global competition and the expansion of england's empire focus question: how did the english...
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Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire
Focus Question:
How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?
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Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire
• The Mercantilist System– Theory of Mercantilism
– Navigation Acts of 1651
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Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire
• The Conquest of New Netherland– English restoration – 1660
• Royal African Company – Doubled English colonies
– Conquest of New Netherland - 1664
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Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire
• New York and the Rights of Englishmen and Englishwomen– Continuation of property and religious
rights
– Eliminated some rights of women
– Discrimination against free blacks
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Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire
• New York and the Indians– Sir Edmund Andros and the Iroquois
Confederation
– Expansion of Iroquois and English power
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Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire
• The Charter of Liberties– 1683 – Duke of York called elected
assembly
– Charter of Liberties and Privileges• Affirmed English religious and political rights
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Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th EditionCopyright © 2013 W.W. Norton & Company
Map 3.1 Eastern North America in the seventeenthand early-eighteenth centuries
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Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire
• The Founding of Carolina– Buffer against Spain
– Wealthy plantation owners of Barbados
– Trade with local Indians• Indian slave trade
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Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire
• The Holy Experiment– William Penn
• Society of Friends• Religious toleration and
spiritual freedom• Elected assembly with
broad suffrage
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Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire
• Quaker Liberty– The Quaker principles
• Equality of all person– Encouraged immigration from Europe
• Peace with Indians
• 1682 – Charter of Liberty
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Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire
• Land in Pennsylvania– Assembly elected by male taxpayers and
freemen• Land distribution
– Bought from the Indians• Penn owned all land
– Sold it at low prizes
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Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th EditionCopyright © 2013 W.W. Norton & Company
An early eighteenth-century engravingdepicts William Penn welcoming a German immigrant on the dock in Philadelphia.
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Origins of American Slavery
Focus Question:
How was slavery established in the Western Atlantic world?
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Origins of American Slavery
• Englishmen and Africans– Growing dependence on African slavery
• Not protected under English common law
• People considered as uncivilized– Africans, Native Americans and Irish
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Origins of American Slavery
• Slavery in History– Greece and Rome
– Existed in the Mediterranean and Africa in the 17th century
– Not based on plantation slavery
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Origins of American Slavery
• Slavery in the West Indies– Major business in the 17th century
• Developed in Brazil– Based on sugar– Transformed colonies in the West Indies
• Grew slowly in North America
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Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th EditionCopyright © 2013 W.W. Norton & Company
Cutting Sugar Cane, an engraving from TenViews in Antigua
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Origins of American Slavery
• Slavery and the Law– Spain – various rights for slaves
– Virginia Slave Laws• Barred them from serving in the militia• Possibility to acquire land and slaves/indentured
servants
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Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th EditionCopyright © 2013 W.W. Norton & CompanyOperation of a Sugar Mill
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Origins of American Slavery
• The Rise of Chesapeake Slavery– 1660’s laws explicitly referred to slavery
– Tobacco increased labor demand• 1680 – racial differences reflected in colonial
laws– Children have legal status of the mother
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Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 4th EditionCopyright © 2013 W.W. Norton & Company
In this scene depicted on an English handkerchief,male and female slaves work in the tobacco fields.
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Origins of American Slavery
• Bacon’s Rebellion: Land and Labor in Virginia– Shift to slave labor
– 1676 – outrage over limitation in land and voting rights• Governor William Berkley
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Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th EditionCopyright © 2013 W.W. Norton & CompanySir William Berkeley, governor of colonial Virginia
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Origins of American Slavery
• The End of the Rebellion, and its Consequences– Led by Nathaniel Bacon
• Burned Jamestown• Plundered plantations
– Reinforced property qualifications• Reduced taxes, opened Indian land
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Origins of American Slavery
• A Slave Society– 1700-1750 – blacks increased from 10 to
50% of colonial population• New slave code
– White supremacy in law
– Beginning of “slave society”
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Origins of American Slavery
• Notions of Freedom– Limitation of freedom for Africans
– Familiarity with culture and language• Slave able to contest their conditions
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Colonies in Crisis
Focus Question:
What major social and political crises rocked the colonies in the late seventeenth century?
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Colonies in Crisis
• The Glorious Revolution, 1688– Parliament invited William
of Orange and Mary• Took the throne• Established Bill of Rights
– Trial by Jury– Parliamentary control over
taxation
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Colonies in Crisis
• The Glorious Revolution in America– Charles II revoked Massachusetts charter
– 1688 – James II combined the Northern Colonies• Dominion of New England
– Sir Edmund Andros
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Colonies in Crisis
• The Maryland Uprising– Protestant rebellion
• Overthrew government of Lord Baltimore– Revoked old, Catholic charter
– New, Protestant-dominated government
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Colonies in Crisis
• Leisler’s Rebellion– Unsuccessful
• Divided colony on ethnic and economic lines– Alienated Dutch and English merchants– United against Leisler
• King William suppressed rebellion
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Colonies in Crisis
• Changes in New England– Massachusetts received new charter
• Royal colony
– Ended Puritan’s Bible Commonwealth
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Colonies in Crisis
• The Prosecution of Witches– Punishable by hanging
– Most accused were older women• Violated gender norms• Challenge to God’s will and stature of men
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Colonies in Crisis
• The Salem Witch Trials– 1691 – Salem, Massachusetts
• 150 persons accused– 19 men and women hanged
• Trials discredited the prosecution of witches
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The Growth of Colonial America
Focus Question:
What were the directions of social and economic change in the eighteenth-century colonies?
