GLOBAL CHALLENGES: URBANISATION, CLIMATE CHANGE,

LIVELIHOODS AND FOOD SECURITY

Water, Sanitation & Food Security

Presented atAfrican European Residential

School University of Botswana

P.T. Odirile, University of Botswana04/08/2014

Background

Food security is a multi-faceted concept, variously defined and interpreted. At one end of the spectrum food security

implies the availability of adequate supplies at a global and national level;

at the other end, the concern is with adequate nutrition and well-being.

WHO defines food security as “when all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life.”

The three main aspects of food security are: food availability, food access, and food use

The world now recognizing that food security challenges cannot be met until safe drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) are available in the world’s poorest communities.

Safe WaterSafe water does not have any detectable faecal contamination in any 100 ml sample and meets the WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality (2006).

SanitationGenerally refers to the provision of facilities and services, such as latrines, for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces. Also refers to wastewater disposal, garbage collection and disposal and insect/rodent control.

Global Problems

The major global challenges faced by the sanitation sector are;

Climate Change many people without sanitation, health effects of poor sanitation, water shortage and pollution, food insecurity, urban growth and the inadequacy of current

sanitation options. Water Scarcity/stress

Mulnutrition

The global picture

Total Sanitation Coverage 2006

Less than 50%50 – 75%76 – 90%91 – 100%No or Insufficient data

Sources: World Health Organization and United Nations Children's Fund Joint Monitoring Programme on Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP). Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation: special focus on sanitation. UNICEF, New York, and WHO, Geneva, 2008.

Progress towards the MDG sanitation target 2006

On trackProgress but insufficientNot on trackNo or insufficient data

Coverage in 2006 was less than 5% below the rate it needed to be for the country to reach the MDG target, or coverage was higher than 95%.Coverage in 2006 was 5 to 10% below the rate it needed to be for the country to reach the MDG target.Coverage in 2006 was more than 10% below the rate it needed to be for the country to reach the MDG target, or the 1990–2006 trend shows unchanged or decreasing coverage.Data were unavailable or insufficient to estimate trends.

Sources: World Health Organization and United Nations Children's Fund Joint Monitoring Programme on Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP). Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation: special focus on sanitation. UNICEF, New York, and WHO,

Geneva, 2008.

The history of management of water and used water over the 20th century and beyond

1970 2000

Supply

Management

Demand

Management

  Reuse

Management

Priority 1: provide water no longer the only concern

Priority 1: reduce water volume and emerging interest in wastewater

Pri 1: wastewater quality

Jan-Olof Drangert, Sweden

Estimated outflow from WWTW

Time to search for technical solutions!

The Water & Wastewater Infrastructure System

Treatmentplant

Treatmentplant

Disposal

Reuse

Supply

Distributionsystem

CollectionsystemDrainage

system

Decentralised Wastewater Treatment Systems

DEWATS

WATER REUSE

YOUR BENEFITS WITH DEWATS

BIOGAS

The The non-regulated use non-regulated use of treated water in agricultureof treated water in agriculture

The The non-existing reuse criteria related to hygiene, public non-existing reuse criteria related to hygiene, public health and quality control health and quality control

The non-existing reuse The non-existing reuse criteria related to irrigation criteria related to irrigation techniques, degree of wastewater treatment,techniques, degree of wastewater treatment, and and choice choice of areas and types of crops to be irrigated of areas and types of crops to be irrigated

The The lack of efficient control and monitoring lack of efficient control and monitoring of urban of urban wastewater treatment plantswastewater treatment plants

The The lack of trained personnel lack of trained personnel both in the competent both in the competent authorities and the treatment plants authorities and the treatment plants

The The low level of awareness of the farmers low level of awareness of the farmers and the public and the public at largeat large

Strategy Analysis T ree

S u s ta in ab le was tewatertrea tm en t - p rod u c tion

of h ig h q u a lity waterab le to b e reu sed

In tern a tion a l C on feren ces -D iscu ss ion F oru m

D eve lop m en t o ftrea tm en t tech n o lo

g ies ta ilo red toloca l n eed s

Id en tifica tion o f exis tin gwas tewater trea tm en t

m eth od s

D eve lop m en t o fm eth od s & too ls

fo r id en tifyin gop tim u m sch em es

D eve lop m en t o fm eth od s & too ls

fo r th e con tro l/m on ito ro f trea tm en t p lan ts

D eve lop m en t o fsp ec ifica tion s fo r

was tewater u tiliza tionin ag ricu ltu re

Id en tifica tion o f exis tin greu se / irrig a tion p rac tices

D eve lop m en t o fsp ec ifica tion s fo r

water s to rag econ d ition s

Id en tifica tion o freu se lim ita tion s

(e .g . econ om ic , lan dissu es )

D eterm in ation o f loca ln eed s an d con s tra in ts -sp ec ia l ch arac te ris tics

E xam in a tion o fb es t p rac tices

on com b in ed trea tm en t &reu se sys tem s

D eterm in ation o f exis tin gp o lic ies re la ted to

water & was tewaterm an ag em en t

D eterm in ation o f soc io-econ om ic & leg is la tivein s tru m en ts n eed ed fo r

su s ta in ab le m an ag em en t

Tra in in g worksh op sfo r a ll ac tors in vo lved

(au th orit ies , op era to rs ,fa rm ers )

