giÁo trÌnh -...

CHNG TRNH O TO T XA QUA TRUYN HNH - TRUYN THANH MNG INTERNET

PGS. TS. NG TH THANH PHNG

Nm 2006

GIO TRNH

QUN TR SN XUT IU HNH

PGS. TS. NG TH THANH PHNG


In 2.000 cun, kh 14,5 x 20,5cm. Ti bn ln 4, ngy 1 thng 12 nm 2006. Lu hnh ni b.

BI 1

M U V QUN TR SN XUT 1. KHI NIM

1.1. KHI NIM V SN XUT

Sn xut l qu trnh to ra sn phm v dch v.

SN XUT DCH V To ra sn phm vt cht Khng to ra sn phm vt cht C th d tr c Khng th d tr c

t tip xc vi khch hng Thng xuyn tip xc vi khch hng Cn nhiu my mc Cn nhiu nhn vin Thng thng cn vn ln Khng nht thit cn s vn ln Vic phn phi sn phm khng

b gii hn v a l Vic phn phi sn phm c gii

hn v a l D nh gi cht lng sn

phm Kh nh gi cht lng dch v

1.2. KHI NIM V QUN TR SN XUT

Qun tr sn xut bao gm cc hot ng t chc phi hp s dng cc yu t u vo nhm chuyn ha thnh kt qu u ra l sn phm v dch v vi chi ph sn xut thp nht v hiu qu cao nht.

1.3. LCH S HNH THNH L THUYT QUN TR SN XUT

1800 Eliwhitney Khi nim cht lng sn phm

1881 Friederick Taylor Phn cng lao ng

1913 Hernry Ford - L thuyt v dy chuyn sn xut

1924 Whalter Schewhart - Cc phng php kim tra cht lng sn phm

1936 - ng dng my tnh u tin vo sn xut

1958-60 - ng dng s Gantt s mng li vo sn xut

1965 - Hoch nh nhu cu vt t bng my tnh (MRP)

1970 - ng dng my tnh vo h thng thit k



1975 - ng dng my tnh vo h thng sn xut t ng ha

1980 - iu hnh sn xut hon ton bng my tnh 2. NI DUNG NGHIN CU MN HC

2.1. D BO TRONG QUN TR SN XUT

Quyt nh u tin trong quy trnh sn xut v dch v l quyt nh v d bo: cc tiu chun m chng ta hoch nh l g? Bao nhiu n v sn phm hay dch v m chng ta mong mi c th bn c? Nhu cu sn phm ca chng ta ph thuc vo nhng nhn t no? Vi mi tng quan ra sao?

Bi D Bo V Qun Tr Sn Xut s gii p cc cu hi trn bng cc

phng php d bo theo thi gian v theo nguyn nhn.

2.2. QUYT NH V SN PHM V CNG NGH

Sau quyt nh v d bo l quyt nh v sn phm v cng ngh. Bi Quyt nh v sn phm v cng ngh s gii thiu vic la chn sn phm hay dch v no cn a ra th trng, trong qu trnh sn xut chng ta phi i mi sn phm nh th no, thit k sn phm v dch v phi thc hin ra sao v nhng quy trnh cng ngh no, my no, cng sut bng bao nhiu, u t theo phng thc no? Phng php s cy s gip chng ta gii quyt nhng vn trn.

2.3. QUYT NH V S DNG CC NGUN LC

Quyt nh s dng cc ngun lc l quyt nh kt hp vic s dng cc ngun lc ca doanh nghip vo qu trnh sn xut.

Bng cc m hnh ton, bng k thut phn tch, bi Hoch nh tng hp

s gip cc bn la chn vic s dng cc ngun lc nh lao ng, my mc thit b, nguyn vt liu, lng tn kho nh th no t chi ph sn xut thp nht, sn xut n nh nht.

2.4. QUYT NH V IU SN XUT TC NGHIP



Bi Hoch nh Lch Trnh Sn Xut s gii thiu cc phng php phn cng v iu sn xut.

Vic ng dng nguyn tc Johnson, phng php Hungary, s Pert lp v iu khin lch trnh sn xut s mang li nhiu li ch v thi gian, tin bc cng nh cc ngun lc khc trong sn xut v dch v.

2.5. QUYT NH V QUN TR TN KHO

Gi tr hng tn kho chim hn 40% tng gi tr ti sn ca doanh nghip. Trnh qun l ca doanh nghip c th nh gi thng qua cng tc qun tr tn kho. Bi Qun Tr Tn Kho s gii thiu 5 m hnh tn kho rt th v c th ng dng trong cc tnh hung khc nhau nhm m bo sn xut lin tc m khng b ng.

2.6. QUYT NH V NHU CU VT T

Quyt nh nhu cu vt t l quyt nh v cung ng vt t, ph tng, bn thnh phm. Bi Hoch nh Nhu Cu Vt T bng my tnh (MRP) s gii thiu phng php, trnh t tnh ton trn my tnh cng nh cch thc cung ng nh th no cho kinh t nht.

2.7. QUYT NH V MY MC THIT B

Quyt nh v my mc thit b l la chn cng ngh, quy trnh sn xut v my mc thit b sao cho hp l nht. Bi Quyt nh V My Mc Thit B s gii thiu phng php s cy la chn phng n u t hiu qu nht, ng thi gii thiu cc phng php s dng bo tr my mc thit b hp l nht.

2.8. QUYT NH V V TR X NGHIP

Quyt nh v tr x nghip c tm quan trng c bit v s quyt nh ngay t u nhng li th cho x nghip. Bi Chin Lc La Chn V Tr X Nghip s gii thiu bn phng php la chn v tr x nghip v cc tiu chun la chn nhm gim bt nhng ri ro trong sut thi k kinh doanh ca doanh nghip.

2.9. QUYT NH B TR MT BNG



Trn c s v tr c la chn, bi Quyt nh B Tr Mt Bng s gii thiu cc phng php sp xp phng tin sn xut nh th no cho hp l. Quy m ca cc phng tin nh th no p ng nhu cu. Nu l sn xut dy chuyn th phi b tr ra sao, vn phng, kho tng, ca hng ca doanh nghip phi c b tr nh th no cho hiu qu.

2.10. QUYT NH V SN XUT NG LC

Sn xut ng lc l tp hp thng nht cc hot ng c thit k nhm sn xut sn lng cao, thng qua s dng ti thiu lng tn kho, nguyn vt liu, sn phm d dang. thc hin c h thng sn xut ng lc, yu cu cht lng cao ti mi giai on trong quy trnh, c mi quan h cht ch vi nh cung ng v d bo tng i chnh xc nhu cu sn phm.

2.11. QUYT NH V L THUYT XP HNG

L thuyt xp hng nghin cu mi quan h gia ba yu t: khch hng, hot ng dch v v hng ch nhm xc nh nng lc phc v ti u. Bi Quyt nh V L Thuyt Xp Hng s gii thiu bn m hnh A, B, C, D p dng trong cc trng hp khc nhau ca h thng dch v.



BI 2

D BO TRONG QUN TR SN XUT 1. KHI NIM

1.1. KHI NIM V D BO

D bo l khoa hc v ngh thut nhm tin on trc nhng s vic din ra trong tng lai. Cn c:

Dy s liu ca cc thi k qu kh

Kt qu phn tch nhng nhn t nh hng n lnh vc d bo

Kinh nghim thc t

1.2. CC LOI D BO

D bo di hn > 3 nm

D bo trung hn > 3 thng 3 nm

D bo ngn hn < 3 thng

D bo kinh t

D bo cng ngh

D bo nhu cu

Cn c vo thi on d bo

Cn c vo lnh vc d bo



1.3. TRNH T TIN HNH D BO

Bc 1: Xc nh mc tiu d bo (mc tiu khc nhau, phng php khc nhau) Bc 2: Xc nh thi on d bo Bc 3: La chn phng php d bo Bc 4: La chn i tng thu thp thng tin Bc 5: Thu thp thng tin bng: Phng vn Bng cu hi i ng cng tc vin Marketing Bc 6: X l thng tin Bc 7: Xc nh xu hng d bo Xu hng tuyn tnh Xu hng chu k Xu hng thi v Xu hng ngu nhin Bc 8: Phn tch, tnh ton Ra quyt nh v kt qu d bo

2. CC PHNG PHP D BO THEO THI GIAN

2.1. CC PHNG PHP NH TNH

2.1.1. Phng php ly kin hi ng iu hnh (chuyn gia)



u im: Nhanh, r.

Nhc im: Khng tht khch quan.

2.1.2. Phng php ly kin ca cc nhn vin bn hng cc khu vc

u im: St vi nhu cu khch hng..

Nhc im:: 2 xu hng: lc quan qu v bi quan qu.

2.1.3. Phng php ly kin khch hng

Phng vn khch hng Bng cu hi in sn pht cho khch hng i ng cng tc vin v marketing

u im: Khch quan.

Nhc im: Kh thu thp thng tin.

2.1.4. Phng php Delphi

thc hin phng php Delphi ngi ta t chc mt ban nhn s. Ban nhn s c chc nng nh sau:

Son v in sn cc cu hi v lnh vc d bo.

a cc cu hi n cho cc chuyn gia.

Tp hp v tng hp kin ca cc chuyn gia. Nu c mu thun hoc c vn mi qu trnh trn c lp li ln 2, 3,

4 cho n khi c hp nht.

u im: Chnh xc, khch quan.

Nhc im: Tn km. 2.2. CC PHNG PHP NH LNG

2.2.1. Phng php tip cn gin n

S d bo thi k th n = S thc t ca thi k th (n 1)

u im: n gin



Nhc im: p t tnh hnh thi k trc cho mt thi k sau

V d: D bo 2001 = S thc hin 2000

Phm vi p dng:

X nghip c quy m sn xut nh

X nghip mi bt tay vo d bo

2.2.2. Phng php bnh qun di ng

Ly con s bnh qun trong tng thi gian ngn c khong cch u nhau lm kt qu d bo cho thi k sau.

y4 = y1 + y2 + y3 = A 3

y5 = Y2 + y3 + y4 = A 3

y5 = y3 + y4 + y5 = A 3

u im n gin Khng p t tnh hnh thi k trc cho thi k sau

Nhc im Hon ton cha da vo qu kh cha c yu t tng lai. Cha phn bit tm quan trng khc nhau ca cc s liu cc thi k

khc nhau. Cn nhiu s liu qu kh. Phm vi p dng: Dy s liu thng k n nh

2.2.3. Phng php bnh qun di ng c trng s

D bo thi k th (n + 1) =

(S thc t thi k th n x H s thi k th n) Tng cc h s



Thng S thc t D bo, n = 3, h s 3, 2, 1

1 10 2 12 3 13

4 16 13 x 3 + 12 x 2 + 10 x 1

= 12,66 3 + 2 +1

5 19 16 x 3 + 13 x 2 + 12 x 1

= 14,33 3 + 2 + 1

u im C biu th xu hng pht trin trong tng lai qua h s. C phn bit tm quan trng khc nhau ca cc s liu cc thi k khc

nhau. Nhc im: Cn qu nhiu s liu qu kh

Phm vi ng dng: Dy s liu qu kh n nh.

2.2.4. Phng php san bng s m

Ft = Ft 1 + (At 1 Ft 1) Ft : S d bo ca thi k t Ft 1 : S d bo ca thi k (t 1) : H s san bng m (0 1) At 1 : S thc t ca thi k (t 1)

Thng S thc t D bo, - 0,2 1 12 F1 = 11 2 17 F2 = 11 + 0,2 (12 11) = 11,2 3 19 F3 = 11,2 + 0,2 (17 11,2) = 12,36

u im C biu th xu hng pht trin trong tng lai qua . Thun tin cho vic p dng my tnh. Cn t s liu qu kh.

Nhc im Phi tnh ln lt tng k, khng d bo c cho tng lai xa.



D b sai lin i. Phm vi ng dng: p dng cho mi trng hp ca dy s (tr trng hp

tuyn tnh).

