geologic controls on liquefaction processes at the bottineau

GEOLOGIC CONTROLS ON LIQUEFACTION PROCESSES

AT THE BOTTINEAU QUICKSAND SITE

BRODY B. AWALTDEPT. OF GEOSCIENCES

MINOT STATE UNIVERSITYSPRING 2014

INTRODUCTION• EXAMINED SEDIMENTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY

BACKGROUND

Photo of the Turtle Mountains from the Bottineau Quicksand Site. View is to the north-northeast. Note the salt accumulation at the surface.

Ground level photo of the Bottineau Quicksand site. View is toward the east.

BOTTINEAU COUNTY

LIQUEFACTION

FIELD METHODS

HAND AUGER Core Sample

CORE LOCATIONS

Strat Unit II

Strat Unit I

• Stratified

• Less dense

• Lacks Joints

• Massive

• Over compacted/Dense

• Jointed

• Discontinuous sand lenses

DEPOSITIONAL SETTINGS FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF TILL

http://www.swisseduc.ch/glaciers/earth_icy_planet/glaciers06-en.html?id=9

http://www.swisseduc.ch/glaciers/new_zealand/hooker_terrestrial/icons/20_hooker_glacier_structure.jpg

SUPRA-GLACIAL TILL SUB-GLACIAL TILL

Supra-glacial Till, Iowa Sub-glacial Till,

Iowa

WELL INSTALLATION

Fill

Sand

Clay

LABORATORY METHODS

PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS

• GRAVEL SEPARATION• BOUYCOUS HYDROMETER METHOD(1927,1951, AND

1961)• SAND, SILT, AND CLAY SEPARATION

GRAVEL SEPARATION

SAND, SILT, AND CLAY SEPARATION

NO. 230 SIEVE

RESULTS

• PENETROMETER READINGS• SITE HYDROLOGY• PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS

PENETROMETER READINGSB1-

DensityB4-

DensityDepth(cm) kg/cm² kg/cm²

0-20 0.20 0.0020-40 0.23 0.0040-60 1.25 0.5060-80 1.75 0.7580-100 2.00 1.25

100-120 2.00 1.50120-140 2.25 1.50140-160 2.50 1.50160-180 3.00 1.75180-200 3.00 1.75200-220 3.25220-240 3.25240-260 3.25260-280 3.75280-300 3.75300-320 >4.50320-340 >4.50

Strat Unit II

Strat Unit I

Strat Unit I

Strat Unit II

Fill

WATER LEVER MEASUREMENTS

Nov/3/13 Nov/17/13 Nov/31/13 Dec/14/13

-325-300-275-250-225-200-175-150-125-100-75-50-25

025

Well Readings

B1 B2 B3 B4

Wat

er L

evel

(cm

)

PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS

Strat Unit II

Strat Unit I

Strat Unit I

Strat Unit II

Fill

DISCUSSION

GEOLOGIC SETTING DURING DEPOSITION OF STRAT UNIT I

Adapted from The Geology of Bottineau County Geologic Survey

GEOLOGIC SETTING DURING DEPOSITION OF STRAT UNIT II

Adapted from The Geology of Bottineau County Geologic Survey

GROUND WATER FLOW

VE = 141.6x

SITE CROSS-SECTIONTurtle Mtns.

B1

B2

B4

B3

FUTURE RESEARCH

GROUND PENETRATING RADAR

AKNOWLEDGMENTS

• DR. KRIEG• MR. MCKAY• DR. CRACKEL• DR. ROYER• GEOLOGY CLASSMATES

QUESTIONS

MOISTURE CORRECTION FACTOR

MCF = 1- WEIGHT OF AIR DRY SOIL – WEIGHT OF OVEN DRY SOILWEIGHT OF OVEN DRY SOIL

PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS-B1Hydrometer Texture Analysis-B1

Sample (cm)

CorrectedWeight (g)

6 hour 52Minute

Reading (g/L)

BlankSolution

(g/L)

Corrected6 hour 52

MinuteReading

(g/L)

