GHG emissions of oilseed rape and other arable crops in France -field measurement results and mitigation options

JOUR / MOIS / ANNEE

GHG emissions of oilseed rape and other arable crops

in France - field measurement results and mitigation options

Workshop on Accounting and mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions with regard to the production of renewable resources

Brussels, 23 May 2017

Raia Silvia MASSAD1, Benoît GABRIELLE1, Catherine HENAULT2, Marie-Hélene JEUFFROY3, Cécile LE GALL4

1: INRA/AgroParisTech, EcoSys Research Unit, Thiverval-Grignon, France;

2: INRA, Soil Science Laboratory, Orléans, France

3: INRA, Agronomie, Grignon, France

4: TerresInovia, Grignon, France

.02

OUTLINE

v Measuring and monitoring N2O in France: “a brief history”

v Modelling and upscaling

v Mitigation options

v Conclusion and outlook

Massad Raia Silvia/ GHG Emissions in France 23/ 05 /2017

.0323/ 05 /2017

A historical perspective...

1980 1990 2000 2010 …...

Earlywork on

measuringN2O Network of

sites and data base set up

Cropping systems

approach

First data sets on OSR

Denitrifi-cation model

Models to predict N2O efflux from nitrification and denitrification

Ecosystem modelling

(CERES-EGC, STICS), plot to regional scale

Micro-met

methods(TDL)

Automatic chambers to monitor N2O

.04

Crop Climate Soil% N input lost as N2O

Oilseed rape fertilized (170 U)AmmonitrateAmmonium SulfateUreaPotassium nitrate

Burgundy Drained hydromorphe0.50.50.40.4

Oilseed rape fertilized:optimal dose (N)Suboptimal (N +100)

North east Mean for 3 types 11.1

Wheat Burgundy Drained hydromorphe 0.3Oilseed rape fertilized (170 U) North east Rendzine / Clay

Rendzine / CalcareaousDrained hydromorphe

0.10.72.5

First data sets point to a large variability under OSR

Germon et al., Etude et gestion des sols, 2003

.05

The development of automatic chambers ensured a continuous monitoring(P. Laville, INRA)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

time (s)

NO

2, N

O,O

3 (p

pb)

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

700

N2O

(ppb

), C

O2

(ppm

)

NONO2O3N2OCO2

24 gN-NO/ha/J6 mm/s (NO2)8 mm/s (O3)17 gN-N2O/ha/J61 kgC-CO2/ha/J

Measurement cycle of 90 minutes

Threshold emission levell ~ 2.5 ngN/m²/s

H= 10 cm V=55 L

F= VS

dCdt

.06

-10

10

30

50

70

90

110

130

150

29-n

ov.-2

006

29-d

éc.-2

006

28-ja

nv.-2

007

27-fé

vr.-2

007

29-m

ars-

2007

28-a

vr.-2

007

28-m

ai-2

007

27-ju

in-2

007

27-ju

il.-20

0726

-aoû

t-200

725

-sep

t.-20

0725

-oct

.-200

724

-nov

.-200

724

-déc

.-200

723

-janv

.-200

822

-févr

.-200

823

-mar

s-20

0822

-avr

.-200

822

-mai

-200

821

-juin

-200

821

-juil.-

2008

20-a

oût-2

008

19-s

ept.-

2008

19-o

ct.-2

008

18-n

ov.-2

008

18-d

éc.-2

008

17-ja

nv.-2

009

16-fé

vr.-2

009

18-m

ars-

2009

17-a

vr.-2

009

17-m

ai-2

009

16-ju

in-2

009

16-ju

il.-20

0915

-aoû

t-200

914

-sep

t.-20

0914

-oct

.-200

913

-nov

.-200

913

-déc

.-200

912

-janv

.-201

011

-févr

.-201

013

-mar

s-20

1012

-avr

.-201

012

-mai

-201

011

-juin

-201

011

-juil.-

2010

10-a

oût-2

010

9-se

pt.-2

010

N2O

(ngN

/m²/s

);

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

WFP

S(%

)

N2OTSPS

2007 : Orge108 U (UAN)41 U résidus

2008 : Ma¨s76 U Lisier54 U UAN21 U résidus

2009 Blé165 U UAN99 U lisier34 U résidu

2010 Tritical60 U UAN99 ? U lisierrésidu ?

Example of long term continuousmeasurements from 2007 to 2010 in Grignon

Loubet et al., Plant and Soil, 2011

.07

Constitution of a large database of annual N2O flux measurements (119 datasets)

Le Gall et al. 2015

.08

Example of flux datasets

Cumulated flux and mean EF per year

Le Gall et al. 2015

.09

Emission factors that are often belowIPCC tier 1

Le Gall et al. 2015

.010

OUTLINE

v Measuring and monitoring N2O in France: “a brief history”

v Modelling and upscaling

v Mitigation options

v Conclusion and outlook

Massad Raia Silvia/ GHG Emissions in France 23/ 05 /2017

.011

NOE, an algorithm for calculatingN2O emission at the field scale

.012

Plot scale: Agro-ecosystemmodel(CERES-EGC)

Aim: Simulate water, C and N cycles and the subsequent emissions in air, soil and water

Gabrielle et al. 2006

13

Accounting for Nr flows at landscape scale : the Nitroscape model

Duretz et al. (2011)

Slide : JL Drouet, INRA

.014

How to capture regional emissions ?

