Goal 4: Unity and Goal 4: Unity and Diversity of LifeDiversity of Life

4.01 Classification4.01 Classification

HistoryHistory

Two Kingdoms – Plants and AnimalsTwo Kingdoms – Plants and Animals

Three Kingdoms – Plants, Animals and ProtistsThree Kingdoms – Plants, Animals and Protists

Five Kingdoms – Plants, Animals, Protists, Fungi Five Kingdoms – Plants, Animals, Protists, Fungi and Moneraand Monera

Why do the kingdoms keep changing?Why do the kingdoms keep changing?

Taxons of ClassificationTaxons of Classification

KingdomKingdom

PhylumPhylum

ClassClass

Order Order

Family Family

Genus Genus

SpeciesSpecies

Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature

Two name system of classification.Two name system of classification.

Examples:Examples:

Homo sapienHomo sapien

Canis familiarisCanis familiaris

Felis domesticusFelis domesticus

Quercus albaQuercus alba

Basis of Classification:Basis of Classification:

Evolutionary phylogenyEvolutionary phylogeny DNA/biochemical analysisDNA/biochemical analysis EmbryologyEmbryology MorphologyMorphology

Phylogenetic TreesPhylogenetic Trees

Used to show Used to show relationships relationships between organisms.between organisms.

Who evolved first.Who evolved first.

Which organisms are Which organisms are either very closely either very closely related or distantly related or distantly related.related.

Phylogenetic Trees con’tPhylogenetic Trees con’t

Which phylum is the Which phylum is the most closely related most closely related to the Chordata?to the Chordata?

Which phylum Which phylum evolved first? evolved first? Between Arthropoda,Between Arthropoda,Annelida and Annelida and Mollusca? Who Mollusca? Who evolved first?evolved first?

Biochemical AnalysisBiochemical Analysis

Biochemical or DNA Biochemical or DNA similarities help to similarities help to demonstrate demonstrate relatedness between relatedness between organisms.organisms.

(cytochrome C is a (cytochrome C is a protein found in the protein found in the mitochondria)mitochondria)

EmbryologyEmbryology

Similarities during Similarities during embryological embryological development can development can demonstrate how two demonstrate how two organisms are organisms are related.related.

MorphologyMorphology

Similarities in the Similarities in the structure of these structure of these frog skulls ( 6 frog skulls ( 6 different species) different species) show how closely show how closely they are related.they are related.

Cell TypesCell Types

ProkaryotesProkaryotes- No nucleus (no No nucleus (no

nuclear membrane)nuclear membrane)- RibosomesRibosomes- No membrane No membrane

bound organellesbound organelles- Small & primitiveSmall & primitive- Circular DNA (one Circular DNA (one

chromosome)chromosome)

Cell Types con’tCell Types con’t

EukaryoticEukaryotic- Nucleus (nuclear Nucleus (nuclear

membrane)membrane)- Membrane bound Membrane bound

organelles, have organelles, have ribosomesribosomes

- Large & complexLarge & complex

Overview of the Eukaryotic Overview of the Eukaryotic KingdomsKingdoms

Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protista

Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protista

- Unicellular and multicellularUnicellular and multicellular- Heterotrophic and autotrophicHeterotrophic and autotrophic- Sexual and asexual reproductionSexual and asexual reproduction- Close association with waterClose association with water- Often referred to as the “dumping Often referred to as the “dumping

ground”ground”- Ex: algae, protozoans, fungus-like Ex: algae, protozoans, fungus-like

protistsprotists

Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi

Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi

- Unicellular (yeast) though most are Unicellular (yeast) though most are multicellularmulticellular

- HeterotrophicHeterotrophic

- Reproduce asexually (spores) and Reproduce asexually (spores) and sexuallysexually

- Cell walls made of chitin (polysaccharide)Cell walls made of chitin (polysaccharide)

Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae

Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae

- Autotrophic (carries out photosynthesisAutotrophic (carries out photosynthesis

- True roots, stems, leavesTrue roots, stems, leaves

- MulticellularMulticellular

- SessileSessile

- Chloroplasts and cell walls- Chloroplasts and cell walls

Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia

Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia

HeterotophsHeterotophs Able to move at some point in their lifeAble to move at some point in their life MulticellularMulticellular

4.02 Analyze essential life 4.02 Analyze essential life functions of specific functions of specific representativesrepresentatives

Transport: How organisms move food and Transport: How organisms move food and wastes throughout their bodies.wastes throughout their bodies.