Sand Fraction

Weight (g)

PercentSand

PercentSilt

PercentClay

0-20 60.27 40 4 36 20.03 33 7 6020-40 66.80 30 4 26 23.86 36 25 3940-60 66.99 31 4 27 20.28 30 29 4060-80 66.79 31 4 27 21.06 32 28 4080-100 64.40 30 4 26 19.73 31 29 40

100-120 61.63 29 4 25 19.65 32 28 41120-140 61.02 29 4 25 18.69 31 28 41140-160 62.68 29 4 25 20.07 32 28 40160-180 62.15 30 4 26 19.82 32 26 42180-200 64.93 28.5 4 24.5 20.99 32 30 38200-220 64.60 28 4 24 19.46 30 33 37220-240 65.14 26 4 22 21 32 34 34240-260 62.97 25 4 21 20.5 33 34 33260-280 58.93 22 4 18 19.16 33 37 31280-300 61.16 22 4 18 20.48 33 37 29300-320 60.48 23 4 19 20.01 33 35 31320-340 63.19 25 4 21 20.12 32 35 33

PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS-B4Hydrometer Texture Analysis-B4

Sample (cm)

CorrectedWeight (g)

6 hour 52Minute

Reading (g/L)

BlankSolution

(g/L)

Corrected6 hour 52

MinuteReading

(g/L)

Sand Fraction

Weight (g)

PercentSand

PercentSilt

PercentClay

0-20 49.95 19 3 16 30.67 61 7 3220-40 49.80 25 3 22 27.17 55 1 4440-60 49.77 26 3 23 21.69 44 10 4660-80 49.40 21 3 18 20.04 41 23 36

80-100 49.59 16 3 13 28.86 58 16 26100-120 45.89 21 3 18 23.57 51 9 39120-140 49.00 17.5 3 14.5 20.75 42 28 30140-160 47.66 21 4 17 1.21 3 62 36160-180 45.45 15.5 4 11.5 25.86 57 18 25180-200 47.98 20 4 16 20.63 43 24 33

MOISTURE CORRECTION FACTORSoil Moisture Correction Factor B1

SampleCrucible

Weight (g)

Crucible Plus

Air Dry SoilWeight (g)


Crucible Plus

Oven Dry Soil

Weight (g)

Oven Dry Soil

Weight (g) MCFOriginal

Weight (g)CorrectedWeight (g)

0-20 20.04 30.78 10.74 30.73 10.69 0.9953 60.55 60.2720-40 19.32 29.89 10.57 29.87 10.55 0.9981 66.93 66.8040-60 20.11 31.31 11.20 31.31 11.20 1.0000 66.99 66.9960-80 21.10 32.06 10.96 32.06 10.96 1.0000 66.79 66.7980-100 20.42 30.78 10.36 30.78 10.36 1.0000 64.40 64.40

100-120 20.32 30.39 10.07 30.39 10.07 1.0000 61.63 61.63120-140 19.74 29.98 10.24 29.98 10.24 1.0000 61.02 61.02140-160 19.27 29.77 10.50 29.77 10.50 1.0000 62.68 62.68160-180 22.34 33.27 10.93 33.28 10.94 1.0000 62.09 62.15180-200 20.48 30.09 9.61 30.09 9.61 1.0000 64.93 64.93200-220 20.26 31.22 10.96 31.08 10.82 0.9872 65.44 64.60220-240 20.49 30.97 10.48 30.96 10.47 0.9990 65.20 65.14240-260 19.69 29.82 10.13 29.80 10.11 0.9980 63.09 62.97260-280 19.79 29.96 10.17 29.88 10.09 0.9921 59.40 58.93280-300 19.69 28.70 9.01 28.65 8.96 0.9945 61.50 61.16300-320 20.78 31.60 10.82 31.58 10.80 0.9982 60.59 60.48320-340 21.04 31.82 10.78 31.80 10.76 0.9981 63.31 63.19

MOISTURE CORRECTION FACTOR

Soil Moisture Correction Factor B4

SampleCrucible

Weight (g)