Phng php san bng s m bc 2 (san bng s m c nh hng) Bc 1: Ft = Ft 1 + (At 1 Ft 1) Bc 2: Tt = Tt 1 + (Ft Ft 1)

Tt : i lng nh hng ca thi k t Tt 1 : i lng nh hng ca thi k (t 1) : H s san bng m bc 2 (0 1)

Bc 3: Ft (h) = Ft + Tt

Ft (h) : S d bo c nh hng ca thi k t V d: = 0,2; = 0,4; T1 = 0; F1 = 11

Thng S thc t F1 , = 0,2 T1, = 0,4 Ft (h) 1 12 F1 = 11 T1 = 0 F1 (h) = 11

2 17 F2 = 11,2 T2 = 0 + 0,4 (11,2 11) F2 (h) = 11,28

3 19 F3 = 12,36 T3 = 0,08 + 0,4 (12,36 11,2) F3 (h) = 12,9 u im C biu th xu hng pht trin trong tng lai qua , . Ch cn tnh mt vi thi k u s xc nh xu hng cc thi k sau.

Nhc im: Mc chnh xc c hn ch hn.

Phm vi ng dng: p dng cho mi trng hp ca dy s (tr trng hp

tuyn tnh).

2.2.5. Phng php bnh phng b nht

x : S th t cc thi k y = ax + b y : S th t (thi k qu kh)



S d bo (thi k tng lai)

a = xy - n xy

b = y a x x2 n

2x

x = x y = y n n

V du:

Thang (x) So th t (y) xy x2

1 74 7 1 2 79 158 4 3 80 240 9 3 90 360 16 5 105 575 25 6 142 752 36 7 122 754 49 8 692 3060 140

x = 28 = 4 y = 692 = 98,86 7 7

a = 3063 7.4.98,86 = 10,54 140 7.42 b = 98,86 10,54.4 = 56,7

y = 10,54.x + 56,7

D bo thng 8: y8 = 10,54 x 8 + 56,7 = 141

2.2.6. Phng php h s thi v

H s thi v = Nhu cu bnh qun ca thi k th n Nhu cu bnh qun ca 1 thi k

Thng Nhu cu Nhu cu bnh qun

thi k t

Nhu cu bnh qun 1 thi

k H s thi v 2002 2003



1 80 90 (80 + 90) : 2 = 85 94 85 : 94 = 0,957 2 75 85 (75 + 85) : 2 = 80 94 80 :94 = 0,851 3 90 110 (90 + 110) : 2 = 100 94 100 : 94 = 1,06 12 80 80 (80 + 80) : 2 = 80 94 80 : 94 = 0,851

NCBQ 1 thi k =

(80 + 75 + 90 ++ 80) + (90 + 85 + 110 ++ 80) = 94 12 x 2

D bo cho cc thng nm 2004, nu bit nm 2004 sn xut 1.200 sn phm/nm.

D bo 1/04 = 1200

x 0,957 = 96 12

D bo 2/04 = 1200

x 0,851 = 85 12

D bo 3/04 = 1200

x 1,064 = 106 12

3. CC PHNG PHP D BO THEO NGUYN NHN

3.1. D BO THEO TNG NGUYN NHN

x: Nguyn nhn (bin s) y = ax + b y: S th t (thi k qu kh)

S d bo (thi k tng lai)

a = xy - n xy

b = y a x x2 n

2x

x = x y = y n n

V du: VT: 108

Nam x y xy x2 y2 1 1 2 2 1 4 2 3 3 9 9 9



3 4 2,5 10 16 6,25 4 1 2 2 1 4 5 2 2 4 4 4 6 7 3,5 24,5 49 12,25 18 15 51,5 80 39,5

x: Mc thu nhap bnh quan cua dan c tai vung A

y: Doanh thu cua x nghiep xay dng nha tai vung A

x = 18 = 3 y = 15 = 2,5 6 6

a = 51,5 6.3.2,5 = 0,25 80 6.32 b = 2,5 0,25.4 = 1,75

y = 0,25.x + 1,75

Gi s nm th 7, bit mc thu nhp bnh qun ca dn c ti vng A l 6.108 th c th d bo c doanh thu ca x nghip xy dng nh ti vng A l 3,25.108

y7 = 0,25 x 6 + 1,75 = 3,25

nh gi hm d bo y = 0,25.x + 1,75 bng 2 ch tiu

1. Sai lch tiu chun 2. H s tng quan

Sy,x = 2

2

nxyayby r =

])(][)(2[ 2222 yynxxyxxyn

Sy,x = 26

5,51.25,015.75,15,39 r =

]155,39.6][1880.6[15.185,51.6

22

Sy,x = 0,306 r = 0,901 Ham sai so 30,6% Ham tng quan chat che



r = 1 : He so tng quan hoan hao 0 < r < 1 : He so tng quan dng (tng quan thuan r = 0 : Khong co tng quan r < 0 : He so tng quan am (tng quan am)

3.2. D BO THEO NHIU NGUYN NHN

y = a1x1 + a2x2 + a3x3 + ... + anxn

Trong : x1, x2, x3, ...,xn l cc nguyn nhn

p dng my tnh s tnh c cc tr s a1, a2, a3, ..., an v b

4. KIM TRA KT QU D BO

4.1. SAI S TUYT I BNH QUN (MAD)

MAD = S thc t ca thi k th n S d bo ca thi k th n S thi k kho st

Cng thc vit gn: MAD = Sai s n 4.2. TN HIU D BO

THDB = (S thc t ca thi k th n S d bo ca thi k th n) S tuyt i bnh qun

Cng thc vit gn: Tn hiu d bo = (Sai s) MAD

Tn hiu cho php (-4, +4)

V d: Kim tra kt qu d bo di y:

Thng S d bo

S thc t

Sai s Sai s Sai s

Sai s MAD THDB

1 100 90 -10 -10 10 10 10 -1



2 100 95 -5 -15 5 15 7,5 -2 3 100 115 +15 0 15 30 10 0

4 110 100 -10 -10 10 40 10 -1 5 110 125 +15 +5 15 55 11 +0,45 6 110 140 +30 +35 30 85 14,2 +2,46

Tn hiu d bo giao ng (-2, +2, 46) do nm hon ton trong gii hn cho php (-4, +4), nn kt qu d bo ny dng c.

---------------------------------------- Bi tp: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (sch bi tp QTSX)



BI 3

QUYT NH V SN PHM V CNG NGH 1. QUYT NH V SN PHM

1.1. LA CHN SN PHM

1.1.1. Cc c hi hnh thnh sn phm mi

Khi c cc bin ng v kinh t, chnh tr, chnh sch ch ca nh nc.

Khi c cc bin ng v cng ngh.

Khi c cc bin ng trn th trng: s ngi mua, ngi bn, gi c.

1.1.2. Cn kt hp vic nghin cu chu k sng trong la chn v pht trin sn phm

Cc sn phm khc nhau s tn ti cc giai on khc nhau chu k sng.

Vic nghin cu sn phm mi phi c tin hnh lin tc.

Trong 2 giai on u ca chu k sng (gii thiu v pht trin) chi ph ln hn doanh thu, thng xut hin l; trong 2 giai on sau ca chu k sng (chn mi, suy thoi) doanh thu ln hn chi ph, thng xut hin li.



1.1.3. Cn nm vng v tun th cc giai on trong qu trnh la chn v pht trin sn phm

Nghin cu th trng

Xc nh tnh nng sn phm

Thit k sn phm

La chn cng ngh

(1) (2) (3) (4)

nh gi s hon thnh cng vic

T chc tiu th

Sn xut hng lot

Sn xut th v bn th

nghim (8) (7) (6) (5)

1.2. PHT TRIN SN PHM

iu kin nhm nghin cu sn phm mi hot ng c:

S ng h ca Ban Gim c

C nhm trng c kh nng ton din

Doanh thu

Chi ph sn xut



Cn c c cu hp l (bao gm cc thnh vin thuc nhiu chc nng khc nhau: sn xut, cht lng, marketing, ti chnh, bn hng.)

C chng trnh o to v nghin cu sn phm mi

Cn c s phn cng v phi hp cht ch.

Phi c s ng h ca nhn vin bn hng.

1.2.1. T chc nhm nghin cu sn phm mi

Phn tch gi tr s dng ca sn phm

Cn c vo h thng ch tiu cht lng sn phm:

Cng dng: nng sut, cng sut, tui th, chc nng

Cng ngh: h s khng hng hc, h s sn sng (tnh tin dng ca sn phm), h s d sa cha, d bo qun, h s tiu hao nguyn nhin vt liu v lao ng.

Thm m: kiu dng sn phm v mu sc.

Kinh t: Gi c km theo nng sut (cng sut, tui th, chc nng, ).

1.2.2. Ni dung nghin cu sn phm mi

Phn tch gi tr s dng ca sn phm (tt) Phng hng ch yu nhm nng cao gi tr s dng ca sn phm. n gin ha kt cu ca sn phm Rt ngn chu k sn xut (thi gian sn xut ra sn phm). Hon thin v tng cng cc chc nng. Nng cao tnh tin dng ca sn phm (tin li trong s dng). An ton trong s dng

Phn tch gi tr ca sn phm V tr ca sn phm trong chu k sng

A

D F

C B

E



T trng thu nhp

T trng thu nhp ca 1SP I = Thu nhp ca 1 sn phm i Gi n v ca 1 sn phm i

V d: A = 20%, B = 30%, C = 40%, D = 65%, E = 34%, F = 18% T trng doanh thu

T trng doanh thu ca 1SP I = Doanh thu ca sn phm i Tng doanh thu

V d: A = 20%, B = 15%, C = 30%, D = 15%, E = 10%, F = 10%

Th t u tin trong vic sn xut cc loi sn phm c th xp nh sau:



LN 65% DT 15% D

LN 40% DT 30% C

LN 20% DT 20% A

LN 30% DT 15% B

LN 18% DT 10% F

LN 34% DT 10% E Trn c s trn, c th ra cc chnh sch cho cc sn phm nh sau:

i vi D: M rng qui m sn xut Tng cng cc knh phn phi Qung co

i vi A Gim chi ph sn xut Tng cng tiu th

i vi C: T chc nghin cu sn phm mi

i vi B Tng cng tiu th Xc nh im dng ca sn xut

i vi E: Tung sn phm mi vo th trng

i vi F M rng dn qui m sn xut Tng cng cc knh phn phi

1.3. THIT K SN PHM

1.3.1. La chn chi tit no, b phn no ca sn phm nn t sn xut

Nn mua ngoi nhng chi tit v b phn sn phm c cc iu kin:

c tiu chun ha



Khng quyt nh cht lng ca sn phm.

1.3.2. Phn nhm v m ha cc chi tit cc b phn ca sn phm

Cn c phn nhm: Cng qui trnh cng ngh hoc quy trnh cng ngh tng t. Cng c ch to bi mt loi nguyn liu ging nhau.

Tc dng ca vic phn nhm: Gim bt thi gian chun b sn xut. S dng tit kim nguyn vt liu. Gim bt khi lng iu hnh ca qun tr gia. K hoch vt t v thng k s n gin hn. To iu kin tin ti tiu chun ha.

1.3.3. La chn cc phng n gia cng

Dng phng php s cy la chn. V d: Sn phm A

Trong iu kin thun li: c th sn xut 25.000 SP (xc sut 0,4)

Trong iu kin kh khn: c th sn xut 8.000 SP (xc sut 0,6)



C hai phng n

Phng n 1: Chi ph c nh: 500.000 USD Chi ph bin i: 40 USD/SP

Phng n 2: Chi ph c nh: 375.000 USD Chi ph bin i: 50 USD/SP

Nu d kin bn ra 100 USD/SP, chn phng n no?

Phng n 1 Thun li: 25.000100 500.000 (4025.000) = 1.000.000 USD Kh khn: 8.000100 500.000 (408.000) = 20 USD Gi tr kinh t ca phng n 1 mang li:

1.000.0000,4 + (20.0000,6) = 388.000 USD

Phng n 2 Thun li: 25.000100 375.000 (5025.000) = 875.000 USD Kh khn: 8.000 100 375.000 (508.000)= 25.000 USD Gi tr kinh t ca phng n 2 mang li:

875.000 0,4 + (25.000 0,6) = 365.000 USD

Phng php s cy

388.000 E1 (0.4)

E2 (0.6)

365.000 E1 (0.4)

E2 (0.6)

Nh vy chng ta chn phng n 1, v gi tr kinh t phng n 1 > phng n 2.

