. Conditional and future

share all the same irregulars.-ia -iamos

-ias

-ia -ian

Examples:GustarMe gustaria los flores.(I would like the flowers.)EncantaraTe encantarias comprar.(You would love to shop.)

EL PRESENTE PERFECTO

Present perfect is used to express past actions that continue into the present or continue to affect the person

in the present. It explains what someone has done. The object pronoun is placed before the auxiliary verb.

-He -Hemos

-Has

-Ha -Han

Auxiliary Verbs Decir Dicho

Hacer Hecho

Abrir Abierto

Poner Puesto

Romper

Roto

Ir Ido

IRREGULARS

PRONOMBRES RELATIVOSPronombres relativos refer to an already-stated noun.

There are six:Que: “That”

El QueLo QueCuyo

Quien: “Who”El Cual

Que vs. Quien: Que means that and quien means who. Quien refers ONLY to people. It must also agree in

number, so if it’s plural it will be written as “quienes”.El Que, El Cual y Lo Que: El Que means ”the one that/ who”. It must agree in gender and number. (los que, la

que, las que). El Cual is the more formal form of el que. Lo que means “That which” and “that what” and refers to an abstract idea, rather than someone or something specific,

like above.Cuyo: means “Whose” and must agree in gender and

number (cuyos cuya, cuyas). It depends on what is being owned.

NEUTER LO“Lo” is a neuter article. It is used in front of an adjective to

express something that is abstract or a quality.

Lo facil The easy part

Lo bueno The good thing

Lo bello What’s beautiful

Lo justo What’s fair

Lo mejor The best part

COMMON EXPRESSIONS

Asking for Directions

Normally used before nouns

Used in idioms.

Normally used before terms of ser when not asking for a definition.Suggesting a selection or choice from a group

Both mean “what” or “which” but have different uses.

EL SUBJUNCTIVO: ADVERB CLAUSES

It is conjugated exactly the same as noun and adverbial clauses. It’s a dependent clause that modifies the verb in the independent clause- the verb is hypothetical or anticipated.

Por EjemploVoy a esperar hasta que vuelvas.

PAST/ IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVEIt follows the same rules as present subjunctive, but expresses

in the past. The verb in the independent clause will be in either imperfect or preterite tense.

-ra –ramos-ras –rais-ra –ran