Excretion: How organisms get rid of their waste Excretion: How organisms get rid of their waste and balance their fluids.and balance their fluids.

Regulation: How organisms control body Regulation: How organisms control body processes – i.e. hormones and nervous systemprocesses – i.e. hormones and nervous system

Respiration: How organisms exchange gases Respiration: How organisms exchange gases (O(O22 and CO and CO22) with the environment) with the environment

Con’tCon’t

Nutrition: How organisms break down and Nutrition: How organisms break down and absorb foods.absorb foods.

Synthesis: How organisms build Synthesis: How organisms build necessary molecules.necessary molecules.

Reproduction: Continuation of the species Reproduction: Continuation of the species thru sexual or asexual reproduction.thru sexual or asexual reproduction.

Growth and DevelopmentGrowth and Development

Unicellular ProtistsUnicellular Protists

Examples: Amoeba, Paramecium, EuglenaExamples: Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena

Transport, Excretion and Respiration: Transport, Excretion and Respiration: osmosis, diffusion, active transportosmosis, diffusion, active transport

Nutrition: food vacuolesNutrition: food vacuoles

Reproduction: mostly asexual, binary Reproduction: mostly asexual, binary fissionfission

Annelid WormsAnnelid Worms

Annelid WormsAnnelid Worms

Transport: five “hearts, dorsal and ventral Transport: five “hearts, dorsal and ventral blood vessel, closed systemblood vessel, closed system

Excretion: nephridia, “kidney-like” Excretion: nephridia, “kidney-like” structures found on every segmentstructures found on every segment

Regulation: dorsal “brain, ventral nerve Regulation: dorsal “brain, ventral nerve cordcord

Respiration: breath through their skinRespiration: breath through their skin

Worms con’t Worms con’t

Nutrition: crop (storage), gizzard (grinds), Nutrition: crop (storage), gizzard (grinds), intestine (chemical digestion)intestine (chemical digestion)

Reproduction: worms are hermaphroditic, Reproduction: worms are hermaphroditic, exchange sperm and lay eggsexchange sperm and lay eggs

Development: from eggsDevelopment: from eggs

InsectsInsects

InsectsInsects

Transport: open circulatory systemTransport: open circulatory system

Excretion: Malpighian tubulesExcretion: Malpighian tubules

Regulation: hormones, nervous system, Regulation: hormones, nervous system, pheromonespheromones

Respiration: tubes called tracheaeRespiration: tubes called tracheae

Nutrition: insects have a wide variety of Nutrition: insects have a wide variety of mouth parts to eat a variety of foodsmouth parts to eat a variety of foods

Insects con’tInsects con’t

Reproduction/Development: Reproduction/Development: metamorphosismetamorphosis

Incomplete: egg Incomplete: egg young young adult adult

Complete: egg Complete: egg larva larva pupa pupa adult adult

AmphibiansAmphibians

AmphibiansAmphibians

Transport: closed circulatory systemTransport: closed circulatory system

Excretion: kidneys/urinary bladderExcretion: kidneys/urinary bladder

Regulation: hormones (control Regulation: hormones (control metamorphosis), nervous systemmetamorphosis), nervous system

Respiration: gills, lungs, skinRespiration: gills, lungs, skin

Nutrition: larva (herbivores), adults Nutrition: larva (herbivores), adults (carnivores)(carnivores)

Amphibians con’tAmphibians con’t

Reproduction: sexual, external fertilization Reproduction: sexual, external fertilization and developmentand development

Development: metamorphosisDevelopment: metamorphosis

Egg Egg larva larva

adultadult

MammaliaMammalia

MammaliaMammalia

Transport: closed circulatory systemTransport: closed circulatory system

Excretion: kidneys Excretion: kidneys

Regulation: hormones, well developed Regulation: hormones, well developed nervous system (developed senses)nervous system (developed senses)

Respiration: lungsRespiration: lungs

Nutrition: digestive tracts vary according to Nutrition: digestive tracts vary according to what the animal eatswhat the animal eats

Mammalia con’tMammalia con’t

Reproduction: sexual with internal Reproduction: sexual with internal fertilizationfertilization

Development: Development: External External duck billed platypus and spiny duck billed platypus and spiny

anteater lay eggsanteater lay eggsInternal Internal Marsupials – partial placentalMarsupials – partial placentalMost mammals have a well developed Most mammals have a well developed

placenta (uterus)placenta (uterus)

