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GIS UTILITY IN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTASSESSMENT RELATED AIR AND WATER

Submitted By:-

Vimal Shukla

Sch. No. 102110219

MAULANA AZAD NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL

Remote Sensing and GIS Division, Department of Civil Engineering


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Contents

Introduction

Environmental Assessment

Benefits & Applications

What is Pollutions and Type of Pollution , Causes of AirPollution

Use of RS and GIS to estimate Air Quality Index

Integrating GIS and environmental models


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INTRODUCTION

The environment, is a term that comprises all livingand non-living things that occur naturally on Earth.

Assessment is the process of documenting, usually

in measurable terms


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ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

Environmental assessment is a process to predictthe environmental effects of proposed initiativesbefore they are carried out.

An environmental assessment:

identifies possible environmental effects

proposes measures to mitigate adverse effects

predicts whether there will be significant adverseenvironmental effects, even after the mitigation isimplemented


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NEED FOR ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT

There are two main purposes of environmentalassessment:

minimize or avoid adverse environmental effectsbefore they occur

incorporate environmental factors into decisionmaking


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WHEN IT IS DONE??

Should be conducted

as early as possible in the planning and

proposal stages of a project

for the analysis to be valuable todecision makers and to incorporate themitigative measures in to the proposed

plans.


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BENEFITS

increased protection of human health

the sustainable use of natural resources

reduced project costs and delays

minimized risks of environmental disasters


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APPLICATIONS

Wild Land Analysis

Air pollution & control

Water pollution & assessment and management

Disaster Management

Forest Fires Management


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DEFINITION OF POLLUTION

When Harmful Substances Contaminate theEnvironment it is Called Pollution.

Pollution refers to the very bad condition of

environment in terms of quantity and quality.


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Type Of Pollution

Air Pollution

Water Pollution


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Causes of Air Pollution

Major sources of Air Pollution

- Industries

-Automobiles and Domestic fuels

-High Proportion of undesirablegases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon

monoxide


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Effects of Air Pollution

Air Pollution affects???

Human health

Animals

Plants The atmosphere as a whole


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Definition of Water Pollution

The Contamination of water with

undesirable substances which make itunfit for usage is termed water Pollution.


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Causes of Water Pollution

About 40% of Deaths worldwide are caused by WaterPollution.

Water Pollution is Caused by organic and inorganic

industrial wastes and affluent discharged into rivers.


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Water Pollution Pictures


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Effects of Water Pollution

Diseases like Cholera

Malaria

Typhoid (spread during the rainy season )

Aquatic life gets destroyed


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Use of RS and GIS to estimate Air Quality Index

over Peninsular Malaysia

This is the report resulted in a study in order to computeAPI using satellite-based method

Five locations of air pollution station were selected wheremajor pollutants have been measured conventionally.

Haze information was extracted from the satellite data


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Relationship between the satellite recorded

reflectance and the corresponding pollutantmeasurement was determined using regressionanalysis.

The result proven that satellite-based method usingspace-borne remote sensing data was capable ofcomputing API spatially and continuously


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Haze (originating from open burning or forest fire)usually contains large amount of particulate matter(e.g., organic matter, graphitic carbon).

The pollution rate can be measured from groundinstruments such as air sampler, sun photometer andoptical particle counter, however these instruments isimpractical if measurement are to be made overrelatively large areas or for continuous monitoring.


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Study area

On 22nd September 1997 Malaysian government had

declared that Kuching (capital of Sarawak) was in the

state of emergency when the API exceeded 650(hazardous level)

Their concentration and spatial distribution was

quantified from NOAA-14 AVHRR satellite data


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Combination of

band 1, 2 and 4 areused to visually

differentiatebetween haze(orange), lowclouds (yellow)

and high clouds(white).


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NOAA-14 AVHRR


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Methods

Derivation of haze model,

Regression analysis

Accuracy Assessment.


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Haze model


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Contd..

This model can be described by: - R = L V

where, : reflectance recorded by satellite

sensor,R : reflectance from known object fromearth

surface

L : skylight, andV : lost radiation caused by scatteringand

absorption


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Regression analysis

Calibration pixels of NOAA-14 AVHRRdata were sampled within a radius of 2.5

km from each of the air pollution stations.

The relationship between AQI andsatellite-recorded reflectance of band 1

AVHRR, were analysed using linear

regression.


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Accuracy Assessment

In order to verify the

accuracy of the regressionmodel, RMSE (Root-mean-

squared Error) was

implemented to the AQI

values obtained by themodel.


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K.Fedra 97

Integrating GIS andenvironmental models


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Integrating GIS ...

Environmental problems are spatialproblems, environmental data canalmost always be georeferenced.

GIS is therefor an appropriate tool forenvironmental analysis.


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Integrating GIS ...

Basic concepts in GIS are: location spatial distribution

spatial relationshipBasic elements:

spatial objects


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Integrating GIS ...

spatial (geometric) objects: point node (topological) arc, chain, graph polygon pixel, grid cell, cell grid, raster

TIN, FE mesh, nested grids 3D elements


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Integrating GIS ...

spatial (topical) objects: landmark, reference point

river reach, road segment

administrative units: block, district, city,county, province, country, region, .....

river basin, landform

island, continent


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Integrating GIS ...

