GOVERNMENT• The group of people

and institutions that hold political authority in a state.

• Often refers to the leadership/elite that runs the state.– “Obama government”– “Cameron government”– “Jonathan government”

REGIME• Fundamental rules and

norms for exerting power in politics.

• Endure across governments/ administrations.

• Long-term goals regarding freedom and equality (political and economic).

TWO CATEGORIES• Democratic Regimes

• Authoritarian Regimes

Substantive v. Procedural Democracy

• Substantive Democracy–“Liberal” Democracy–Democratic regime in which the

criteria for democracy is respected and enforced.

Substantive v. Procedural Democracy

• Procedural Democracy– “Illiberal” Democracy–Have regular elections (usually not

competitive), but are missing most (or all) of the other criteria.

Democratization

Transition ProcessAuthoritarian

Procedural Democracy

Substantive Democracy

Illiberal Democracy

Hugo Chavez

• President of Venezuela • (1999-Current Day)

http://pohdiaries.com/hugo-chavez-mars-had-life-capitalism-finished-it-off/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VEN_orthographic.svg

Images from:

Examples from the NPR report that make Venezuela an illiberal democracy.

Criteria for Democracy• Political Rights and Civil

Liberties• Competitive Elections• Rule of Law• Civil Society• Civic Culture• Capitalism• Independent Judiciary• Civilian-controlled Military

Problems in Venezuela?

Three “Waves” of Democratization

• Samuel Huntington

First Wave• When: – Late 19th Century to WWII.

• Why: – Expansion of urban middle class.

Second Wave

• When: –End of WWII to 1970

• Why: –De-colonization

Third Wave

• When:–Mid-1970s until now.

• Why:–Defeat of dictatorial and totalitarian

rulers (S. America, Africa, E. Europe)

Preconditions of Democratization

1. Level of Economic Development– Developed infrastructure– Modernization– Large, educated middle class

Precondition of Democratization

2. Favorable International Environment– Powerful states may

PROHIBIT. • USSR after WWII.

– PRESTIGE of democracy.

– INCENTIVES from other democratic regimes.• Join (EU).