1.000.000 USD

- 20.000 USD

875.000 USD

25.000 USD

0

1

2

3



2. QUYT NH V CNG NGH

2.1. CC LOI CNG NGH

2.1.1. Cng ngh gin on (ca hng cng vic)

c trng Trong mi b phn sn xut, b tr nhng my cng loi. Mi b phn sn xut ch m nhn mt giai on gia cng nht nh. Tn ca b phn sn xut l tn ca my c b tr trong b phn .

Phm vi p dng S chng loi mt hng rt ln (hn 25 mt hng khc nhau). S lng sn phm rt t (1 vi ci). Tnh lp li ca sn phm rt thp.

2.1.2. Cng ngh lin tc (dy chuyn sn xut)

c trng Trong mi b phn sn xut b tr nhiu loi my khc nhau. Mi b phn sn xut m nhim ton b qui trnh cng ngh sn xut ra

sn phm. Tn ca b phn sn xut l tn ca sn phm c sn xut ti b phn

. Phm vi p dng S chng loi mt hng t (1 4 loi mt hng). S lng mi loi sn phm rt ln (ln hn hng ngn sn phm). Sn phm lp i lp li hng ngy.



2.1.3. Cng ngh va lin tc va gin on (theo tng lot sn phm)

c trng Cc sn phm trong cng mt lot c gia cng lin tc. Gia cc loi sn phm khc nhau c thi gian gin on chun b sn

xut. Phm vi p dng Lot ln (hng ngn sn phm) S chng loi mt hng > 4 6 loi. Tnh lp li sn phm tng i thng xuyn.

Lot va (hng trm sn phm) S chng loi mt hng trn 6 10 loi. Sn phm lp li mc trung bnh.

Lot nh (hng chc sn phm) S chng loi mt hng 10 25 loi. Sn phm t khi lp li.

2.2. LA CHN CNG NGH

Tiu thc la chn:

S chng loi mt hng.

S lng mi loi mt hng.

Tnh lp li ca sn phm.



V d mu v la chn cc loi cng ngh

Tiu thc la chn Cng ngh

Cng ngh theo lot

Cng ngh lin tc

Sn phm c sn xut 1 SP khng lp li.

Chin lc sn xut theo d n.

Cng ngh khng c hiu qu trong vng .

Sn xut mt vi sn phm rt t khi lp li.

Chin lc ca hng, cng vic.

Sn xut vi s lng trung bnh, SP lp li mc trung bnh.

Chin lc sn xut theo lot c mi lin h.

Sn xut vi s lng ln, SP lp li trung bnh xong.

Chin lc sn xut theo lot c mi lin h vi nhau.

Sn xut vi s lng rt ln, SP lp li hng ngy.

Chin lc sn xut dy chuyn.

2.3. LA CHN CNG SUT

2.3.1. Cc loi cng sut

Cng sut l thuyt tnh trong iu kin hon ton l tng (365 ngy/nm, 24 gi/ngy...).

Cng sut thit k cng sut c tnh trong iu kin tiu chun.

Cng sut c hiu qu (mong i) c tnh trong iu kin c th ti ni

lm vic ph thuc: Cht lng sn phm Chng loi mt hng Cung cp nguyn liu Trnh cng ngh sn xut Trnh iu hnh sn xut H s s dng cng sut



Hiu nng H s s dng cng sut

Mc s dng cng sut c hiu qu = Cng sut mong i Cng sut thit k Hiu nng

Hiu nng = Sn lng thc t t c Sn lng ng vi cng sut mong i

Hiu nng = Sn lng thc t t c

Cng sut thit k x Mc s dng cng sut c hiu qu

Cng sut ti thiu cng sut ha vn Gi P gi bn 1 n v sn phm (Price) TR tng doanh thu (Total Revennue) TC tng chi ph (Total Cost) x lng sn phm sn xut FC tng chi ph c nh (Fixed Cost) VC tng chi ph bin i (Variable Cost) V Chi ph bin i tnh cho 1 n v sn phm



Ti im ha vn (Break Even Point BEP) th tng doanh thu = tng chi ph, tc TR = TC. Do ta c

P.x = FC + V.x

BEP (x) = FC

P V Cng sut l thuyt Cng sut thit k Cng sut mong i Cng sut thc t Phm vi la chn cng sut Cng sut hon vn

2.3.2. La chn phng n u t t cng sut xc nh

Cc nhn t lm cn c la chn cng sut

D bo nhu cu th trng

Kh nng ti chnh

Kh nng qun tr

Kh nng cung cp nguyn liu

Kh nng nhn lc

V d:

Xc sut th trng thun li l 0,4

Xc sut th trng kh khn l 0,6

Phng n 1: u t k thut cao

Th trng thun li : li : 100.000 USD

Th trng kh khn: l : 90.000 USD



Phng n 2: u t k thut


Th trng kh khn: l : 10.000 USD Phng n 3: u t k thut thp


Th trng kh khn: l : 5.000 USD - 14.000 E1 (0.4)

E2 (0.6) + 18.000 E1 (0.4)

E2 (0.6) + 13.000 E1 (0.4)

E2 (0.6)

----------------------------------------

Bi tp: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (Sch bi tp QTSX)

100.000

- 90.000

60.000 - 10.000

0

1

2

3

40.000

- 5.000 4



BI 4

HOCH NH CC NGUN LC TRONG DOANH NGHIP

1. KHI NIM

1.1. KHI NIM V HOCH NH CC NGUN LC

Hoch nh tng hp l kt hp vic s dng cc ngun lc vo qu trnh sn xut nhm t cc mc tiu:

m bo sn xut n nh

m bo chi ph sn xut thp nht

m bo s lng hng tn kho ti thiu

Thc cht ca hoch nh tng hp l qu trnh ra cc quyt nh v:

Mc sn xut

Mc sn xut ngoi gi

Mc bin ch

Mc thu ngoi

Mc tn kho tng chi ph l min



1.2. MI QUAN H CA HOCH NH CC NGUN LC VI CC HOT NG KHC

NC Th trng Quyt nh v sn phm NC Sn phm v

k thut SX

D bo cc n t hng

Cc quyt nh v sn xut

Nhn lc My mc

Nguyn liu

Hoch nh cc ngun lc Hng TK

H ph

Hoch nh lch trnh sn xut

Hoch nh nhu cu vt t

Hoch nh vic

s dng my mc thit b

2. NHNG CHIN LC THUN TY

Chin lc thun ty Chin lc s dng ring bit tng ngun lc.



2.1. CC CHIN LC TH NG (Passive Strategy)

Cc chin lc th ng (Passive Strategy) l cc chin lc tc ng vo ngun lc, bt ngun lc thay i theo cu.

2.1.1. Cc chin lc tn kho

L d tr sn trong kho mt lng thnh phm khi cu tng c th p ng ngay.

u im m bo sn xut n nh. Khng tn chi ph o to, sa thi.

Nhc im Tn chi ph tn kho. D b hao mn v hnh (mt gi).

Phm vi p dng Tn kho trong thi gian ngn Khi bit trc c nhu cu

2.1.2. Chin lc cu tng tng lao ng, v ngc li cu gim

gim lao ng

u im Cn bng kh nng v nhu cu. Khng tn chi ph tn kho.

Nhc im Tn chi ph o to, sa thi. To nn tm l khng n nh nng sut lao ng gim

Phm vi p dng: Trong trng hp lao ng gin n, khng i hi k

nng. 2.1.3. Chin lc cu tng t chc sn xut ngoi gi, cu gim

iu ha cng vic

u im n nh ngun nhn lc.



Khng tn chi ph o to v sa thi. Nhc im Nng sut lao ng bin ch gim Lng sn xut ngoi gi tng 1,5 - 2 ln, lm: Gi thnh tng Cng nhn quen vi n gi ngoi gi Chn nn khi lm trong gi

Phm vi p dng: Trong trng hp lao ng phc tp, lao ng k nng

2.1.4. Chin lc cu tng thu hp ng ph (hp ng gia cng)

u im Khng tng bin ch. Khng tn chi ph o to, sa thi.

Nhc im Rt d mt khch hng Rt kh kim tra cht lng v tin sn xut

Phm vi p dng K hp ng vi n v c uy tn Nn t chc n v gia cng thnh mt cng on trong dy chuyn sn

xut

2.1.5. Chin lc cu tng thu lao ng bn phn (lao ng thi v)

u im Khng tng bin ch. Khng tn chi ph o to, sa thi.

Nhc im: Hn ch tinh thn trch nhim Phm vi p dng: Nn k hp ng vi n v c uy tn

2.2. CC CHIN LC CH NG (Active Strategy)



Cc chin lc ch ng (Active Strategy) l cc chin lc tc ng vo cu, bt cu thay i theo ngun lc.

2.2.1. Chin lc tng gi, ko di chu k phn phi khi cu > cung. Chin lc gim gi, tng cng dch v v qung co khi cu < cung

u im Cn bng kh nng v nhu cu Khng tn thm chi ph sn xut

Nhc im Thu hp li nhun Khng chc chn

Phm vi p dng: p dng trong thi gian ngn.

2.2.2. Chin lc hp ng chu ko di thi im giao hng

u im Cn bng kh nng v nhu cu Khng tn thm chi ph sn xut

Nhc im D mt khch hng Doanh thu trong mt n v thi gian gim

Phm vi p dng: p dng khi cu tng t xut

2.2.3. Chin lc t chc sn xut nhng mt hng i trng (ngc nhau v thi v)

u im Gi vng doanh thu m bo cng vic lm cho ngi lao ng Khai thc ht nng lc sn xut

Nhc im u t thm thit b Thu thm chuyn gia



Ri ro Phm vi p dng: Nn sn xut nhng mt hng i trng c cng quy trnh

cng ngh. 3. CC PHNG PHP HOCH NH TNG HP

3.1. PHNG PHP TRC QUAN (Kinh Nghim)

Cn c vo kinh nghim x l trong thi gian qua

i chiu vi nhu cu hin ti

c tnh ra cc quyt nh u im: Nhanh, r.

Nhc im: Khi thay i nhn s th phng php m hnh thay i theo.

3.2. PHNG PHP BIU ( Th)

Biu din cc mc nhu cu ca cc thi k ln th, thng qua th s pht hin c cc chin lc.

u im n gin C th lp c nhiu phng n khc nhau

Nhc im: Kh xc nh phng n ti u.

V d: Tnh hnh nhu cu sn xut ti x nghip c cho theo bng sau:

Thng Nhu cu (SP) S ngy SX Nc bp/ngy 1 900 222 41 2 700 18 39 3 800 21 38 4 1.200 21 57 5 1.500 22 68 6 1.100 20 55 6.200 124



Cc chi ph ca cc ngun lc

Chi ph tn kho 5 USD/n v/thng

Chi ph hp ng ph 10 USD/n v

Chi ph tin lng trong gi 5 USD/gi

Chi ph tin lng ngoi gi 7 USD/gi

Thi gian sn xut 1 SP 1,6 gi/sn phm

Chi ph o to bnh qun 10 USD/n v

Chi ph sa thi bnh qun 15 USD/n v Hy hoch nh cc chin lc tng hp v chn chin lc hp l nht

Nhu cu trung bnh =

Tng nhu cu mong i trong 6 thng

=

= 50 sp/ngy 6.200

S ngy sn xut trong 6 thng

124

Mc SX

0 1 2 3 4 5 6



Chin lc 1 T chc sn xut trong gi = Mc nhu cu trung bnh 50 sn phm/ngy Ap dng chin lc tn kho lun chuyn mc d thng 1,2,3 sang

mc thiu ca thng 4, 5, 6

Thng Nhu cu (SP) Mc SX trong gi Tn kho 1 900 50 x 22 = 1.100 200 2 700 50 x 18 = 900 400 3 800 50 x 21 = 1.050 650 4 1.200 50 x 21 = 1.050 500 5 1.500 50 x 22 = 1.100 100 6 1.100 50 x 20 = 1.000 0 6.200 50 x 124 = 6.200 1.850

Tng chi ph chin lc 1 Chi ph SX trong gi 50 x 124 x 1,6 x 5 = 49.600 USD Chi ph tn kho 1.850 x 5 = 9.250 USD Tng chi ph chin lc 1 = 58.850 USD

Thng

41 39 38

57 68 55



Chin lc 2 T chc sn xut trong gi = Mc nhu cu ti thiu 38 sn phm/ngy Thng no thiu thu hp ng ph

Tng chi ph chin lc 2 Chi ph SX trong gi 38 x 124 x 1,6 x 5 = 37.696 USD Chi ph hp ng ph (6.200 38.124).10 = 14.880 USD Tng chi ph chin lc 2 = 52.576 USD

Chin lc 3 T chc sn xut trong gi = Mc nhu cu Thng no thiu tng lao ng Thng no tha gim lao ng

Thng Nhu cu Mc SX trong gi o to Sa thi

1 900 900 - 2 700 700 - 200 3 800 800 100 - 4 1.200 1.200 400 - 5 1.500 1.500 300 - 6 1.100 1.100 400 6.200 6.200 800

Tng chi ph chin lc 3 Chi ph SX trong gi 6.200 x 1,6 x 5 = 49.600 USD Chi ph o to 800 x 10 = 8.000 USD Chi ph sa thi 600 x 15 = 9.000 USD Tng chi ph chin lc 3 = 66.600 USD

Tng chi ph chin lc 1 = 58.850 USD Tng chi ph chin lc 2 = 52.576 USD Tng chi ph chin lc 3 = 66.600 USD

Chn chin lc tng hp 2 v c tng chi ph nh nht.

