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GlaciersHydrology

Daren Blanck, MS

Glacier: a Flowing Stream of Ice

• Mountain

• Continental (Ice Sheets)

Snowfall vs Melting

Zone of Accumulation• Snowfall Exceeds Melting & Sublimation

(Ablation) • Excess Snow Turns to Ice & Flows Out Zone of Melting (Ablation)• Ablation Exceeds Snowfall • Melting Excess Made up by Ice Flowing in Terminus of Glacier• Snowfall & Inflow = Ablation

Anatomy of a Glacier

Flow

Glaciers flow due to Gravity and Internal deformation

Crevasse Diagrams

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A Typical Glacial Advance and Retreat

As long as Accumulation = Ablation, the Glacier Front Remains Fixed

If Accumulation Exceeds Ablation, the Glacier Advances

If Ablation Exceeds Accumulation, the Glacier Retreats

Eventually, Material Trapped in the Ice Reaches the Terminus

A Typical Glacial Advance and Retreat

Results of Glaciation

Abrasion

• Polish

• Striations

• Chatter Marks

• Crescentic Gouges

• Bedrock Scour

Results of GlaciationDeposition

• Till/Morraine

• Erratics

• Outwash

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Animations

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< Glacial Ice Formation

Glacial Erosion >

Mountain Glacier

Landforms

Continental Glacier

Landforms

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1) Nebraskan 2) Kansan 3) Illinoisian 4) Wisconsin

North American Glaciation

Glacial Melt

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Cascade Glacier - Alaska

Glacial Melt

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Bolivia

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Kilimanjaro 1985-2002

Greenland Ice Cap

Antarctic Ice Cap

Antarctic Subglacial Lakes

Lake Vostok