GHSGT Social Studies Review

Post WWI to the Modern Era

Rise of Totalitarianism • The government regulates nearly every

aspect of public and private life.

• One political party controls the state and economy

• Leaders maintain their power by embracing ideology and spreading their ideas through propaganda and terror tactics

• Those who criticize or speak out against the government are “enemies”

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Fascism in Italy• Starts after WWI

• Italians feel cheated by peace settlement

• Italian govt. is not able to handle the challenge of economic hardships

• Unemployed and ex soldiers form Fascist Party

• Symbol/Flag (ax embedded within a bundle of sticks)

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• Fascist beliefs- nationalist, anticommunist, antidemocratic, expansionist

• Rising inflation makes workers angry

• Democratic govt. is unable to restore order and stability

• King names Mussolini as his new premier

• Mussolini intimidates parliament with his Black shirt army

• Absolute govt. control of all aspects of society [politics, economy, culture, and private lives of citizens]

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• Regulate all businesses and professions work hours, pay scales, and prices

• Struggle is nature of the world

• Fascism glorifies war as a part of life

– Imposes press censorship

– Re-establishes death penalty

– Creates secret police and new militia

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Mussolini --il Dulce

Totalitarianism in Germany

• Depression weakens German govt.

• by 1932 NAZI party is largest party in German Reichstag (Parliament)

• Adolf Hitler:

• Writes Mein Kampf while in prison for starting a rebellion against the government

• His book outlining his plans for a united and prosperous Germany

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Adolf Hitler

• Basis of Hitler’s nationalism was preaching the superiority of the Germanic “Aryan” race

• Program of both racial and cultural purification

• Jews were Germany’s enemies (lost WWI because of a conspiracy of communist Jewish financiers)

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• Hitler becomes chancellor of a German coalition government

• Hitler is elected into power

• Hitler’s aims – Germans were a superior people destined to “rule” others (whom he deemed inferior)

• Hitler signed a non aggression pact with Russia (they would not fight each other)

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German government controls everything

• Creates social and cultural education with National Socialism

• Hitler Youth

• Propaganda radio/newsreels

• Industry switched to pre war production

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Anti-Jewish policies

• Nuremberg Laws

• Jews forbidden citizenship

• Can’t marry Aryan Germans

• Kristallnacht “Night of Broken Glass”

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3 powers come together

• Mussolini cooperates with Germany’s plans 11/37

• Anti-Communist Pact with Japan

• 3 major aggressors had come together

• Stage for WWII is set

• Hitler—Germany

• Mussolini—Italy

• Hirohito--Japan13

The League of Nations does nothing

• Japan invades Manchuria, China asks League for help

• Mussolini invades Ethiopia, Ethiopia appeals to League, Mussolini ignores League

• 3 million Germans live in NW Czech

• 1938—Hitler demands that Czech turns the Sudetenland over to Germany

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Munich Conference

• Hitler’s promised that it was the “…last territorial claim that I shall make in Europe.”

• Chamberlain says to a reporter that he had achieved, ”Peace in our time.”

• Churchill predicts the war

• Hitler is convinced nothing can stop him now

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The War Begins

• 9/1/39—Hitler invades Poland

• 9/3/39 Britain and France declare war on Germany

• Blitzkrieg “lighting war” attack on Poland

• France sends troops to its border with Germany—they think it will be trench warfare again

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Germany takes over France

• Mussolini declares war on Allies and invades S. France

• 6/22/40 Petain signs surrender agreement—Germany now officially controls France

• Some French “resist” Hitler's government

• “Free French” government under Charles de Gaulle organized army and air force units to serve with Allies

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Battle of Britain

• German air force constantly attacks Britain with bombing air raids

• British radar predicts air attacks and gives RAF time to counterattack

• 9/40 British stop Italian invasion of Egypt

• British invade Ethiopia (Italian)

• Erwin Rommel (German) launch attack to capture Egypt and Suez Canal/ oil fields

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U.S. Involvement

• At first, American was neutral and passed the Neutrality Acts (prohibits loans arms sales to warring nations)

• As the war lingers on, the US agrees to Lend-Lease Acts--allows US to supply war materials to Britain on credit

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Operation Barbarossa

• Hitler redirects attention to invasion of Soviet Union

• Blitzkrieg tactic vs. scorched earth policy

• German invasion continues into harsh winter (18 miles from Moscow – dead halt)

• Allies support Soviet Union to keep Hitler busy on the eastern front

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Attack on Pearl Harbor

• Japanese plan for a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor (want the US out of the Pacific)

• 2/7/41 Pearl Harbor, 6 battleships, 2400 dead “A day which will live in infamy”

• 2/8/41 US declares war on Japan

• 12/11/41 Germany and Italy declare war on the USA

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Turning points of the War

• Germany is forced out of Egypt

• Soviets counterattack Germans at Stalingrad (3 months)

• Allies invade Italy

• Mussolini put under arrest—Germany comes to the rescue…but…

• Spring 1945 members of Italian resistance recapture and execute Mussolini

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D-Day

• Invasion of Normandy France (6/6/44)

• Eisenhower launches Operation Overload (invasion of NW Europe)

• US, Britain, Canadian, Free French, and Polish troops swarm over French Beaches.

• Mid-August Allies broke through Germen lines and liberate France.

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Battle of the Bulge

• Allied invasion of Germany

• Mid-March 1945, Allies steadily advanced into Germany.

• Soviets invade from the East

• 4/30/45 Hitler commits suicide

• 5/7/45 German officers sign unconditional surrender

• 5/8/45 War in Europe ends25

Battle of Midway• Turning point in

the War in the Pacific

• Americans gain control of many Pacific islands (island hopping)

• American forces get closer to Japan 26

Bombing of Japan

• A land invasion of Japan would cost lots of American lives

• Atomic bomb--Secretly created in the US—Manhattan Project

• President Truman hopes the use of atomic bombs would force an immediate surrender

• Hiroshima 1st then Nagasaki 3 days later• 9/2/45 WWII ended.

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The Holocaust

• The German Nazi’s blamed the Jews of Germany and Europe for their economic and political struggles after Word War I

• Hitler made it his mission to rid Europe of those groups who were obstacles to the German ideology--religious, political, intellectual, cultural threats

• Jews, gypsies, Jehovah witnesses, homosexuals, mentally handicapped, etc

The plan to remove the Jews

• The original Nazi plan was to identify the Jewish population and take away their rights, boycott their businesses, etc in hopes that the Jews would leave

• When that was not successful, the German government rounded up the Jewish people and forced them to live in ghettos (disease and starvation would reduce the population)

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• Ghettos were not as effective as the Nazi’s had hoped, so the next part of the plan was to move the ghetto population to work or extermination camps

• Concentration camps worked the inmates to death or killed them upon arrival (gas chambers, firing squad, etc)

• More than 12 million Jews, gypsies, and political prisoners died during the Holocaust

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Yalta Conference• February 1945 (before the war was over) The

Big Three meet to discuss the re-establishment of nations conquered by Germany and to figure out what to do with Germany.

• Agree to divide Germany temporarily to supervise the German surrender

• Britain, France, US – zones in West; Soviet Union will control the East (Berlin was also divided into 4 zones)

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Winston Churchill , Franklin Roosevelt, and Joseph Stalin

Potsdam Conference

• July 18, 1945—Turman, Churchill, and Stalin

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• The goals of the conference also included the establishment of order, peace treaties issues, and countering the effects of war

United Nations• 5 major powers (US, Britain, France,

USSR, and China) became security council

• These nations would deal with large issues of war and peace (satisfies spheres of influence)

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Iron Curtain falls across Europe

• 2/46 – Stalin announced that the communist struggle for world domination would resume

• Iron Curtain – division of Europe between democratic West and Communist East

• Truman Doctrine--became US policy to support free people who were resisting domination

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The Cold War

• Containment – US would contain communism wherever it arose in the World

• Cold War – struggle for global power between the US and Soviet Union

• 6/48 Stalin orders a blockade of ground access to Western zones in Berlin

• Instead President Truman orders the Berlin Airlift 6/48 – 9/49

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Marshall Plan• US Secretary of State

George Marshall

• Help ease economic distress in Europe, stabilize democratic governments, rise standard of living

• $13 billion to Western Europe

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Japan after WWII

• American forces, led by General MacArthur occupy Japan for 7 years after the war

• A free market economy was established

• A democratic government was set up to create basic freedoms

• The Japanese constitution is called the MacArthur Constitution

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Revolution in India• After WWI, the people of India believed

Britain would start steps that would lead to India’s independence

• When that didn’t happen, the people of India revolt

• Britain passed laws to put people who protested the British government in jail for up to 2 years without a trial

• Amritsar Massacre 1600 killed or wounded

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Mohandas Gandhi

• Not everyone thought violent rebellion was the best way for India to achieve independence

• Ghandi believed in nonviolent protest

• Non cooperation or civil disobedience

• Boycott British goods, hunger strikes

• Salt March 240 mile march to the sea

ends with 60,000 being arrested40

• Ghandi’s philosophy of non violent protest influenced civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr

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Revolution in China• Mao Zedong became the leader of the

communist party in China in 1921• He believed the peasants of China would

lead the revolution• A civil war erupted between Chinese

nationalists led by Chiang-Kai Shek and the communists led by Mao Zedong

• In 1928, Chiang Kai Shek became the president of China—civil war continued

Communist China

• In 1949, Mao Zedong became the leader of the People’s Republic of China

• Mao forcibly took the land from the wealthy and divided the land among the peasants

• The government also forced the peasants to work on collective farms

• The government took control of industry during the 5 Year Plan

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• The Great Leap forward extended government control of farms but did not have as much success—no incentive for farmers to work when the government got all of the crops

• The friendship between China and Russia began to fade

• Mao called on the Chinese youth to form the Red Guards to revive the communist revolution

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The Cultural Revolution in China

• The goal was to establish a society where peasants and workers would be socially equal

• Instead the Red guard shut down universities

• Any one who opposed the revolution were executed or imprisoned or ‘purified” through hard work

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Israel becomes a nation

• After WWII, the United Nations divided Palestine into a Palestinian (Arab) state and a Jewish state

• Jerusalem was to be an international city, controlled by no individual country

• Despite Arab rejection to the idea that the Jewish state was larger, Israel was declared to be an independent state on May 14, 1948

• Almost immediately, war erupted between the Arab states and Israel

• Suez canal Crisis• 6 Days War• Yom Kippur War• Camp David Accords in

1978 worked towards a peaceful co-existence between Palestine and Israel

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Arms race

• After the use of the atomic bomb in WWII and with the threat of communism expanding across the globe, the US began to research an even more powerful and deadly bomb, the hydrogen bomb

• This led to a global arms race as other nations conducted their own research and start making hydrogen bombs...just in case

Terrorism

• Terrorism is the threat or use of violence against civilians to draw attention to an issue.

• Terrorism in the 20th century has changed the way people conduct their daily lives and where people travel to

• Terrorism is often politically, culturally, or economically motivated

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NATO

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)• An alliance of 26 countries that work

together to safeguard the economic and military protection of its member nations

• Basic idea is an attack against one country is like an attack on all of the countries

• Member nations consult with each other about concerns to try and avoid global conflict

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OPEC• Organization of the Petroleum Exporting

Countries

• Its mission is to coordinate and unify the petroleum policies of its members

• OPEC nations also ensure the stabilization of oil markets in order to secure an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consumers, a steady income to producers and a fair return on capital to those investing in the petroleum industry.

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WTO• World Trade Organization• A place where member governments go, to

try to sort out the trade problems they face with each other.

• The WTO creates rules for international commerce.

• The system’s overriding purpose is to help trade flow as freely as possible

• And it helps to settle disputes54

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• The world is connected culturally, intellectually, & economically through the use of television, satellites, and computers.

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