Internal DevelopmentInternal Development

Non vascular plantsNon vascular plants

Non Vascular PlantsNon Vascular Plants

Mosses and liverwortsMosses and liverworts

Transport: no xylem and phloem, must use Transport: no xylem and phloem, must use osmosis and diffusionosmosis and diffusion

Respiration: gas exchange through Respiration: gas exchange through diffusiondiffusion

Synthesis: carry out photosynthesis and Synthesis: carry out photosynthesis and make sugars and other macromolecules make sugars and other macromolecules

Non Vascular PlantsNon Vascular Plants

Reproduction: fertilization requires water Reproduction: fertilization requires water for sperm to swim to eggfor sperm to swim to egg

Development: moss cycle between a Development: moss cycle between a sexual phase with egg and sperm and an sexual phase with egg and sperm and an asexual phase that makes sporesasexual phase that makes spores

GymnospermsGymnosperms

GymnospermsGymnosperms

Means “naked seed”, includes the conifersMeans “naked seed”, includes the conifers

Transport: xylem and phloemTransport: xylem and phloem

Respiration: CORespiration: CO22, H, H22O and OO and O22 move in and move in and

out of leaf through stomataout of leaf through stomata

Synthesis: photosynthesisSynthesis: photosynthesis

Reproduction: sperm is now inside a pollen Reproduction: sperm is now inside a pollen graingrain

Gymnosperms Gymnosperms

Pollination – sperm moves from male Pollination – sperm moves from male cones to female cones via windcones to female cones via wind

Fertilization – sperm and egg unite on the Fertilization – sperm and egg unite on the female cone and produce seedsfemale cone and produce seeds

AngiospermsAngiosperms

AngiospermsAngiosperms

Flowering plantsFlowering plants

Transport: xylem and phloemTransport: xylem and phloem

Regulation: plant hormones like auxin, Regulation: plant hormones like auxin, cause stems to bendcause stems to bend

Respiration: stomataRespiration: stomata

Synthesis: photosynthesisSynthesis: photosynthesis

Reproduction: pollination and fertilizationReproduction: pollination and fertilization

AngiospermsAngiosperms

Pollination occurs through wind and Pollination occurs through wind and pollinators like bees, hummingbirds and pollinators like bees, hummingbirds and batsbats

Seeds develop in an ovary that aids seed Seeds develop in an ovary that aids seed dispersal.dispersal.

Ovary can become a fruit or some other Ovary can become a fruit or some other structure that aids dispersalstructure that aids dispersal

StomataStomata

4.03 Adaptations affecting 4.03 Adaptations affecting survival and reproductive survival and reproductive successsuccess

Form Form And And

FunctionFunction

Feeding AdaptationsFeeding Adaptations

Mosquitoes mouth is Mosquitoes mouth is adapted to suck adapted to suck bloodblood

Snakes jaws unhinge Snakes jaws unhinge to take in whole preyto take in whole prey

Reproductive Reproductive AdaptationsAdaptations

Male birds using Male birds using elaborate mating elaborate mating displays or rituals to displays or rituals to attract females.attract females.

Reproductive Reproductive AdaptationsAdaptations

Male frogs have thumb Male frogs have thumb pads to hold onto pads to hold onto female when mating. female when mating. Ensures egg and Ensures egg and sperm will meet.sperm will meet.

Adaptations to Life on LandAdaptations to Life on LandPlantsPlants

1.1. Vascular Tissue – xylem and phloem – Vascular Tissue – xylem and phloem – transport materials and supporttransport materials and support

2.2. Cuticle – waxy covering to prevent Cuticle – waxy covering to prevent dehydrationdehydration

3.3. Pollen – allows fertilization without Pollen – allows fertilization without waterwater

Adaptations to Life on LandAdaptations to Life on LandAnimalsAnimals

1.1. Gills become lungsGills become lungs

2.2. Moist skin becomes thick with scales or Moist skin becomes thick with scales or other coverings – prevent dehydrationother coverings – prevent dehydration

3.3. Internal fertilization –Internal fertilization –

4.4. Amniote eggAmniote egg

5.5. Legs move under the animal to allow Legs move under the animal to allow easier movementeasier movement

PathogensPathogens

Disease causing Disease causing organismsorganisms

VirusVirus

Protein coat (capsid) Protein coat (capsid) surrounds core of surrounds core of nucleic acid (DNA or nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)RNA)

Needs a host cell to Needs a host cell to reproduce (invades)reproduce (invades)