3.3. PHNG PHP BI TON VN TI



p dng bi ton vn ti c th cn bng cc kh nng (cc ngun lc) vi nhu cu nhm t chi ph cc tiu. u im C th chn c phng n ti u. Chnh xc, logic

Nhc im Khng s dng c khi c qu nhiu yu t cng xt ng thi Cc ngun lc phi bit trc mc ti a c th huy ng



V d: Tnh hnh nhu cu sn xut ti x nghip c cho theo bng sau:

Ch tiu Cc thi k Thng 3 Thng 4 Thng 5 Nhu cu 800 1.000 750

Kh nng Bnh thng 700 700 700 Vt gi 50 50 50 H ph 150 150 130 D tr ban u 100

Chi ph

Nu sn xut bnh thng 40 USD/SP

Nu sn xut vt gi 50 USD/SP

Nu sn xut theo hp ng ph 70 USD/SP

Chi ph thc hin (chi ph tn kho) 2 USD/SP/thng

Hy hoch nh tng hp v chn chin lc ti u?

Cung t cac

nguon

Nhu cau cho Tong kha

nang cung ng

Thng 3 Thng 4 Thng 5 Kh nng

khng dng

D tr ban u 100 0 2 4 0 100

T 3

SX bnh thng 700 40 42 44 0 700

Vt gi 50 50 52 54 0 50

H ph 70 50 72 74 100 0 150

T 4

SX bnh thng 700 40 42 0 700

Vt gi 50 50 52 0 50

H 150 70

72

0

150



ph

T 5

SX bnh thng 700 40 0 700

Vt gi 50 50 0 50

H ph 70 130 0 130

Tng cu 800 1.000 750 230 2.780

700 x 40 = 28.000 50 x 52 = 2.600 50 x 72 = 3.600 700 x 40 = 28.000 50 x 50 = 2.500 150 x 70 = 10.500 700 x 40 = 28.000 50 x 50 = 2.500

Tng chi ph 105.700

---------------------------------------- Bi tp: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9 (Sch bi tp QTSX)



BI 5

HOCH NH LCH TRNH SN XUT 1. CC NGUYN TC SP XP TH T CC CNG VIC TRN 1

PHNG TIN (1 my)

1.1. NGUYN TC CNG VIC NO T HNG TRC B TR LM TRC (First Come First Serve FCFS)

Cng vic

Thi gian SX (ngy)

Thi im giao hng

Thi gian hon thnh (ngy) S ngy tr

A 6 Ngy th 8 6 - B 2 Ngy th 6 8 2 C 8 Ngy th 18 16 - D 3 Ngy th 15 19 4 E 9 Ngy th 23 28 5 28 77 11

Tng dng thi gian = Thi gian sn xut + Thi gian ch i

Tnh cc ch tiu hiu qu

Thi gian bnh qun thc hin 1 CV

Tng dng thi gian

= = 77

= 15,4 ngy S cng vic 5

S CV ch i bnh qun trong h thng

=

Tng dng thi gian =

= 2,74 ngy 77

Tng thi gian sn xut

28

S ngy tr bnh qun =

Tng s ngy tr hn =

11 = 2,2 ngy

S cng vic 5 1.2. NGUYN TC CNG VIC NO C THI IM GIAO HNG

SM B TR LM TRC (EARLIEST DUE DATE EDD)

Cng Thi gian SX Thi im giao Thi gian hon S ngy tr



vic (ngy) hng thnh (ngy) A 2 Ngy th 8 2 - B 6 Ngy th 6 8 - C 3 Ngy th 15 11 - D 8 Ngy th 18 19 1 E 9 Ngy th 23 28 5 28 68 6



Tng dng thi gian

= = 68


S CV ch i bnh quan trong h thng =

Tng dng thi gian =

= 2,42 ngy 68

Tng thi gian sn xut

28

S ngy tr bnh qun =

Tng s ngy tr hn =

6 = 1,2 ngy

S cng vic 5

1.3. NGUYN TC CNG VIC NO C THI GIAN NGN B TR LM TRC (Shortest Processing Time SPT)

Cng vic

Thi gian SX (ngy)

Thi im giao hng


A 2 Ngy th 6 2 - B 6 Ngy th 15 5 - C 3 Ngy th 8 11 3 D 8 Ngy th 18 19 1 E 9 Ngy th 23 28 5 28 65 9


Thi gian bnh qun Tng dng thi



thc hin 1 CV =

gian =

65 = 13 ngy S cng vic 5


Tng dng thi gian =

= 2,3 ngy 65

Tng thi gian sn xut

28

S ngy tr bnh qun =

Tng s ngy tr hn =

9 = 1,8 ngy

S cng vic 5

1.4. NGUYN TC CNG VIC NO C THI GIAN DI B TR LM TRC (LONGEST PROCESSING TIME LPT)

Cng vic

Thi gian SX (ngy)

Thi im giao hng


A 2 Ngy th 23 9 - B 6 Ngy th 18 17 - C 3 Ngy th 8 23 15 D 8 Ngy th 15 26 11 E 9 Ngy th 6 28 22 28 103 48



Tng dng thi gian

= = 103



Tng dng thi gian =

= 3,68 ngy 103

Tng thi gian sn xut

28

S ngy tr bnh qun =

Tng s ngy tr hn =

48 = 9,6 ngy

S cng vic 5



1.5. NH GI MC B TR HP L CC CNG VIC V

TH T U TIN TRONG IU SN XUT

kim tra vic b tr cc cng vic c hp l hay khng, ta tnh ch tiu mc hp l nh sau:

Mc hp l (MHL) = Thi gian cn li S cng vic cn li tnh theo thi gian V d: Ti 1 cng ty c 3 cng vic c t hng nh bng sau. Gi s thi

im chng ta ang xt l ngy 3/2/04.

Cng vic Thi im giao hng Cng vic cn li tnh theo ngy A 8/2/04 4 B 6/2/04 5 C 5/2/04 2

Theo cng thc trn, ta tnh c MHL nh sau:

Cng vic Mc hp l (MHL) Th t u tin

A 8 3 = 1,25 4

3

B 6 3 = 0,6 5

1

C 5 3 = 1 2

2

Cng vic A MHL > 1, chng t s hon thnh sm hn k hn

Khng cn u tin, xp u tin 3.

Cng vic B MHL < 1, chng t s b chm Cn xp u tin 1 tp trung ch o.

Cng vic C MHL = 1, chng t s hon thnh ng k hn Xp u tin 2. Cng dng ca ch tiu MHL khi lp lch trnh

Quyt nh v tr cc cng vic c bit.

Lp quan h u tin ca cc cng vic.



Lp quan h gia cc cng vic c lu li v cc cng vic phi thc hin.

iu chnh th t u tin thay i theo yu cu trn c s s tin trin ca cc cng vic.

Theo di cht ch s tin trin v v tr ca cc cng vic. 2. NGUYN TC JOHNSON

2.1. LP LCH TRNH N CNG VIC TRN 2 MY

Bc 1: Sp xp cc cng vic theo th t thi gian min tng dn.

Cng vic Thi gian thc hin cc cng vic (gi) My khoan My tin A 5 2 B 3 6 C 8 4 D 10 7 E 7 12

V d ny th t cc cng vic tun theo nguyn tc thi gian min tng dn, nn khng cn xp li. Bc 2: B tr cc cng vic theo nguyn tc Johnson.

Theo th t xp bc 1, ln lt b tr nh sau: Cng vic no c thi gian min nm ct 1, b tr bn tri ( u) Cng vic no c thi gian min nm ct 2, b tr bn phi ( cui) Kt qu cc cng vic c b tr nh sau:

B E D C A My 1 3 7 10 8 2 My 2 6 12 7 4 2

Bc 3: V biu v tnh tng thi gian thc hin cc cng vic.

0 3 10 20 28 33 My

1 B=3 E=7 D=10 C=8 A=5

My B=6 E=12 D=7 C=4 A=2



2 0 3 9 22 29 33 35

Tng thi gian thc hin cc cng vic min l 35 gi

2.2. LP LCH TRNH N CNG VIC TRN 3 MY

V d: C 4 cng vic phi thc hin ln lt trn 3 my mi xong, v c thi gian cho theo bng sau:

Cng vic Thi gian thc hin cc cng vic (gi) My 1 (t1) My 2 (t2) My 3 (t3) Trung tm 13 5 9

B 5 3 7 C 6 4 5 D 7 2 6

Hy sp xp th t cc cng vic c tng thi gian thc hin chng l

min?

Bc 1: Xt bi ton c tha nguyn tc Johnson khng? t1 min t2 max t3 min t2 max Ta c: t1 min = 5 t1 min = 5 t2 max = 5 t3 min = 5

t1 min = t2 max t3 min = t2 max Bc 2: Lp ma trn mi bng cch ly t1 + t2 v t2 + t3

Cng vic t1 + t2 t2 + t3 A 18 14 B 8 10 C 10 9 D 9 8



Bc 3: Sp xp cc cng vic theo th t thi gian min tng dn

Cng vic t1 + t2 t2 + t3 D 9 8 B 8 10 C 10 9 A 18 14

Bc 4: Sp xp th t thc hin cc cng vic theo nguyn tc Johnson

B A C D My 1 5 13 6 7 My 2 3 5 4 2 My 3 7 9 5 6

Bc 5: V biu v tnh tng thi gian thc hin cc cng vic

0 5 18 24 31 My

1 B=5 A=13 C=6 D=7

My 2 B=3 A=5 C=4 D=2

My 3 B=7 A=9 C=5 D=6

15 32 37 43

Tng thi gian thc hin cc cng vic min l 43 gi 3. PHNG PHP HUNGARY

3.1. BI TON 1 MC TIU

V d: C 3 cng vic R 34, S 66, T 50, v c 3 my A, B, C. Chi ph cc cng vic thc hin trn cc my cho nh bng sau. Tm phng n b tr cc cng vic trn cc my sao cho tng chi ph l nh nht.

My A My B My C R 34 11 14 6 S 66 8 10 11



T 50 9 12 7 Bc 1: Chn trong mi hng 1 s min, ly cc s trong hng tr i s min

.

My A My B My C R 34 5 8 0 S 66 0 2 3 T 50 2 3 0

Bc 2: Chn trong mi ct 1 s min, ly cc s trong hng tr i s min

.

My A My B My C R 34 5 6 0 S 66 0 0 3 T 50 2 1 0

Bc 3: Chn hng no c 1 s 0, khoanh trn s 0 , k ng thng xuyn sut

ct. Chn ct no c 1 s 0, khoanh trn s 0 , k ng thng xuyn sut

hng. Nu s 0 khoanh trn bng s p n cn tm bi ton gii xong. Nu s 0 khoanh trn cha bng s p n cn tm chuyn sang bc

4.

