GLASSES

Glasses, also called eyeglasses or spectacles,are frames,

bearing lenses worn in front of the eyes normally for vision correction,

eye protection, or for protection from UV rays.

Optical corrective• The compensation is the strength of the kind of correction needed to regain impaired

vision.

Diopters are either positive (+) or negative(-);

Positive numbers correct hyperopia, also called farsightness, and negative diopter figures correct myopia, or short-sightedness.

MYOPIA- the term used to describe defective vision of distant objects, also known as shortsightedness

1. In the myopic eye, visual imaged come to a focus in front of the retina, which is like a movie screen. This is caused by an overpowering convergence by the cornea or a ling eyeball.

2. 2. It is corrected by a negative(-) lens.

HYPEROPIA- the term defines weak eyesight in relation to close things. Hyperopic eyes are never at rest because they are always trying to adjust themselves to the relative distance of the object, which leads to visual fatigue.

1. A hyperopia eye forms the image behind the retina, and is caused by a weak cornea that won’t focus or an shallow eyeball.

2. A positive lens(+)is used to correct hyperopia.

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• ASTIGMATISM- this can develop when the cornea is irregular; oblong or egg-shaped as opposed to perfectly round, and caused blurry vision because the lens cannot bring the light rays together on a focal point.

• 1. This impairment can exist by itself or together with myopia, and it can affect just one eye or both.

• 2. A cylindrical-strength lens is necessary to correct it.

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Size

• PD (Pupillary Distance)

It is the distance between the pupils measured in millimeters.

It can be stated binocularly(both eyes) or one eye at a time(distance from the center), because often our pupils are not symetrical. This is important so the optician can put the optical center of the prescription lens exactly in front of the pupil.

• FRAME MEASUREMENTS

the most important measurement the optician takes is the boxing distance, which is two different ones; the maximum width of the diameter of the lens and the width of the bridge of the frame, or the distance separating the lenses, in millimeters.

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Material

Eyeglass frames are commonly made from metal, horn or plastic.

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titanium

gold

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Compound metal

horn

Bridge

Rim

Temple

Tip

Hinge

End Piece

Nose Pad

Structure

Modern glasses are typically supported by pads on the bridge of the nose and by temples placed over the ears. Historical types include the pince-nez, monocle, and lorgnette.

Shape

Round

Oval

Fox

Egg Plant

Boston

Wellington

Square

Octagon

HistoryPrecursors

• The first suspected recorded use of a corrective lens may have been by the emperor Nero in the 1st century, who was known to watch the gladiatorial game using an emerald.

• Corrective lenses were said to be used by Abbas Ibn Firnas in the 9th century.• Sunglasses were used in China in the 12th century or possibly earlier.

Invention of eyeglasses

• Around 1284 in Italy, Salvino D'Armate invented the first wearable eye glasses. The earliest pictorial evidence for the use of eyeglasses, however, is Tomaso da Modena's 1352 portrait of the cardinal Hugh de Provence reading in a scriptorium.

• Many theories abound for to whom the credit for the invention of traditional eyeglasses belong. In 1676, Francesco Redi, a professor of medicine at the University of Pisa, wrote that he possessed a 1289 manuscript whose author complains that he would be unable to read or write were it not for the recent invention of glasses.

Other stories, possibly legendary, credit Roger Bacon with the invention. Bacon is known to have made the first recorded reference to the magnifying properties of lenses in 1262. His treatise De iride ("On the Rainbow"), no later than 1235, mentions using optics to "read the smallest letters at incredible distances". While the exact date and inventor may be forever disputed, it is almost certainly clear that spectacles were invented between 1280 and 1300 in Italy.

Detail of a portrait of Hugh de Provence, painted by Tomaso da Modena in 1352

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The 'Glasses Apostle' by Conrad von Soest (1403)

A portrait of Francisco de Quevedo y Villegas, 1580 ﾐ 1645

Whale bone framed spectacles worn by a member of the Ferrers Household circa 1460

Later developments

The American scientist Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals in 1784 to avoid having to regularly switch between two pairs of glasses. The first lenses for correcting astigmatism were constructed by the British astronomer George Airy in 1825.

Early eyepieces were designed to be either held in place by hand or by exerting pressure on the nose(pince-nez).

The modern style of glasses, held by temples passing over the ears, was developed in 1727 by thr British optician Edward Scarlett.

Korea’s first glasses in 14th century .

Type

Corrective- Corrective lenses modify the focal length of the eye to alleviate the effects of nearsightedness(myopia),

farsightedness (hyperopia) or astigmatism.

Safety- Safety glasses are usually made with shatter-resistant plastic lenses to protect the eye from flying debris.

Sunglasses- Sunglasses may be made with either prescription or non-prescription lenses that are darkened to provide

protection against bright visible and possibly ultraviolet light.

Special- The illusion of three dimensions on a two dimensional surface can be created by providing each eye with different

visual information.

Variation

Rimless

Three-piece rimless and semi-rimless glasses are common variations that differ from regular glasses in that their frames do not completely encircle the lenses. Three-piece rimless glasses have no frame around the lenses, and the bridge and temples are mounted directly onto the lenses. Semi-rimless (or half-rimless) glasses have a frame that only partially encircles the lenses (commonly the top portion), which are held in place most often by high strength nylon wire.

Unpopular Aspects

In popular culture, glasses were all the disguise Superman and Wonder Woman needed to hide in plain view as Clark Kent and Diana Prince, respectively. An example of halo effect is seen in the stereotype that those who wear glasses are intelligent or, especially in teen culture, even geeks and nerds. Some people who find that wearing glasses may look nerdy turn to contact lenses instead, especially under peer pressure. Others turn to laser eye surgery, as do some would-be pilots.

Another unpopular aspect of glasses is their inconvenience. Even through the creation of light frames, such as those made of titanium, very flexible frames, and new lens materials and optical coatings, glasses can still cause problems during rigorous sports. The lenses can become greasy or trap vapour when eating hot food, swimming, walking in rain or rapid temperature changes (such as walking into a warm building from cold temperatures outside), reducing visibility significantly. Scraping, fracturing, or breakage of the lenses require time-consuming and costly professional repair, though modern plastic lenses are almost indestructible and very scratch-resistant.

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Identity

Glasses can be a major part of personal expression, from the extravagance of Elton John and Dame Edna Everage, from Groucho Marx to Buddy Holly.

For some celebrities, glasses form part of their identity.

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Movies

Celebrities with sunglasses

Glasses Advertisements

Unique glasses

Horizontal Reading Glasses

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Shape Memory Alloy

Glasses made of SMA have flexible frames so they don’t break.

Wearable PC

HMD(Head Mounted Display) appeared fot the first time in 1968.

It is a shape of glasses or helmet with a built-in display device.

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MUJI sells frames and temples separately.When customer chooses frames and temples,salesman assembles parts into a complete wholein 10 minutes.

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