P rod u c tion o f in fo rm ation a l /ed u cation a l b roch u res

an d lea fle ts

S afe an d su s ta in ab lereu se o f e fflu en t

in ag ricu ltu re

P rom otion o f trea tedwas tewater reu se in

ag ricu ltu re

A va ilab ility o f watersa fe fo r reu sein ag ricu ltu re

Education/Awareness Strategy

Best Practices & Effective Policies

Promotion Strategy

Sustainable & Controlled Treatment Strategy

Sustainable Wastewater

Reuse Strategy

ConclusionsConclusions

The highest priority in the wastewater management The highest priority in the wastewater management sector has to be given to setting up an effective sector has to be given to setting up an effective

wastewater management system which will include:wastewater management system which will include:

Maximization of collection of wastewaterMaximization of collection of wastewater Upgrading the existing wastewater collection Upgrading the existing wastewater collection

systemssystems Rehabilitation or upgrading of existing Rehabilitation or upgrading of existing

wastewater treatment plants or the construction wastewater treatment plants or the construction of new treatment plantsof new treatment plants

Establishment of proper standards for influent Establishment of proper standards for influent and effluent wastewater qualityand effluent wastewater quality

Education of the farmers Education of the farmers

Problems associated with WW reuse

Social acceptance (farmers, retailers and consumers): This is the most sensitive area of this topic. Farmers are not going to reuse water, if their product cannot be sold.

Consumers will not buy products where reuse water was used unless it is proven to be safe

Social issues play a significant role in water reuse initiatives and should be adequately addressed. With adequate political will accompanied by awareness programmes these cultural, religious and social objections can be overcome.

Grease trap

Greywater arrangements

Hose for tap water Kitchen

sink

Curtesy of S. Cummings, Caroma, Australia

J-O Drangert, Linköping university, Sweden

Check what connections are in use in the area

Connect a rubber hose to the outlet which can reach where (grey-) watering is needed

Maintain water speed: make use of gravity and no bends

ENVIRO TOILET SYSTEMSENVIRO TOILET SYSTEMS

Waterless composting toilet system

Double flush urine diverting toilets of different designs

Courtesy of Roshan Shrestha, Nepal

(a 2) Waterless and odourless urine-diverting toilet

Co-compost bin

Co-compostbin

Resting bin for faeces

Porcelain UD-toilet

Collection bin

Shute

Urine tank with tap

The role of sanitation in solving the looming water and nutrient crises and global warming

- save H2O (demand management) and prevent pollution of H2O

- use treated greywater to save on ground- and surface water

- provide nutrients (N, P, K and S) from households and restaurants

- recycle nutrients and organics for food production and soil restoration

Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping university, Sweden

- reduce emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases

Ecological sanitation is a safe approach to recovering nutrients from human excreta.

NUTRIENTS FROM FOOD TO PEOPLE TO FOOD

’’Closing the loop’’

Proposed scenarioCurrent situation = Faecal sludge crisis:

Faecal sludge management overview

uncontrolled disposal

illegal dumping no beneficial

reuse

But how to deal with liquid effluent?

(need to add water to empty pit by pumping)

Principle:

Organic ≠ other solid waste Stormwater ≠ sewage Industrial ≠ household wastewater Toilet water ≠ greywater Faeces ≠ urine

Strategies for sanitation improvements

A new approach for sustainability

The discharged waste is an unlimited resource! - if it is clean enough

There is no scarcity of natural resources for households

– only poor management of the natural resources we already command!

The crucial question to ask is therefore:

”What comes out at the end of the sanitation system?”

CONCLUSIONS

Current Projects in Botswana Wastewater effluent from GWWTP for

horticultural projects Grey water reuse is becoming popular

among locals Decentralised Wastewater systems just

being introduced.

references Lentner, C., Lentner, C., Wink, A. 1981. Units of Measurement, Body Fluids,

Composition of the Body, Nutrition. Geigy Scientific Tables. CIBA-GEIGY Ltd, Basle, Switzerland. ISBN 0-914168-50-9.

Feachem, R.G., Bradley, D.J., Garelick, H., Mara, D.D. 1983. Sanitation and Disease. Health aspects of excreta and wastewater management. World Bank studies in water supply and sanitation. John Wiley and Sons. New York.

Harvey, P., Bastable, A., Ferron, S., Forster, T., Hoque, E., Morris, L., Piano, E., and Smith, M. (2007) Excreta Disposal in Emergencies: A Field Manual, WEDC, Loughborough University Available: http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/projects/new_projects3.php?id=15 *

Heinss, U., Larmie, S. A., and Strauss, M. (1998) Solids separation and pond systems for the treatment of faecal sludges in the tropics. Lessons learnt and recommendations for preliminary design. EAWAG/SANDEC, Dübendorf, Switzerland. http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_ewm/downloads_ewm/solids_sep_and_pond_treatm.pdf *

Steiner, M., Montangero, A., Koné, D., and Strauss, M. (2002) Economic aspects of low-cost faecal sludge management. Estimation of collection, haulage, treatment and disposal /reuse cost, EAWAG/SANDEC, Dübendorf, Switzerland. http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_ewm/downloads_ewm/FSM_cost_report.pdf *

WHO/UNICEF (2006) Meeting the MDG Drinking Water and Sanitation Target – The Urban and Rural Challenge of the Decade. WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation. Available: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/jmp2006/en/index.html (provided under Course 1 Unit 1 Assigned Reading)

Thank You!