My A My B My C R 34 5 6 0 S 66 0 0 3 T 50 2 1 0

Bc 4: Chn trong cc s khng nm trn cc ng thng 1 s min, ly cc s

khng nm trn cc ng thng tr i s min . Ly s min cng vo cc s nm trn giao im ca cc ng thng. Sau b tr cc cng vic theo bc 3, c tip tc cho n khi no s 0

khoanh trn bng s p n cn tm th bi ton gii xong.



My A My B My C R 34 3 4 0 S 66 0 0 3 + 2 = 5 T 50 0 1 0

Cc cng vic s c b tr vo cc c s 0 khoanh trn. Nh vy chng

ta s c tng thi gian hoc tng chi ph thc hin cc cng vic l ti thiu.

My A My B My C R 34 3 4 0 S 66 0 0 3 + 2 = 5 T 50 0 1 0

Sau khi thc hien bc 4, va bo tr lai cac cong viec nh

bc 3, se co ket qua nh sau:

Cong viec R 34 bo tr vao may C 6 USD

Cong viec S 66 bo tr vao may B 10 USD

Cong viec T 50 bo tr vao may A 9 USD

Tong chi ph thc hien cac cong viec la 25USD, chi ph toi thieu.

3.2. BI TON 2 MC TIU

V d: C 4 anh nhn vin v c 4 cng vic I, II, III, IV. Hy b tr cc cng vic cho cc anh nhn vin sao cho:

Tng thi gian thc hin chng l min.

Thi gian thc hin mi cng vic < 110 gi VT: Gi

I II III IV An 70 100 110 130 Bnh 40 110 140 80 Chnh 30 50 90 45 Dng 60 30 50 70

Bc 1: Loi b cc s hng 110 gi, thay vo v tr 1 du cho X.



I II III IV An 70 100 X X Bnh 40 X X 80 Chnh 30 50 90 45 Dng 60 30 50 70

Bc 2: Chn trong mi hng 1 s min, ly cc s trong hng tr i s min

.


Bc 3: Chn trong mi ct 1 s min, ly cc s trong hng tr i s min

.

I II III IV An 0 30 X X Bnh 0 X X 25 Chnh 0 20 40 0 Dng 30 0 0 25 Bc 4: B tr cng vic vo cc s 0 duy nht ca hng v s 0 duy nht

ca ct.


Bc 5: S 0 c khoanh trn cha bng s p n cn tm, do ta chn

trong cc s khng nm trn cc ng thng 1 s min, ly cc s khng nm trn ng thng tr i s min , ly s min cng vo cc s nm trn giao im ca cc ng thng.

I II III IV An 0 10 X X



Bnh 0 X X 25 Chnh 0 0 20 0 Dng 30 + 20 0 0 25 + 20

Bc 6: B tr cng vic vo cc s 0 duy nht ca hng v s 0 duy nht

ca ct.

I II III IV An 0 10 X X Bnh 0 X X 25 Chnh 0 0 20 0 Dng 30+20 0 0 25+20

Bc 7: S s 0 c khoanh trn cha bng s p n cn tm, nn ta phi

to thm s 0 nh bc 5, ri tip tc nh bc 6. Ta c s 0 khoanh trn bng s p n cn tm v bi ton gii xong.

I II III IV An 0 0 X X Bnh 0 X X 15 Chnh 0+10 0 20 0 Dng 50+10 0 0 25+20

Anh An b tr lm cng vic II 100 gi < 110 gi

Anh Bnh b tr lm cng vic I 40 gi < 110 gi

Anh Chnh b tr lm cng vic IV 45 gi < 110 gi

Anh Dng b tr lm cng vic III 50 gi < 110 gi

Tng thi gian thc hin cc cng vic l 235 gi l min

---------------------------------------- Bi tp: 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12 (Sch bi tp QTSX)



BI 6

QUN TR TN KHO 1. KHI NIM

1.1. CHC NNG CA QUN TR TN KHO (QTTK)

Thc hin chc nng lin kt

Lin kt 3 giai on: Giai on cung ng Giai on sn xut Giai on tiu th

Chc nng phng tng gi, phng lm pht

Chc nng khu tr theo sn lng s

1.2. K THUT PHN TCH ABC (K THUT PARETO)

Nhm A: Gi tr 70% 80% S lng 10% 15%

Nhm B: Gi tr 20% 25% S lng 25% 30%

Nhm C: Gi tr 5% 10% S lng 50% 55%



100 95

80

0 20 50 100 A B C

Tc dng ca k thut phn tch ABC

u t c trng tm khi mua hng (u tin nhm A v B)

Xc nh chu k kim ton khc nhau cho cc nhm hng khc nhau Nhm A kim ton hng thng Nhm B kim ton hng qu Nhm C kim ton hng 6 thng.

Nng cao trnh nhn vin gi kho

Cc bo co tn kho chnh xc, mc chnh xc ty thuc vo gi tr hng.

p dng cc phng php d bo khc nhau cho cc nhm hng khc nhau (Nhm A & B d bo chnh xc, nhm C c th d bo khi qut hn).

1.3. CC CHI PH TRONG QTTK

1.3.1. Chi ph mua hng (Cmh)

Cmh = Khi lng hng x n gi

% tng s hng tn kho

% gi tr hng tn kho



1.3.2. Chi ph t hng (Ch)

S chi ph cho 1 ln t hng

Chi ph hoa hng cho ngi gii thiu Chi ph hnh chnh thc hin 1 n hng Chi ph chun b phng tin thc hin 1

n hng Chi ph khc

Trong :

Ch = D x S Ch: Chi ph t hng trong nm Q D: Nhu cu vt t trong nm

Q: S lng ca mt n hng

1.3.3. Chi ph tn tr (Ctt)

H chi ph tn tr 1 n v hng

trong 1 n v thi gian

Chi ph thu kho (khu hao kho) Chi ph s dng my mc thit b trang b trong

kho Chi ph lao ng Thu, bo him Chi ph mt mc, hao ht, h hng

Trong :

Ctt = Q

x H Ctt: Chi ph tn tr trong nm

2 H: Chi ph tn tr 1 n v hng trong 1 nm

TC = Ch + Ctt + Cmh Tng chi ph CA hng tn kho

TC = Ch + Ctt

Tng chi ph V hng tn kho



1.4. CC DNG TN KHO CC BIN PHP GIM CHI PH TN KHO

1.4.1. Cc dng tn kho

CUNG NG SN XUT TIU TH D Tr

1.4.2. Cc bin php gim chi ph tn kho

p dng cc m hnh tn kho Gim ti a lng vt t d tr p dng k hoch sa cha d

phng Xc nh lng ph tng d tr hp l

p dng hnh thc sn xut dy

chuyn Gim ti a lng sn phm d dang

p dng ch hp ng cht

ch vi khch hng Xc nh ng s lng thnh phm v thi im giao hng

p dng k thut phn tch bin

ch Xc nh khi no cn tng thm hng

Sn phm

d dang

Thnh phm trong kho

thnh phm

Thnh phm trong kho

ngi bn

bun

Thnh phm trong kho

ngi bn l

X

X

X

Ngi cung ng

Ng. vt liu trn ng vn chuyn

Bn thphm trn ng vn chuyn

Ptng thay th trn ng vn chuyn



Q Q Q 0 0 0 0

TCmin Ch Q*

2. CC M HNH TN KHO

2.1. M HNH SN LNG KINH T C BN (The Basic Economic Order Quantity Model EOQ)

Gi thit:

Nhu cu vt t trong nm bit trc v n nh

Thi gian vn chuyn khng thay i

S lng ca 1 n hng c vn chuyn 1 chuyn

Khng c vic khu tr theo sn lng

Khng c vic thiu hng trong kho Q* =? TC = Ch + Ctt min

Hoc TC = D S + Q H min Q 2 Nhn xt: Ti Q* c Ch = OA c Ctt = OA Vy mun c Q* TC = Ch + Ctt min, phi c iu kin Ch = Ctt. Hoc D S + Q H Q 2

T suy ra Q* = HDS2

V d: D = 1.000 n v, S = 100.000, H = 5.000/n v/nm

Ch

Ctt



Q Q ROP L L

Q* = 5000

1000.100000.2 = 200 n v

im t hng li (Recorder Point ROP): l thi im m sn lng hng trong kho = L x d Trong : L: thi gian vn chuyn d: Lng vt t cn dng trong 1 ngy m Nu L = 3 ngy d = 10 n v/ngy Th ROP = 3 x 10 = 30 n v



Qmax Qmax t t T T

2.2. M HNH CUNG CP THEO NHU CU SN XUT (Production Order Quantity MODEL POQ)

t : Thi gian cung ng T : Chu k cung ng P : Lng hng cung ng mi ngy (mc sn xut hng ngy) d : Lng hng s dng mi ngy (lng hng tiu th hng ngy) Qmax : Lng hng cn li ln nht sau thi gian t

Qmax = P.t t =PQ

Qmax = P.PQ

d.PQ

Qmax = Q.

Pd1

Mun c Q* cho TC = Ch + Ctt min th phi c iu kin Ch = Ctt

Hoc *Q

DS =

2maxQ

H

*Q

DS =

2

1*

PdQ

H

T suy ra

Q* =

PdH

DS

1

2

V d: D = 1.000 n v, S = 100.000, H = 5.000/n v/nm p = 8 n v/ngy, d = 6 n v/ngy



Q* b* Q* b*

Q* =

8615000

1000.100000.2 = 400 n v

2.3. M HNH SN LNG GI LI NI CUNG NG (Back

Order Inventory Model)

Q* =? : Lng hang cung ng toi u? b* = ? : Lng hang mang ve toi u? Q * b* =? : Lng hang gi lai toi u? Trong o: B: Chi ph 1 n v hang gi tai ni cung ng

Q* = B

HBxHDS 2

b* = HB

BxHDS

2

Q* b* = Q*

HBB1

V d: D = 20.000 n v H = 20.000/n v/nm

Q* = 100000

2000010000020000

150000.20000.2 x = 600 n v

b* = 20000100000

10000020000

150000.20000.2

x = 500 n v



Q* b* = 600

2000001000001000001 = 100 n v

Phm vi p dng: p dng trong trng hp nhu cu khng n nh, tng

gim tht thng.

2.4. M HNH KHU TR THEO SN LNG (Quantity Discount Model)

Sn lng n gi D = 5.000 n v/nm 1 999 5USD S = 49USD

1.000 1.999 4,8USD H = I.P 2.000 4,75USD I = 20% (t l chi ph tn kho tnh

theo gi mua) P: n gi

Q* =? TC = Ch + Ctt + Cmh min Bc 1: Xc nh cc mc sn lng hng ti u theo cc mc n gi khc

nhau, theo cng thc.

Q* = PI

SD.

..2

Q1* = 5.2,0

49.5000.2 = 700 n v

Q2* = 8,4.2,049.5000.2 = 714 n v

Q3* = 75,4.2,049.5000.2 = 718 n v



Bc 2: iu chnh cc mc sn lng ln mc sn lng c hng gi khu tr. Q1* = 700 n v (ph hp vi gi $5). Q2* = 714 n v, iu chnh ln 1.000 n v (ph hp vi gi $4,8). Q3* = 718 n v, iu chnh ln 2.000 n v (ph hp vi gi $4,75).

Bc 3: Tnh tng chi ph ca hng tn kho cho cc mc sn lng iu

chnh, theo cng thc.

TC = QD

.S + 2Q

.I.P + D.P

TC700 = 700

5000 .49 + 2

700 .0,2.5 + 5000.5 = 25.700USD

TC700 = 10005000 .49 +

21000 .0,2.4,8 + 5000.4,8 = 24.725USD

TC2000 = 20005000 .49 +

22000 .0,2.4,75 + 5000.4,75 = 24.822,5USD

TC1000 < TC2000 < TC700

Do chng ta chn Q* = 1.000n v Phm vi p dng: p dng trong trng hp ngi cung ng bn gi khu

tr. 2.5. M HNH XC SUT VI THI GIAN CUNG NG KHNG

I (Probabilistic Models With Constant Lead Time)

Phm vi p dng

Nhu cu khng n nh, xc sut thiu ht c th xy ra.

Do cn d tr an ton (safe stock) gii quyt s thiu ht .

D tr an ton ti u l mc d tr c:

TC = Chi ph tn tr + Chi ph thit hi do thiu hng min

xc nh mc d tr an ton ti u cn cn c vo cc thng tin sau:

Nhu cu Xc sut Xc xut tnh cho cc mc nhu cu trong thi



30 0,1 k t hng 40 0,2

Thi im t hng li (ROP) = 50 n v ROP 50 0,4

60 0,2 Chi ph tn tr 1 n v hng trong 1 nm: 5USD/n v/name 70 0,1

Chi ph tht hi do thiu hng: 40USD/n v

S ln t hng ti u trong nm: 6 ln

Mc d tr

an ton Chi ph tn kho

tng thm Chi ph thit hi do thiu

hng Tng chi

ph 20 20 x 5 = 100 0 100 10 10 x 5 = 50 10 x 0,1 x 40 x 6 = 240 290

0 0 10 x 0,2 x 40 x 6 + 20 x 0,1 x 40 x 6 = 960 960

Vy mc d tr an ton ti u l 20 n v v TC20 = 100 l min ----------------------------------------

Bi tp: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (Sch bi tp QTSX)



BI 7

HOCH NH NHU CU VT T (MRP) 1. NHNG THNG TIN CN NM VNG KHI HOCH NH NHU

CU VT T (MRP)

1.1. NM VNG LCH TRNH SN XUT

S lng sn phm

Thi im giao hng

1.2. NM VNG C CU SN PHM

Hng gc l hng c to bi hai hay nhiu b phn hp thnh (A, B, C, F)

Hng pht sinh l hng to nn hng gc (B, C, D, E, F, G)

A

B (2) C (3)

D (2) E (3) E (1) F (2) D (1) G (2)

Cp hng ha A Cp 0 B, C Cp 1 D, E, F Cp 2 G Cp 3

Lu : Khi k hiu cp hng ha, k hiu cp thp nht m n tn ti.

A

B (2) C (3)

D (2) E (3) E (1) F (2)



D (1) G (2)

Danh sch vt t

A 1 B 2 D 2 E 3 C 3 E 1 F 2 D 1 G 2

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

1.3. NM VNG LNG HNG TN KHO

Nhu cu rng = Nhu cu Tn kho

1.4. NM VNG NHNG N HNG CHA THC HIN

Nhng n hng k hp ng nhng cha n hn cung ng.



1.5. NM VNG CC LOI HA N

1.5.1. Ha n cho tng b phn sn phm

A S T B C B E C E

1.5.2. Ha n cho sn phm i din

U

B C E

1.5.3. Ha n cho cc b phn c bit

Cc b phn rt t c cc sn phm. Thi gian d tr bng 0 (sn xut gi u).

1.6. NM VNG THI GIAN SN XUT CC B PHN CA SN PHM

Nhm hng A B C D E F G Thi gian SX (mu) 1 2 1 1 2 3 2

Gi s thi im giao hng sn phm A l tun th 8, cn c vo thi gian

sn xut cc b phn c th xc nh thi im cung ng tng b phn (tng nhm hng) nh sau:



E B D E D C A F G 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2. TRNH T HOCH NH NHU CU VT T

2.1. HOCH NH NHU CU CC LOI VT T CHO MT LOI SN PHM

Nhm hng Tun TG

phn phi 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

A. nh k yu cu nh k n

50

50 1 tun

B. nh k yu cu nh k n

100

100

2 tun

C. nh k yu cu nh k n

150

150

1 tun

D. nh k yu cu nh k n

200

200

1 tun

E. nh k yu cu nh k n

300

150

300

150

2 tun

F. nh k yu cu nh k n

300

300

3 tun

G. nh k yu cu nh k n

600

600

1 tun

H. nh k yu cu nh k n

300

300

2 tun



2.2. HOCH NH NHU CU RNG

Nhm hng A B C D E F G Tn kho 10 15 20 10 10 5 0

KT : Kch thc l hng TG : Thi gian sn xut TK : Lng hng tn kho Dat : D tr an ton Db : D tr c bit C : Cp hng ha

LH : Loi hng NC : Nhu cu NR : Nhu cu rng Nt : Nhu cu cung cp theo tin Ntn : Nhu cu cn tip nhn Nvc : Nhu cu cn vn chuyn n

Cn c vo lng tn kho, thi gian sn xut cc b phn ca sn phm

chng ta c th lp bng nhu cu rng nh sau:

KT TG TK Dat Ddb C LH Ch tiu

Tun 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Theo l

1 10 - - 0 A NC 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 50 Nt - - - - - - - - TK - - - - - - - 10 NR - - - - - - - 40 Ntn - - - - - - - 40 Nvc - - - - - - 40 -

Theo l

2 15 - - 1 B NC 15 15 15 15 15 15 80A - Nt - - - - - - - - TK - - - - - - 15 - NR - - - - - - 65 - Ntn - - - - - - 65 - Nvc - - - - 65 - - -

KT TG TK Dat Ddb C LH Ch tieu

Tuan 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Theo 1 20 - - 1 C NC 20 20 20 20 20 20 120A -



l Nt - - - - - - - - TK - - - - - - 20 - NR - - - - - - 100 - Ntn - - - - - - 100 - Nvc - - - - - 100 - -

Theo l

1 20 - - 1 C NC 20 20 20 20 20 20 120A

-

Nt - - - - - - - - TK - - - - - - 20 - NR - - - - - - 100 - Ntn - - - - - - 100 - Nvc - - - - - 100 - -

Theo l

NC - - - - 130B - Nt - - - - - - - - TK - - - - 0 - - - NR - - - - 130 - - Ntn - - - - 130 - - Nvc - - - 130 - - - -

Theo l

NC 10 10 10 10 195B1000 - Nt - - - - - - - - TK - - - - 10 - - - NR - - - - 185 100 - - Ntn - - - - 185 100 - - Nvc - - 185 100 - - - -

Theo l

NC 5 5 5 5 5 2000 - Nt - - - - - - - - TK - - - - - - 5 - NR - - - - - - 195 - Ntn - - - - - - 195 - Nvc - - 195 - - - - -

KT TG TK Dat Ddb C LH

Ch tiu

Tun 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Theo l

1 10 - - 3 D NC 10 10 390F - - - - - Nt - - - - - - - - TK - - 10 - - - - - NR - - 380 - - - - -



Ntn - - 380 - - - - - Nvc - 380 - - - - - -

Theo l

NC - - 195F - - - Nt - - - - - - - - TK - - 0 - - - - - NR - - 195 - - - - - Ntn - - 195 - - - - - Nvc 195 - - - - - - -

2.3. HOCH NH NHU CU MT LOI VT T CHO CC LOI

SN PHM SN XUT TRONG X NGHIP

Tnh nhu cu vt t B cho x nghip, bao gm 3 loi nhu cu:

Nhu cu B cho sn phm A

Nhu cu B cho sn phm S

Nhu cu bn ra

A (4 tun) S (6 tun) B C B E

A (4 tun) S (6 tun) B C B E Ncu B bn ra Tun 7 8 9 10 Tun 7 8 9 10 Tun 1 2 NCB 20 30 40 25 NCB 20 30 40 25 NCB 10 2

Tun 1 2 3 4 5 6 Nhu cu B 10 60 40 80 75 25

3. CC M HNH CUNG NG VT T

3.1. M HNH CUNG CP THEO L (Lot for Lot)



V d: Mt cng ty mun xc nh chi ph t hng, chi ph thc hin, chi ph tn tr n hng theo tiu chun cung cp hng theo l. ng vi nhu cu:

Chi ph thit lp 1 n hng l 100USD

Chi ph tn tr l 1USD/n v/tun

Lch nhu cu sn xut cng phn nh nhu cu rng c th hin qua bng sau:

Lch nhu cu sn xut

Ch tiu Tun 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Nhu cu 35 30 40 0 10 40 30 0 30 35 Lng hng tn kho 35

Lng hng em n

nh kch thc l hng bng p dng k thut Lot for Lot

Ch tiu Tun 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Nhu cu 35 30 40 0 10 40 30 0 30 35 Lng hng tn kho 35 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lng hng em n 30 40 10 40 30 30 55

Chi ph t hng 7 x 100 = 700USD

Chi ph tn tr 0

Tng chi ph 700 + 0 = 700USD

3.2. M HNH EQQ

p dng m hnh EQQ xc nh kch thc l hng, ta s dng cng thc:

Q =HDS2



Mi nm lm vic 52 tun, do nhu cu bnh qun cho 1 nm l:

D = 35 + 30 + 40 + 0 + 10 + 40 + 30 + 0 + 30 + 55 x 52 = 1.404 10

Nh vy, kch thc l hng theo m hnh EQQ l:

Q = 52.1

100.1404.2

= 73 n v

nh kch thc l hng bng p dng k thut EQQ

Ch tiu Tun 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Nhu cu 35 30 40 0 10 40 30 0 30 35 Lng hng tn kho 35 0 43 3 3 66 26 69 69 39 57

Lng hng em n 73 73 73 73

Chi ph t hng: 4 x 100 = 400USD

Chi ph tn tr: (43 + 3 + 3 + 66 + 26 + 69 + 69 + 39 + 57) x 1 = 375USD

Tng chi ph: 400 + 375 = 775USD

3.3. M HNH CN I CC THI K B PHN (Part Period Balancing Technique)

K thut tnh ton theo cn i cc thi k b phn Cc thi k

kt hp Ly k nhu cu

Ly k chi ph tn tr theo phn k Ch Ctt TC

2 30 0 100 0 100 2, 3 70 40 x 1t x 1 = 40 100 40 140

2, 3, 4 70 40 x 1t x 1 = 40 100 40 140 2, 3, 4, 5 80 40 x 1t x 1 + 10 x 3t x 1 = 70 100 70 170

2, 3, 4, 5, 6 120 40 x 1t x 1 + 10 x 3t x 1 + 40 x 4t 100 230 330



x 1 = 230 6 40 0 100 0 100

6, 7 70 30 x 1t x 1 = 30 100 30 130 6, 7, 8 70 30 x 1t x 1 = 30 100 30 130

6, 7, 8, 9 100 30 x 1t x 1 + 30 x 3t x 1 = 120 100 120 220 10 55 0 100 0 100

nh kch thc l hng bng p dng k thut EQQ

Ch tiu Tun 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Nhu cu 35 30 40 0 10 40 30 0 30 35

Lng hng tn kho 35 0 50 10 10 0 60 30 30 0 0

Lng hng em n 80 100 55

Chi ph t hng 3 x 100 = 300USD

Chi ph tn tr 70 + 120 + 0 = 190USD

Tng chi ph 300 + 190 = 490USD ----------------------------------------

Bi tp: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 11 (Sch bi tp QTSX)



BI 8

QUN TR MY MC THIT B 1. XC NH S LNG MY MC THIT B CN THIT

Bc 1: D bo nhu cu tng loi sn phm doanh nghip cn sn xut v tng hp nhu cu ca ton doanh nghip theo sn phm quy i.

Bc 2: Tnh ton s thit b p ng nhu cu sn phm d bo.

Bc 3: Lp d n u t my mc thit b theo k hoch d kin.

Thng thng doanh nghip phi tnh thm 1 mc m v nng lc my mc thit b (capacity cushion). V d: Ti 1 doanh nghip A sn xut 2 loi nc st x lch loi I v loi II.

Mi loi u ng sn trong chai v ti nha dng 1 ln. Hin ti doanh nghip A c 3 my ng chai vi cng sut 150.000 chai/my/nm v 5 my ng ti nha vi cng sut 250.000 ti/my/nm. Nh qun tr doanh nghip A mun tnh ton v nhu cu thit b trong 5 nm k tip cn nh th no. Bc 1: D bo s lng chai v ti nha nc st c th bn ra hng nm.