Chemistry-Transportmodels

Ecosystemmodels

The IMAGINE project (2010-2011);Gabrielle et al., 2012

Simulation of N2O fluxes(kg N2O-N ha-1 yr-1) inFrance

.015

Tentative N2O budget for France (2007)

Gg N/yrEdgar32 (2000)

O-CN (2007)

CERES (2007)

CITEPA (2007)

Industry and transport 51.89 24.25 24.25 24.25Wastewater treatement 11.82 11.82 11.82Sub-total Non Biogenic 63.71 36.07 36.07 24.25Land Use Change 2.86 2.86 2.86 2.86Unfertilized forests end grasslands 20.90 20.90 20.90Grazed or fertilized grasslands 10.62Direct from Arable crops (N fixation) 6.47Direct from Arable Crops (Mineral fert.) 40.86 39.56 20.10 30.23Direct from Arable Crops (Organic fert.) 12.21 11.59Indirect emissions (N leaching) 28.41 3.00 3.00 35.64Indirect emissions (Atmos. deposition) 5.26 3.00 6.73Indirect emissions (crop residues) 29.09 6.66Manure (confined) 6.24 6.24 6.24 7.08Sub-total Biogenic 124.93 72.56 56.10 138.79TOTAL 188.64 108.63 92.17 163.04

.016

OUTLINE

v Measuring and monitoring N2O in France: “a brief history”

v Modelling and upscaling

v Mitigation options

v Conclusion and outlook

Massad Raia Silvia/ GHG Emissions in France 23/ 05 /2017

Variation of emissions according to crop type

è No effects of previous crops on

fall emissions

OSR: Pea Wheat Unfertilized wheat

1.95 0.34 1.59 0.28

Mean spring emissions of N2O (gN/ha/d)

Mean emissions of N2O (gN/ha/d) in fall

Jeuffroy et al., 2013

Comparison of rotations

àA strong effect of the rotation on the cumulated N2O emissions (for 3 years)àThe rotation without pea has the highest emissionsàRotations including 1 Pea and 2 fertilized crops have 20% less emissionsàRotations with 1 pea and 1 unfertilized crop have 50% less emissions

Jeuffroy et al., 2013

.019

Impact of soil pH on emissions

Liming increased soilpH and reduced N2O emissions by 49, 66 and 26 % respectively

Henault et al., 2015

.020

Massad et al. 2017, AEGES report

Introduce grasslands in crop rotations

Designing cropping systems to reduce GHG emissions

The 'Innovative Cropping Systems under Constraints' experiment in Grignon (40 kms W of Paris) aimed at developing cropping systems: - meeting specific targets :

•Maintain satisfactory yields•Diversify crops•Enhance biodiversity•Reduce soil erosion•Decrease energy consumption•Decrease depth in tillage operations•Reduce nitrate leaching•Reduce N inputs

- achieving one main constraint: 50% reduction in GHG emissions(“50%GHG” system)

Goglio et al., 2013

Simulating the differences between the 2 systems

simulated data

chamber measurements

triticale oats faba beanrapeseed

Field-measured (♦) and simulated (lines) N2O emissions in the 50%GHG (top) and PHEP (reference, bottom) cropping systems trial.

white mustard barley faba bean

Goglio et al., 2013

The 50%GHG systems does mitigate N2O emissions

Simulated N2O emissions over 30 years of the PHEP and 50%GHG cropping systems in Grignon (Goglio et al., 2013). This translates as a 29 % reduction of life-cycle GHG emissions on a GJ basis (of biomass energy content).

Goglio et al., 2013

.024

OUTLINE

v Measuring and monitoring N2O in France: “a brief history”

v Modelling and upscaling

v Mitigation options

v Conclusion and outlook

Massad Raia Silvia/ GHG Emissions in France 23/ 05 /2017

Conclusion & outlookl An overall data base of ~30 site-years has been collected for OSR and

may be used for further analysisl Biophysical modelling helped gain insight into the main drivers (climate,

soil moisture and N content, fertilization) l Fertilization is the main management driver, but there is a strong

interplay with other soil factors (eg, soil pH) or drivers (biological) l There are clear benefits of a systems approach to reduce N2O

emissions (20-30% mitigation potential)

l Some avenues for progress in understanding and mitigating N2O emissions from OSR:

Ø Continuous monitoring using automatic chambers and micro-metØ Include microbiological parameters/drivers in models Ø Paired experiments to investigate management factorsØ Modelling and mitigation at landscape scale (for indirect emissions)Ø Cropping systems experiments to explore combination of practices

(agro-ecology at field to landscape scales)

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION