food security & nutrition experts1 food and nutrition security policy the profile of food and...

Food Security & Nutrition Experts 1

FOOD AND NUTRITION SECURITY POLICY

The Profile of Food and Nutrition

Security


HIGHLIGHTS OF THE PROFILE OF FOOD & NUTRITION SECURITY

–Nutritional Status–National food balance–Production–Consumption–Stability–Cross-cutting issues


Nutritional status

Chronic and acute malnutrition

Micronutrient malnutrition

Mortality trends


Chronic and acute Chronic and acute malnutritionmalnutrition

49

48.7

56.4

57.3

25 27.2

31

30.6

5.5 5.4 3.8 3.8

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Percent

Stunting Underweight Wasting

2000 DHS

1992 DHS

1981 NSSA

1994 NSSA


Prevalence of chronic energy Prevalence of chronic energy deficiency (CED – BMI<18.5)deficiency (CED – BMI<18.5)

1992 MDHS1992 MDHS(%)(%)

2000 MDHS2000 MDHS(%)(%)

National CED 9.8 8.8

Regional CED•North•Centre•South

7.27.3

12.4

7.57.79.9

Residential CED•Urban•Rural

7.110.1

5.59.4


Micronutrient Malnutrition - 2001Micronutrient Malnutrition - 2001

Group Anaemia (%) WHO class VAD (%)

Preschool 79.7 Severe 59.2

School age 22.3 Moderate 38.3

Women 27.0 Moderate 57.4

Men 17.4 Mild 36.9

Only 36% of Only 36% of households consume households consume

adequately iodised adequately iodised salt (salt (25 ppm)25 ppm)


Mortality Trends

Indicator 1986 -1990 1991 - 1995

1996 - 2000

NMR/1000 51.9 50.4 41.8

IMR/1000 135.5 122.7 103.8

UMR/1000 247.4 219.7 188.6

MMR/100,000 N/a 620 1120


National food balance

• 1961- 1995 food deficit in 19 out of 34 years

• 1995- 2003 food deficit in 5 out of 8 years

• In 2004, there is a high likelihood of food deficit in the southern region


Domestic Production

Food production index Maize production trend Estate and smallholder agriculture Agriculture as % of recurrent

expenditure Constraints to agricultural

production


Food Production Index (Annual % Change)

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

Source: World Development Indicators 2003


MAIZE PRODUCTION IN METRIC TONNES 1982/83 - 2001/02

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

1,600,000

1,800,000

2,000,000

2,200,000

198

2/83

198

3/84

198

4/85

198

5/86

198

6/87

198

7/88

198

8/89

'198

9/90

199

0/91

199

1/92

199

2/93

199

3/94

199

4/95

1995

/96

1996

/97

1997

/98

1998

/99

1999

/00

2000

/01

2001

/02

2002

/03

year

Tota

l Pro

duct

ion

(mt)


Smallholder Versus Largescale Agriculture (% of GDP) [1978-2004]

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Largescale [Estate] Agriculture

Smallscale Agriculture

Total Agriculture Sector / GDP ratio

Source: NSO & Ministry of Economic Planning and Development (EP&D)


Share of Agriculture in Total Recurrent Expenditure

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1993

/94

1994

/95

1995

/96

1996

/97

1997

/98

1998

/99

1999

/00

2000

/01

2001

/02

2002

/03

2003

/04


Constraints to agriculture production

• Small landholdings < 0.5 ha• Low soil fertility• Dependence on rain fed agriculture• Limited access to agriculture inputs• Limited access to credit• Labour shortages on own farm due to ganyu• Declining land and labour productivity due to

– Population pressure– HIV/AIDS– High input costs


Constraints to agriculture production continued

• Maize pricing– 1995/96 price band introduced– Price band abolished in 2001/02– Government still controlling maize price currently at

K10/kgConsequences• Maize flows out due to the artificially low at MK10/kg• No incentive for farmers to produce more maize than

they need.• No incentive for estates to grow maize• Private traders cannot plan for imports


Input/output marketing• Output marketing liberalized; maize and

tobacco exports controlled.• Imports of raw agricultural products subject to

duty-free entry.• Malawi remains a net food importer • Private sector participation in import and

export trade in food is liberalized and active• Export and Import bans effected.


Exports & Imports (in MK'000)

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Imports of Goods (fob)

Exports of Goods (fob)


Consumption

• Declining income levels

• Inequalities in consumption

• Dietary patterns


Chart2: GNI per capita (Atlas Method, current US$)

150

160

170

180

190

200

210

220

230

240

25019

90

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

Cu

rren

t U

S$

Source: World Bank :World Development Indicators 2003


Inequalities in consumption• 2/3 of population unable to meet the

minimum energy requirements (i.e.,2200 Kilocalorie)

• 64% of population below poverty line• 65% of rural population below poverty

line• The poorest 20% consume 6% of total

national consumption• The richest 10% consume 32%


type of safety net programes recommended

for Malawi • Expanded Public works programmes • Targeted inputs program • Targeted nutrition programs • Direct voucher transfer to disadvantaged

groups

Are these safety nets effective for enhancing food security

Are they useful for development or how about during disasters??


Challenges for implementation of safety

nets• identification of appropriate type of safety nets

• targeting of the safety nets to the vulnerable groups

• financial, human and institutional capacity to implement

• effective monitoring systems to ensure effective delivery

• phasing out strategy


Dietary patterns • General diet – BULKY with LOW meal

frequency• Infant and young child feeding practices (98%

breastfeeding, 72% initiated within 1 hour BUT EBF only 63% (2000) up from 3% 1992.– Complementary food – plain porridge mostly

cereal based (about 80%), BULKY with low frequency eg.

<4 months 0.34-5 months 1.46-9 months 1.5

Source: MDHS, 2000


Stability

• Disasters and emergencies

• Seasonality of food production

• Food and nutrition security information systems


Occurrence and impact of disasters in Malawi

• Floods and drought, most frequent natural disasters in Malawi

1991/92 drought: National maize production fell by nearly 60% to 657,000 MT

• In 2001, floods occurred in 13 districts, contributed to about 32% drop in maize output

• 2002/2003-food crisis the government spent about US$80 million to import maize

• WFP has spent >US$250 million on food aid for Malawi in the past 25 years due to disasters


Tools for disaster management

• Disaster Preparedness and Relief Act, 1991. Provisions of the act include establishment of:– Office of the Commissioner – capacity limited– National Disaster Preparedness and Relief

Committee (NDPRC)– A disaster fund – not yet established/ not

budgeted for– Disaster management plan – still in draft since

1997


Tools for disaster management continued

• Strategic grain reserve (SGR) established in 1981 with capacity of 180,000 tones – objectives and uses of the SGR – not well

defined– management and financing of the SGR & NFRA

problematic– size of the SGR (physical stocks or financial

resources)– High cost of maintaining physical stocks


Current data/information domains relevant to FSN

• Agricultural statistics (crop production estimates, livestock census, input output market prices, food supply/demand)

• Health and nutrition information (nutrition indicators, health statistics)

• Demographic and health statistics• Poverty statistics• Population statistics• Socio-economic information (trade statistics,

exchange rates, inflation) • Natural resources information (land, water,

meteorology, environmental factors)


Major challenges on FSNIS

• Unavailability of accurate timely and up-to-date data and information

• Non-existence of a well structured and coordinated food security and nutrition information system.

• Inadequate analytical capacity to provide accurate and timely information

• Inadequate access by most users (e.g. private sector and NGOs)


Cross-cutting issues

• Gender imbalances• Environment• HIV/AIDS pandemic

– National adult prevalence (15 – 49) = 14.4%– Urban = 23.0% – Rural = 12.4% – Number of infected children (0 – 14) : 70,000– 60,000 – 80,000– No. infected adults over 50 years of age : 60,000– Total HIV+ population :900,000

food security & nutrition experts1 food and nutrition security policy the profile of food and...

Documents

nutrition security slide

coordinated food security

nutrition security policy

food aid

nutrition information

food supplydemand health

ngos slide

acute malnutrition slide