Nhu cu chai v ti nha cn dng

Nm 1 2 3 4 5

1. Nc st loi 1 Chai (1.000) Ti nha (1.000)

60 100

100 200

150 300

200 400

250 500

2. Nc st loi 2 Chai (1.000) Ti nha (1.000)

75 200

85 400

95 600

97 650

98 680

3. Tng d bo nhu cu

Chai (1.000) Ti nha (1.000)

135 300

185 600

245 900

297 1050

348 1180

Bc 2: Tnh ton s thit b sn xut p ng nhu cu sn phm d

bo. Tng nng lc sn c ca my ng chai l 3 my x 150.000 = 450.000

hai/nm. Nm th 1 doanh nghip A s s dng 135.000 chai/450.000



chai = 0,3 nng lc hin c ca my ng chai, ngha l nm th 1 ch cn 0,3 x 3 = 0,9 my ng chai.

Tng nng lc sn c ca my ng ti nha l 5 my x 250.000 = 1.250.000 ti/nm. Nm th 1 doanh nghip A s s dng 300.000 ti/1.250.000 ti = 0,24 nng lc hin c ca my ng ti nha, ngha l nm th 1 ch cn 0,24 x 5 = 1,2 my ng ti nha.

Bc 3: Tng t cch tnh trn, tnh cho cc nm cn li v s c d n v

s thit b ng chai v ng ti nha nh sau:

S my cn c trong cc nm Nm 1 2 3 4 5 1. My ng ti nha (my) Nng lc c s dng (%)

1,2 24

2,4 48

3,6 72

4,2 84

4,7 94

2. My ng chai (my) Nng lc c s dng (%)

0,9 30

1,23 41

1,62 54

1,98 66

2,31 77

Thng qua s liu tnh ton trn, ta thy m nng lc tch cc tn ti cho tt

c 5 nm cho c hai loi my. Nh vy, doanh nghip A khng cn u t thm my mc m c th bt u pht trin k hoch trung hn hay k hoch ton b cho c hai loi sn phm trn.



2. LA CHN THIT B

Vic la chn my mc thit b ph thuc cht ch vo cng ngh c chn.

Chi ph thit b thng chim mt khon ln trong cc chi ph u t ca mt doanh nghip, bao gm:

Gi mua thit b

Chi ph chuyn ch

Chi ph bo dng, bo him trc lp t

Chi ph lp t.

Cc bc tin hnh la chn thit b:

Bc 1: Phn chia thit b mua trong nc hay nhp khu. i vi thit b nhp khu cn tnh lch trnh cung cp ph tng thay th.

Bc 2: M t cc tnh nng, thng s k thut, c tnh k thut, iu kin bo dng, sa cha, iu kin lp t vn hnh ca thit b chnh.

Bc 3: Lp danh mc cc thit b gm cc thng s ngun, mu m, s lng, n gi, thnh tin. Danh mc thit b nhp khu c lp ring.

Bc 4: Xem xt y cc thit b ph tr phng tin, ph tng, thit b dng c vn phng.

Bc 5: Xc nh chi ph mua sm vn hnh bo tr thit b, nhu cu vn trong nc, ngoi t. la chn thit b:

Cn lp mt s phng n tnh ton kinh t v so snh cc phng n .

Quy v thi gian tnh ton chung l thi k phn tch so snh phng n chn my c tui th kinh t khc nhau. Nu thi k phn tch < Tui th kinh t c gi tr cn li ca thit b

v xem y l khon thu nhp cui thi k phn tch. Nu thi k phn tch > Tui th kinh t Thay mi thit b, v xut

hin khon chi mi. i vi d n ln, ly thi k phn tch = thi hn u t.



i vi d n thng thng, ly thi k phn tch = bi s chung nh nht ca cc tui th kinh t ca cc thit b nh la chn.

So snh phng n qua ch tiu gi tr hin ti rng (NPV). Nu cc phng n c NPV bng nhau, so snh tip sut thu hi ni b

(IRR) Nu NPV khc nhau, chn phng n c NPV max m khng cn tnh

IRR.

V d: Doanh nghip X nh mua 1 trong 2 my A v B, c s liu theo bng sau:

VT: Triu ng

Cc ch tiu My A My B u t ban u 10 15 Chi ph hng nm 2,2 4,3 Thu nhp hng nm 5 7 Gi tr cn li khi thit b ht tui th 2 0 Tui th kinh t 5 10 MARR (%) 8 8

Thi k phn tch = 10 nm (BSCNN ca 5 v 10)

My A thay mi 1 ln, sau 5 nm

VT: Triu ng

Cc ch tiu My A My B Thu nhp hng nm Gi tr cn li

33,55 0,926

46,970

Cng PV thu nhp 34,476 46,970 Chi ph hng nm Chi ph thay mi u t ban u

14,762 5,445 10,000

28,850 -

15,000 Cng PV chi ph 30,207 43,853

Gi tr hin ti rng (NPV) 4,269 3,117

Chn my A v NPV (A) > NPV (B)



3. LP K HOCH TNG NNG LC MY MC THIT B

3.1. DUY TR CN BNG H THNG

m bo cn bng cc giai on ca quy trnh, c 3 cch:

Tng nng lc ca giai on c nng lc yu bng cch tng gi, thu thm thit b, hoc thu hp ng ph.

Tng lng tn kho m trc cho giai on c nng lc yu.

Tng cng c s vt cht cho b phn c nng lc yu.

V d: Mt doanh nghip c ba b phn sn xut c nng lc sn xut nh sau:

B phn 1: 90 110 n v sn phm/thng

B phn 2: 75 85 n v sn phm/thng

B phn 3: 150 200 n v sn phm/thng Ba b phn trn thc hin mt quy trnh lin tip nhau hon thnh mt

loi sn phm hon chnh. m bo nng lc gia ba b phn trn cn bng:

Gii quyt mt trong ba cch trn

Lp thnh cc phng n khc nhau

Chn phng n no c chi ph thp thc hin cn bng cho doanh nghip.

3.2. TN SUT TNG NNG LC

3.2.1. Nng cp theo dng u t thng xuyn

u im: u t phn k c vn u t khng ln trong mi ln u t. Nhc im Chi ph trc tip ln chi ph di chuyn, thay i thit b c, o to cng

nhn khi mua thit b mi. Mt c hi kinh doanh do c s vt cht (my mc, thit b, nh xng)

phi nh tr trong sut thi gian thay i. Chi ph mua thit b mi cao hn nhiu so vi tin bn thit b c.



3.2.2. Nng cp theo dng u t khng thng xuyn

u im Khng tn chi ph trc tip chi ph di chuyn, thay i thit b c, o

to cng nhn khi mua thit b mi. Khng mt c hi kinh doanh

Nhc im Vn u t trong mi ln u t phi ln. Gy ra lng ph v cha khai thc s dng ht nng lc trong giai on

u. Chi ph s dng my mc thit b cao

4. QUN L CNG TC BO TR TRONG NH MY

4.1. KHI NIM V BO TR MY MC THIT B

Bo tr l hot ng chm sc k thut, iu chnh, sa cha hoc thay th mt hoc nhiu chi tit hay cm chi tit my nhm duy tr hoc khi phc cc thng s hot ng, bo m my mc thit b hot ng vi nng sut, tc , ti trng xc nh trc.

4.2. MC TIU CA CNG TC BO TR

Nng cao mc sn sng hot ng ca tng chi tit hay b phn v ca ton thit b, my mc hay dy chuyn sn xut.

Duy tr tui th my mc thit b mc nh trc.

Gia tng tin cy ca k hoch sn xut.

Ci tin v duy tr cht lng ca sn xut.

Gim chi ph sn xut thng qua vic lp k hoch sn xut tt hn.

Ngn nga tai nn lao ng thng qua ci thin iu kin lm vic.

Gia tng tinh thn lm vic do gim thi gian ngng my.

Bo qun mi trng lm vic.

4.3. PHN LOI BO TR



Bo tr phn ng Tin hnh hot ng bo tr khi my mc thit b khng cn duy tr c cc thng s hot ng bnh thng na, cn gi l bo tr sa cha, bo tr khn cp.

Bo tr d phng Tin hnh hot ng bo tr khi my mc thit b cn hot ng bnh thng. C 2 hnh thc: Bo tr d phng theo thi gian (Bo tr nh k) Tin hnh bo tr sau

mt chu k nht nh. Chu k bo tr c th tnh bng gi my hot ng hoc sn lng sn phm sn xut ra.

Bo tr d phng theo iu kin hot ng (Bo tr chn on, Bo tr ngn nga) Tin hnh bo tr da trn kt qu chn on k thut nhm ngn nga cc h hng trc khi n xy ra.

4.4. YU T CHNH LA CHN HNH THC BO TR

Chi ph do my mc h hng, bao gm: Thit hi cho nguyn vt liu ang trn dy chuyn b h hng, mt mt. Sn lng gim do ngng sn xut. Bi thng do giao hng khng ng k hoch.

Chi ph cho hot ng bo tr Lao ng. Vt t thay th, sa cha. Khu hao cc thit b ca b phn bo tr.

4.5. T CHC B PHN BO TR

4.5.1. T chc b phn bo tr trong nh my

Cc hnh thc

B phn bo tr c bin ch nh b phn ring bit tch ri b phn sn xut.

B phn bo tr c bin ch ph thuc b phn sn xut.

Kt hp hai hnh thc trn



SX: Sn Xut BT: Bo Tr M hnh kt hp gia t chc bo tr tp trung v phn tn nhng cc b

phn bo tr ti phn xng sn xut chu s ch o ca qun c phn xng sn xut.

M hnh kt hp gia t chc bo tr tp trung v phn tn nhng mi hot ng ca cc b phn bo tr u chu s ch o ca qun c phn xng bo tr.

Qun c Xng Sn Xut

Qun c Xng Sn Xut

Qun c Xng Bo Tr

T SX

T SX X

Gim c

T BT X

T SX X

T SX X

T SX X

T SX X

T BT X

T BT X

Qun c Xng Sn Xut

Qun c Xng Sn Xut

Qun c Xng Bo Tr

T SX

T SX X

Gim c

T BT X

T SX X

T SX X

T SX X

T SX X

T BT X

T BT X



4.5.2. T chc trong b phn bo tr

Cc hnh thc

T chc b phn bo tr theo nguyn tc cng ngh (theo ngh).

T chc b phn bo tr theo nguyn tc hn hp.

T chc b phn bo tr theo nguyn tc cng ngh (theo ngh)

T chc b phn bo tr theo nguyn tc hn hp

Qun c Xng Bo Tr

T Lp Rp T C Kh T in

Qun c Xng Bo Tr

T Bo Tr Hn Hp

T Bo Tr Hn Hp

T Bo Tr Hn Hp



BI 9

LA CHN A IM CA DOANH NGHIP 1. TNG QUAN V LA CHN A IM DOANH NGHIP

1.1 TM QUAN TRNG CA VIC LA CHN A IM

Cc quyt nh a im l phn trng tm u tin ca qu trnh hoch nh chin lc ca mi doanh nghip. Cc quyt nh ny c xem l quan trng trong vic thit k cc h thng sn xut v nhng l do sau:

Xc nh a im c nh hng lu di n hot ng ca doanh nghip, nu sai lm s rt kh khc phc.

Cc quyt nh v xc nh a im s nh hng ln n chi ph (nh ph v bin ph) cng nh thu nhp v cc hot ng ca DN. Chng hn, nu chn nhm v tr s lm tng chi ph vn chuyn, tng chi ph sn xut, lm mt u th cnh tranh,

1.2 NHNG PHNG N CN LA CHN KHI QUYT NH V

TR DOANH NGHIP

a s cc DN khng th xc nh a im tt nht m ch c th hy vng tm ra cc a im c th chp nhn c. Cc nh qun l cn xem xt bn phng n la chn sau y khi xc nh a im DN:

Tng cng thit b sn c phng n ny ph hp khi cn khng gian m rng, c bit khi khng c sn nhng ni khc. Chi ph cho phng n ny thng thp hn cc phng n khc.

Tng thm a im mi trong khi vn gi a im c trng hp ny phi tnh nh hng tc ng ln ton b h thng. C th xem y l mt chin lc phng th nhm duy tr th phn hoc ngn chn i th cnh tranh xm nhp vo th trng.

i sang a im mi phi so snh cc chi ph dch chuyn v li nhun thu c t v tr mi so vi chi ph v li nhun khi hot ng a im c.

