american government principals of government
DESCRIPTION
American Government Principals of Government. Chapter 1 Section 1. Aristotle was a great philosopher. He studied government. Aristotle felt man was by nature a political animal. That is was his nature to want the order and laws of society. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
American GovernmentPrincipals of Government
Chapter 1 Section 1
Aristotle was a great philosopher. He studied government.
Aristotle felt man was by nature a political animal.
That is was his nature to want the order and laws of society.
The main political unit of his day was the Greek city-state known as a polis.
The word politics comes from the word polis.
Four Basic Characteristics of States. Population - all states must have people. Territory - a geographic area on the earth’s
surface. Government - the people and institutions
with authority to establish and enforce public policies.
Sovereignty - the political authority to act independently.
Population
May be large or small. May be very similar or very diverse in
language, race, customs and culture They are given a special status known as
citizenship Responsibilities - allegiance, paying taxes,
obeying the law, serving the state in some way Rights - take part in politics, protection against
attack
Territory The area within a definite, recognizable
boundary that separates one state from another.
Includes not only land but also coastal waters, inland waters, the air above the land and all natural resources on or under the land.
Size of territory can vary greatly. Disputes over territory and boundaries have
been the cause of many conflicts in history.
Government
The people who run a nation may be called by a variety of terms.
The institutions may include a constitution, a court system, a legislature, and army, and other established practices of a state.
The government carries out public policies. Any course of gov’t action directed toward a
national goal. Medical care, space program, welfare…...
Government (cont)
The people and institutions of the gov’t need: Authority
Right to make the rules. Power
Force to be sure rules are followed Legitimacy
People accept its authority and its right to lead.
Sovereignty
The right of a country to make its own decisions and foreign policy without consulting anyone.
Send and receive ambassadors. Protect it’s borders and keep foreigners out
if it chooses.
Origins of Government Beginnings of organized gov’t took place
more than 5000 years ago. Four birthplaces of civilization:
Mesopotamia in western Asia Egypt along the Nile in northern Africa Yellow River plains in northern China Indus Valley in northeast India
In each of these, wandering people settled down to build villages, plant and cultivate crops, and tame herds of animals.
Theories of Government Evolutionary-A natural state in the
evolution of human society, growing out of the family relationship between parents and children.
Force -A ruler took power by force. Divine Right - believed that a ruler’s power
came from God and he could not be challenged.
Social contract - idea that people willing contracted to give power to a government, in return they were protected.
Social Contract Theory
Thomas Hobbes, English Philosopher, 1651 first to describe this theory
John Locke, English Philosopher, 1690 made changes to Hobbes’ theory, made it more
optimistic
Hobbes’ TheoryPeople lived in a “state of nature”. They had complete freedom to do as they pleased, provided they were powerful enough to do so. This was a dangerous way to live so they came together to create a state in which they made an agreement or “contract” in which one person was selected to rule over the rest. It was one sided because the people surrendered all their freedoms in return for protection.
Locke’s TheoryPeople had “natural rights” to life, liberty, and property. People made a social contract and agreed to obey the government or ruler, to pay taxed, and to follow any reasonable laws. In return, the ruler was obliged to protect their “natural rights”. If he did not, the people were free to revolt and establish a new social contract with a new government.
Purpose of Government
Four areas of policies-gov’t establishes and enforces Social order/Social standards National security/common defense Public services Control economic system
Social Order
First responsibility of gov’t is to keep the society orderly and peaceful. (Aristotle)
Burke believed that only in an orderly society can people achieve their individual and collective goals.
Pass laws, set up courts, employ police, build prisons, issue money, enforce legal contracts, make traffic regulations, etc.
National Defense Gov’t must establish a defense system that
provides security for the nation and its people.
Maintains well-trained, well-equipped military force.
Watch for internal threats such as treason or rebellion.
Establish intelligence gathering agencies. Negotiate agreements, and treaties with
foreign nations to protect national security.
Public ServicesNational-State-Local Essential services that would be difficult or
impractical for individuals to provide for themselves.(helps to keep order) Health-safety-transportation-communications-
education-general welfare
Economic Decisions No government provides their citizens
with everything they need or want. Pass the laws that shape the economic
environment of the nation. Make choices about how to distribute
public services and benefits. Control inflation, encourage trade,
regulate use of natural resources.
Division of Authority
Centralized power - unitary gov’t Sovereign states - confederation Divided powers - federalism
Centralized - Unitary Gov’t Central gov’t has authority over all political
subdivisions within the state. Political subdivisions of such countries
have only the limited authority that the central gov’t grants them.
Main advantage- uniform, consistent policies, that apply basically to every person in the state.
Main disadvantage - inflexibility.
Sovereign states: Confederation Two or more independent states join together to
achieve some common goal. Each state retains its own sovereignty, giving
only limited power to the central gov’t. Very unstable -not used in modern times. 1st gov’t of colonies was confederation, Articles
of Confederation. American Indians formed confederations to
fight white man. The south during the Civil War formed a
confederacy.
Divided powers: federalism
Constitution of 1787 was framework for the world’s first federal system.
Political authority is divided between a national gov’t and its political subdivisions.
Blend of the unitary and confederate system U.S., Canada, Australia, India, Mexico,
Switzerland, Germany