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The Growth of Colonial America
• A Diverse Population– Increase of population to 2.3 million in 1770
– Increase of Africans and non-English migrants• English migrants decreased
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The Growth of Colonial America
• Attracting Settlers– Fear of population drain
• Sent thousands of convicts to the tobacco fields
– Promoted non-English migration• Scotch-Irish
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Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th EditionCopyright © 2013 W.W. Norton & Company
TABLE 3.1 Origins and Status of Migrants to British North American colonies, 1700–1775
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Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th EditionCopyright © 2013 W.W. Norton & Company
Map 3.2 European settlement and ethnic diversity on theAtlantic coast of North America, 1760
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The Growth of Colonial America
• The German Migration– Over 100,000 immigrants
• Catholics and Protestant sects
– Fleeing persecution and worsening economic conditions• Settled in frontier areas
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The Growth of Colonial America
• Religious Diversity– Ethnic groups lived and worship in
homogenous communities
– Free worship of most religions• Included Anglican, Congregational, Lutheran,
Mennonites, Anabaptists, Presbyterians, Jews and Muslims
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Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th EditionCopyright © 2013 W.W. Norton & Company
View of Bethlehem, One of the Brethren’s Principal Settlements in Pennsylvania
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The Growth of Colonial America
• Indian Life in Transition– Trading and using of European goods
– Allying and fighting in European Imperial wars
– Loss of native land
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The Growth of Colonial America
• Regional Diversity
– Distinct regional economic and social order• New England• Middle Colonies• Southern Colonies
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Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th EditionCopyright © 2013 W.W. Norton & CompanyWilliam Penn’s Treaty with the Indians
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The Growth of Colonial America
• The Consumer Revolution– Great Britain - Trader and producer of
inexpensive consumer goods
• Increase use of books, metal cutlery, ceramic plates, and tea
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The Growth of Colonial America
• Colonial Cities– Colonies mostly rural
– Cities became centers of trade and exchange• Philadelphia – 30,000 inhabitants
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The Growth of Colonial America
• Colonial Artisans– Included furniture maker, jewelers,
silversmiths, weavers etc.• Mostly served wealthier citizen
– Master artisans• Journeymen and apprentices
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Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th EditionCopyright © 2013 W.W. Norton & Company
This piece of china made in England and exported to New England celebrates the coronation of James II in 1685.
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The Growth of Colonial America
• An Atlantic World– Atlantic becomes highway, not barriers
– Exchange of ideas and goods• Colonies benefited from membership in the
British Empire
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Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th EditionCopyright © 2013 W.W. Norton & CompanyCharles Town Harbor
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Social Classes in the Colonies
Focus Question:
How did patterns of class and gender roles change in eighteenth-century America?
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Social Classes in the Colonies
• The Colonial Elite– Growing gap between rich and poor
– New England – merchant upper class
– South – planter aristocracy
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Social Classes in the Colonies
• Anglicization
– Stronger connection to England than to other colonies• Imitated fashion, architecture, and consumption
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Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th EditionCopyright © 2013 W.W. Norton & CompanyA portrait of Elijah Boardman
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Social Classes in the Colonies
• The South Carolina Aristocracy– Wealthiest in the colonies
• Charleston• America’s aristocrats
– Freedom = gentleman
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Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th EditionCopyright © 2013 W.W. Norton & Company
Carter’s Grove
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Social Classes in the Colonies
• Poverty in the Colonies– Fewer, free colonial Americans were poor
• Britain = ¼ to ½ required assistance
• Diminishing land and growth of wage labor
• Slaves - impoverished
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Social Classes in the Colonies
• The Middle Ranks– Most Americans members of the middle
ranks• Small farmers
– America = 2/3 owned land– Britain = 3/5 owned no property
• Property represented freedom
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Social Classes in the Colonies
• Women and the Household Economy– Family center of economic life
• Farmer’s depended on women's work
– Women’s work increased, despite introduction of new consumer goods
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Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th EditionCopyright © 2013 W.W. Norton & Company
This portrait of the Cheney family illustrates the high birthrate in America.
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Social Classes in the Colonies
• North America at Mid-Century– Highly diverse society and culture
– Different colonial development
– Colonists experience partial freedom
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Review
• Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire
Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?
• Origins of American SlaveryFocus Question: How was slavery established in the Western Atlantic world?
• Colonies in CrisisFocus Question: What major social and political crises rocked the colonies in the late seventeenth century?
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Review
• The Growth of Colonial AmericaFocus Question: What were the directions of social and economic change in the eighteenth-century colonies?
• Social Classes in the ColoniesFocus Question: How did patterns of class and gender roles change in eighteenth-century America?