Khng lm g khi phn tch chi tit v nhn thy v tr mi khng c li, DN c th quyt nh vn hot ng ti a im c.



2. QU TRNH XC NH A IM DOANH NGHIP

Cn c vo quy m hay bn cht ca cc hot ng m DN s quyt nh la chn theo phng n no. Qu trnh chung ra quyt nh chn a im bao gm cc bc sau:

Xc nh cc tiu chun dng nh gi khi chn cc phng n, nh tng li nhun hay tng kh nng phc v cho x hi.

Xc nh xem yu t no l quan trng, nh v tr ca th trng tiu th hay v tr ngun nguyn vt liu.

Pht trin cc phng n xc nh a im.

Xc nh khu vc a im.

Xc nh a im c th.

nh gi cc phng n v chn. 3. CC YU T NH HNG N VIC XC NH A IM

3.1. CC YU T KHU VC

Gn ngun nguyn vt liu mt DN c ba l do c bn cn gn ngun nguyn vt liu: S cn thit a im ca DN phi ti ch ngun nguyn vt liu nh

hm m, lm nghip, hi sn. Mc ti sng DN s dng ngun nguyn liu ti sng nh ng

hp tri cy v rau qu ti, ch bin cc sn phm t nguyn liu sa. Chi ph vn chuyn DN trong qu trnh x l c lm gim nh trng

lng nguyn vt liu, do s gim chi ph vn chuyn sn phm, chng hn nh sn xut giy, thp, ch to b sa.

Gn th trng tiu th y l mt phn ca chin lc cnh tranh, do : Cc DN dch v thng c b tr ti trung tm ca th trng tiu th,

chng hn nh siu th, khch sn, nh hng, trm xng, bnh vin Cc DN sn xut cc sn phm kh vn chuyn hay c yu cu ti sng

nh gian hng bn hoa ti, cy cnh Cc DN sn xut cc sn phm b tng trng lng trong qu trnh ch

bin nh nc gii kht, bia, ru Cc DN dch v cng cng nh bu in, trung tm cu ha, cp cu



Gn ngun lao ng cc vn lin quan n ngun lao ng cn c

xem xt l: Chi ph v ngun lao ng sn c Nng sut lao ng Thi i vi cng vic Cc vn lin quan n nghip on.

3.2. CC YU T KHC

Kh hu, thi tit

Thu

S khc bit vn ha v ngn ng

S quan tm ca x hi 4. CC PHNG PHP LA CHN A IM DOANH NGHIP

4.1. PHNG PHP CHO IM C TRNG S

Cc bc tin hnh:

Lp bng k cc yu t nh hng cn xem xt

Xc nh trng s cho tng yu t ty theo mc quan trng ca chng

Quyt nh thang im t 1 10 hoc 1 100

Hi ng qun tr tin hnh cho im theo thang im quy nh

Ly s im ca tng yu t nhn vi trng s. Tng hp s im ca tng a im nh la chn v chn a im no c tng s im cao nht. V d: Mt doanh nghip cn chn mt a im xy dng nh my. Qua

nghin cu s b thy c th chn mt trong hai a im thuc hai tnh A v B. Dng phng php cho im c trng s so snh hai a im ny v cho bit nn chn a im no?

Cc yu t Trng im im c trng s



s s A B A B

Gi nhn cng & thi 0,25 70 60 0,25 x 70 = 17,5 0,25 x 60 = 15

Giao thng vn ti 0,05 50 60 0,05 x 50 = 2,6 0, 05 x 60 = 3 Gio dc, chm sc sc khe 0,10 85 80 0,1 x 85 = 8,5 0,1 x 80 = 8

Cu trc thu 0,39 75 70 0,39 x 75 = 29,3 0,39 x 70 = 27,3 Ti nguyn & nng sut 0,21 60 70 0,21 x 60 = 12,6 0,21 x 70 = 14,7

Cng 1,00 70,4 68 4.2. PHNG PHP IM HA VN

Phng trnh xc nh im ha vn:

y1 = ax (1) y2 = bx + c (2)

Trong : a gi bn 1 sn phm (/ci) b bin ph cho 1 sn phm (/ci) c nh ph tnh cho 1 nm (/nm) x s sn phm bn ra trong 1 nm (ci/nm)

Nh vy, vic la chn a im doanh nghip chu nh hng ch yu hai yu t nh ph v bin ph, nn ta dng phng trnh (2) xc nh a im.

V d: Cng ty A cn chn 1 a im xy dng nh my sn xut my cng nghip loi nh. C 3 im c a ra so snh l I, II, III. Qua iu tra tnh ton c c bng di y. Cng ty A nn chn a im no?

a im nh ph hng nm Bin ph 1 sn phm A 30.000 USD 75 USD B 60.000 USD 45 USD C 110.00 USD 25 USD

Trng hp 1: Khi cng sut c xc nh, v d cng sut xc nh

bng 2.000 sn phm/nm. Theo (2), c:

yA = 75 x 2.000 + 30.000 = 180.000 USD yB = 45 x 2.000 + 60.000 = 150.000 USD



yC = 25 x 2.000 + 110.000 = 160.000 USD

a im B cho tng chi ph nh nht. Vy nh my nn t ti a im B. Trng hp 2: Khi cng sut cn cha khng nh. Vn s dng (2). Cho x

bin thin, c:

yA = 75x + 30.000 yB = 45x + 60.000 yC = 25x + 110.000

Cph trong nm (tr.) 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 500 1.000 1.500 2.000 2.500 Cng sut (SP)

Khi cng sut < 1.000 chn v tr A

Khi 1.000 < cng sut < 2.500 chn B

Khi cng sut > 2.500 chn C

4.3. PHNG PHP TA MT CHIU

L = 1

Widi Trong o:

L: Toa o cua a iem mi (km)

W Wi: Lng hang van chuyen en c s th i (I = 1, 2, , n)

di: Toa o cua c s i so vi 1 iem nao o lay lam goc toa o

W: Tong lng van chuyen



phai ch en n c s Ap dung trong trng hp cac c s i nam tren 1 truc nao o.

4.4. PHNG PHP TA HAI CHIU

Cx = 1

dixWi (1) Trong

: Cx: Ta x ca c s mi

W Cy: Ta y ca c s mi dix: Ta x ca c s i hin c

Cy = 1

diyWi (2) diy: Ta y ca c s i hin c

W Wi: lng vn chuyn n c s i

W: Tng lng vn chuyn n tt c cc c s i

V d: Mt nh my cn cung cp hng cho cc kho cc tnh nh sau:

C s hin c dx, dy V tr kho Wi Khi lng hng I 58; 54 100 II 60; 40 400 III 22; 76 200 IV 69; 52 300 V 39; 14 300 VI 84; 14 100 W = 1.400

p dng cng thc (1) v (2), ta c:

Cx = 58 x 100 + 60 x 400 + 22 x 200 + 69 x 300 + 39 x 300 + 84 x 100 = 60 1.400

Cx = 54 x 100 + 40 x 400 + 76 x 200 + 52 x 300 + 14 x 300 + 14 x 100 = 41,28 1.400

Nh vy, kho mi xc nh nm gn kho hin c, do khng cn xy kho

mi. 4.5. PHNG PHP BI TON VN TI

V d: Cng ty X hin c 2 nh my t ti H Ni v Thanh Ha. Sn phm ch yu c cp cho cc i l nm Mng Ci v Vinh. Do nhu cu th trng ngy cng tng, cng ty quyt nh lp thm 1 nh my th 3. D kin c



th t Hi Phng v Nam nh. Chi ph sn xut v chi ph vn chuyn t cc nh my n cc i l cho theo bng di y:

Nh my Chi ph sn xut (tr./T)

Chi ph vn chuyn (tr./T) Cng sut (tn/ngy) Mng Ci Vinh

Hin c H Ni 5,3 1,7 1,8 6 Thanh Ha 5,2 3,8 1,0 9

D kin

Hi Phng 5,0 0,9 2,0 5

Nam nh 4,8 1,8 1,2 5

Nhu cu (T/ngy) 8 12 20 Nh my mi nn t u?

Bi ton 1: Chn Hi Phng

Mng Ci Vinh Cng sut

H Ni 3 7

3 7,1

6

Thanh Ha - 9

9 6,2

9

Hi Phng 5 5,9

- 7

5

Nhu cu 8 12 20 Tng chi ph ca bi ton chn Hi Phng: 127,6 triu

Bi ton 2: Chn Nam nh

Mng Ci Vinh Cng sut

H Ni 6 7

- 7,1

6

Thanh Ha 2 9

7 6,2

9

Hi Phng - 5,9

5 7

5



Nhu cu 8 12 20 Tng chi ph ca bi ton chn Nam nh: 129 triu Tng chi ph ca bi ton chn Hi Phng < Nam nh Chn xy dng

nh my mi Hi Phng. ----------------------------------------

Bi tp: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 (sch bi tp QTSX)



BI 10

B TR MT BNG

1. TNG QUAN V B TR MT BNG

1.1. TM QUAN TRNG CA B TR MT BNG

B tr mt bng lin quan n b tr cc khu vc sn xut, cc trm gia cng v cc trang thit b, c bit b tr mt bng nhn mnh n ng i ca vt t hay cng nhn trong h thng sn xut. Vic ra quyt nh b tr mt bng rt quan trng bi cc l do sau:

Vic b tr mt bng i hi u t ln v tin bc ln cng sc.

L mt quyt nh mang tnh di hn, v vy nu sai lm s rt kh thuyt phc.

B tr mt bng c nh hng rt ln n chi ph v hiu qu ca cc hot ng ngn hn sau ny.

Cn b trong nh my c th phn i s thay i trong b tr mt bng v h phi thay i thi quen hng ngy v h c th phi c o to li.

1.2. NHNG TRNG HP CN B TR V B TR LI MT

BNG

Cng tc b tr mt bng s tin hnh khi mua thit b mi hoc thit k b tr li cc thit b hin c. Nhng l do chnh cn b tr li thit b:

Hot ng khng hiu qu (nh chi ph cao, b nh tr)

Thng c s c tai nn

C thay i trong thit k sn phm hay dch v

Gii thiu sn phm hay dch v mi

Thay i quy m thnh phm

Thay i phng php sn xut hay thay i thit b

Thay i do yu cu ca lut php hay mi trng

Cc vn v o c (nh thiu mi lin h mt i mt)



2. CC DNG B TR MT BNG SN XUT C BN

2.1. B TR MT BNG THEO SN PHM

B tr theo sn phm s sp xp cc thit b trong mt dy chuyn theo mt chui cc nguyn cng cn thit thc hin sn phm. B tr theo sn phm thng c s dng khi dng sn phm hay dch v yu cu c quy m sn xut ln v nhanh. V vy, dng ny i hi sn phm hay dch v phi c tiu chun ha cao, tc l qu trnh ch to phi tiu chun ha cao.

Cng vic s c chia ra thnh hng lot cc nhim v c tiu chun

ha. Do cho php chuyn mn ha c v nhn s v thit b. Ch c mt hoc rt t cc sn phm rt ging nhau nn d sp xp b tr mt bng tng ng vi yu cu cng ngh ca sn phm hay dch v.

V d: lp rp sn phm A, thi gian hon thnh l 66 pht. Cc cng

vic c thi gian v th t thc hin theo bng sau.

Cng vic Thi gian (pht) Th t thc

hin

A 10 - Cng sut yu cu 40 sn phm/ngy

Thi gian lm vic 8 gi/ngy

B 11 Sau A C 5 Sau B D 4 Sau B E 12 Sau A

F 3 Sau C, D

G 7 Sau F Hy b tr mt bng lp rp sn

phm A. Hy b tr mt bng lp rp sn phm A.

H 11 Sau E I 3 Sau G, H 66

Bc 1: Xc nh chu k sn xut

Chu k sn xut = Thi gian lm vic trong ngy S sn phm cn SX trong ngy

Chu k sn xut = 8 gi x 60 pht = 12 pht

CHNG TRNH O TO T XA QUA TRUYN HNH - TRUYN THANH M

giÁo trÌnh -...

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