Specific for a particular Specific for a particular hosthost

Able to mutate Able to mutate HIV, Flu, smallpoxHIV, Flu, smallpox

BacteriaBacteria

ProkaryoteProkaryote

Able to mutate Able to mutate (resistance to (resistance to antibiotics)antibiotics)

StreptococcusStreptococcus

SalmonellaSalmonella

BotulismBotulism

MRSA (staph)MRSA (staph)

Co-evolutionCo-evolution

When two species When two species evolve togetherevolve together

Mantis mimics orchidMantis mimics orchid

Co-evolutionCo-evolution

Fly orchid looks and Fly orchid looks and smells similar to smells similar to female wasp. Male female wasp. Male “mates” with it and “mates” with it and transfers pollen from transfers pollen from one flower to the one flower to the next.next.

4.04 Health and Disease4.04 Health and Disease

Role of genetics and the environmentRole of genetics and the environment

1.1. Sickle cell anemia and malariaSickle cell anemia and malaria

2.2. Lung/mouth cancer and tobacco useLung/mouth cancer and tobacco use

3.3. Skin cancer sun exposureSkin cancer sun exposure

4.4. Sun exposure and vitamin D and folic acidSun exposure and vitamin D and folic acid

5. Diabetes (environment and genetics)5. Diabetes (environment and genetics)

6. PKU and diet6. PKU and diet

Immune SystemImmune System

Antigens – foreign Antigens – foreign protein (bacteria, protein (bacteria, virus, fungus, virus, fungus, transplanted organ)transplanted organ)

Antibodies – proteins Antibodies – proteins your body makes to your body makes to defend itself against defend itself against antigensantigens

Cells of the Immune Cells of the Immune SystemSystem

B cellsB cells

- Make antibodies- Make antibodies

T cellsT cells

- Help B cells make Help B cells make antibodiesantibodies

- Kill infected cellsKill infected cells

Types of ImmunityTypes of Immunity

Active Active

Your body makes the Your body makes the antibodiesantibodies

Ex: having the disease, Ex: having the disease, getting a vaccinationgetting a vaccination

PassivePassive

You get the antibodies You get the antibodies from another sourcefrom another source

Ex: from mother thru Ex: from mother thru the placenta or the placenta or mothers milk, from a mothers milk, from a shot (rabies shot)shot (rabies shot)

VaccineVaccine

Given a shot of dead or Given a shot of dead or weakened pathogensweakened pathogens

Your body makes Your body makes antibodies in antibodies in response to the response to the antigensantigens

You are left with You are left with memory cellsmemory cells

NutritionNutrition

What makes up a healthy diet?What makes up a healthy diet?

What is poor nutrition?What is poor nutrition?

obesityobesity

malnutritionmalnutrition

iron or calcium deficiencyiron or calcium deficiency

vitamin deficiencyvitamin deficiency

Parasites - Parasites - PlasmodiumPlasmodium

Malaria caused by the Malaria caused by the protist, protist, Plasmodium.Plasmodium.

Vector: MosquitoVector: Mosquito

Symptoms: fever, chills, Symptoms: fever, chills, headache, nauseaheadache, nausea

Treatments: Treatments:

1.1. PreventionPrevention

2.2. Antimalarial drugsAntimalarial drugs

3.3. No vaccine No vaccine Plasmodium destroying red blood cells

Toxins - environmentalToxins - environmental

Lead Lead - - Heavy metal, builds up over timeHeavy metal, builds up over time Exposure more serious in childrenExposure more serious in children Symptoms: reduced IQ, slowed body growth, Symptoms: reduced IQ, slowed body growth,

hearing problems, behavior or attention hearing problems, behavior or attention problems, failure at school, kidney damage problems, failure at school, kidney damage

Sources: paint, plumbing, toys, dinnerwareSources: paint, plumbing, toys, dinnerware

Toxins - EnvironmentalToxins - Environmental

MercuryMercury – – Heavy metal, builds up over timeHeavy metal, builds up over time Sources: glass thermometers, electrical Sources: glass thermometers, electrical

switches, fluorescent light bulbs, fishswitches, fluorescent light bulbs, fish Symptoms: numbness or pain in certain parts Symptoms: numbness or pain in certain parts

of your skin, uncontrollable shake or tremor, of your skin, uncontrollable shake or tremor, inability to walk well, blindness and double inability to walk well, blindness and double vision, memory problems, seizures and death vision, memory problems, seizures and death (with large exposures) (with large exposures)

Very dangerous for fetuses dev. brainVery dangerous for fetuses dev. brain