Basic concepts in environmentalmodeling are:

systems state

systems dynamics interaction

Basic elements:

functional objects and processes


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Object-oriented integration

links the basic elements:

of GIS:

spatial objectsand models:functional objects and processes

through object-oriented design.


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Object-oriented integration

Some concrete examples:

ECOSIM, an urban environmental

information and decision supportsystem

WaterWare, a river basin management

information system GAIA, a global multi-media EIS


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Systems architecture

supports three main function groups:

data acquisition and storage

analysis and forecasting ofmanagement scenarios

communication of information contentsand results to the user

(user dialogue, visualization).


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Systems architecture

data acquisition layer

data management

models

expertsystem

DBMSGIS

analyticalmodels

graphical user interface


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Integration example:

WaterWare, a river basin managementinformation system combines:

hybrid GIS linked to object classes:

river basin elements

models and model scenarios

tasks or decision problems


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WaterWare

River basin objects are spatiallyreferenced; they can represent

measurement stations point

treatment plants point river reaches line, arc subcatchments polygon

etc., etc.


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WaterWare

River basin objects are defined by:

context defined by other objects

methods they use to update their stateusing other objects, models, rules of anembedded expert system, anyinformation resource available.


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WaterWare

Objects are interlinked, providinginformation to each other:

Reservoir is linked to subcatchment that

provides its inflow, linked to a monitoringstation that records it, and an irrigationdistrict it supplies.

Reservoirs itself an element in the waterallocation task.


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WaterWare

Objects have their specific display,reporting and editing functions (userinterface) as part of their encapsulated

methods.All object attributes can be edited through a

rule-based expert systems.


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WaterWare

RiverBasinObjects can be displayed on the map

selected from the map

aggregated across spatial objects

Base maps and display functionality are

provided by the GIS


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WaterWare

RiverBasinObjects

each class has a set of specific attributes ina set of data structures and associated

methods, defined in a object classTEMPLATE.

Objects inherit this structures and the

generic class properties uponinstantiation.


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WaterWare

RiverBasinObjects TEMPLATEs header with name, ID, location, links to

geographical objects, meta data

attributes defined as DESCRIPTORS (variables of the

expert system) lists and tables time series links


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WaterWare

RiverBasinObjects attributes can be

data stored with the objects

methods that retrieve or generate these

data: DESCRIPTORS use the expert system

file references

embedded SQL URLs for remote information sources.


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RiverBasinObjectssubcatchments: methods include the display

of the object

in hypertext

multi-media

style.


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RiverBasinObjectssubcatchments:

object display

includes a map

with a DEM of

the basin as

part of an

embedded

hypertext

display.


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basin properties like landcover distribution and

topography (elevation bands) are presented

in a graphical format as well as a list of numerical

values that can be edited through the embedded

expert system:


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expert system:


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expert

system:


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Subcatchment Object

rainfall-runoff model: describes the outflowfrom a catchment as a function of

basin data

(orography, soilsland cover,

drainage)

precipitation,

temperature.


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Subcatchment Object

rainfall-runoff model output in terms offlow, evapotranspiration, soil

moisture,groundwaterstorage,against

precipi-tation.


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RiverBasinObjectssubcatchments: are linked to related objects

like measurement stations that also provide input

for the

models.


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RiverBasinObjects

reservoirs provide an input-outputtransformation of flows, and can effect

water quality

(eutrophication)


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RiverBasinObjects

reservoir morphometry describes therelationship of

storage

volume and surfacearea to the surface

elevation; these data

determine thestorage behaviour for

the water resources

model.


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RiverBasinObjects

reservoir water quality constrains potentialforms of

water use.


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RiverBasinObjects

reservoir water quality can be analised withlake water quality models or with the

a rule-based

expert system.


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RiverBasinObjects

reservoir water quality can be analised withlake water quality models or with the

a rule-based

expert system.


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RiverBasinObjects

irrigation districts can be major water userin a river basin, with agricultural water demand

usually by far

exceedingdomestic and

industrial use.


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RiverBasinObjects

irrigation districtssoils, crop distribution, irrigation technology, transmission

losses, and the local climate are the main factors

determining water

demands.

Satellite imagery can

provide up-to-date

information on landuse,cropping patterns, and

the state of crops.


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RiverBasinObjects

irrigation districts: key variablestotal area

crop distribution

soil types

irrigation technology

conveyance losses

groundwater table

precipitation, potentialevapotranspiration


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RiverBasinObjects

treatment plants provide input for the waterquality models (BOD biological oxygen demand),

solids,

nutrients(phosphates,

nitrates).

Ri N k


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River Network

schematic representation of thenetworkas a

directedgraphwitharcs and

nodes

CONCLUSION


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CONCLUSION

The entire study was carried out by using, Arc/info,ArcVIEW and ERDAS. The intricate overlays, whichare manually impossible to generate, along with thedetailed calculation have been successfully performed.

RS and GIS technology are useful in providinghaze early warnings, so that necessary measurescould be taken effectively by both governmentauthorized party as well as public .


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