Crucible PlusAir Dry SoilWeight (g)


Crucible Plus

Oven Dry Soil

Weight (g)

Oven Dry Soil

Weight (g) MCFOriginal

Weight (g)CorrectedWeight (g)

0-20 19.99 30.29 10.30 30.28 10.29 0.9990 70.74 49.9520-40 21.58 31.41 9.83 31.37 9.79 0.9959 70.71 49.8040-60 19.62 30.55 10.93 30.50 10.88 0.9954 65.92 49.7760-80 19.87 29.06 9.19 28.95 9.08 0.9880 62.84 49.40

80-100 20.66 31.54 10.88 31.45 10.79 0.9917 63.41 49.59100-120 19.02 29.47 10.45 28.61 9.59 0.9177 60.37 45.89120-140 20.63 31.15 10.52 30.94 10.31 0.9800 60.14 49.00140-160 21.64 31.26 9.62 30.81 9.17 0.9532 63.70 47.66160-180 21.25 32.78 11.53 31.73 10.48 0.9089 69.48 45.45180-200 19.17 29.59 10.42 29.17 10.00 0.9597 59.98 47.98

SAND PERCENT BY WEIGHT-B1Percent Sand by Weight-B1

SampleBeaker

Weight (g)Sample Plus

Beaker Weight (g)Sand

Weight (g)

CorrectedTotal SampleWeight (g)

PercentSand

0-20 110.34 130.37 20.03 60.55 33.0820-40 112.19 136.05 23.86 66.93 35.6540-60 114.09 134.37 20.28 66.99 30.2760-80 113.11 134.17 21.06 66.79 31.53

80-100 113.16 132.89 19.73 64.40 30.64100-120 106.16 125.81 19.65 61.63 31.88120-140 110.34 129.03 18.69 61.02 30.63140-160 112.19 132.26 20.07 62.68 32.02160-180 114.09 133.91 19.82 62.09 31.92180-200 113.11 134.1 20.99 64.93 32.33200-220 113.16 132.62 19.46 65.44 29.74220-240 106.16 127.16 21 65.20 32.21240-260 113.11 133.61 20.5 63.09 32.49260-280 113.16 132.32 19.16 59.40 32.26280-300 112.19 132.67 20.48 61.50 33.30300-320 114.09 134.1 20.01 60.59 33.03320-340 110.34 130.46 20.12 63.31 31.78

SAND PERCENT BY WEIGHT-B4Percent Sand by Weight-B4

SampleBeaker

Weight (g)Sample Plus

Beaker Weight (g)Sand

Weight (g)

CorrectedTotal SampleWeight (g)

PercentSand

0-20 111.98 142.57 30.59 49.95 61.2420-40 113.22 140.39 27.17 49.80 54.5640-60 114.03 135.72 21.69 49.77 43.5860-80 111.13 131.17 20.04 49.40 40.57

80-100 114.71 143.57 28.86 49.59 58.20100-120 106.16 129.73 23.57 45.89 51.37120-140 112.19 132.94 20.75 49.00 42.35140-160 106.16 107.37 1.21 47.66 2.54160-180 114.03 139.89 25.86 45.45 56.90180-200 111.13 131.76 20.63 47.98 42.99

GRAVEL SEPARATION

Sample

Corrected

Weight (g)

Gravel Weight

(g)0-20 60.27 2.9620-40 66.80 2.3940-60 66.99 2.860-80 66.79 2.2380-100 64.40 2.15100-120 61.63 2.75120-140 61.02 1.82140-160 62.68 1.62160-180 62.15 2.13180-200 64.93 2.52200-220 64.60 3.43220-240 65.14 1.83240-260 62.97 2.73260-280 58.93 2.05280-300 61.16 2.09300-320 60.48 2.52320-340 63.19 2.01

Sample

Corrected

Weight (g)

Gravel Weight

(g)0-20 49.95 14.7520-40 49.79 5.5140-60 49.77 3.6960-80 49.40 1.2180-100 49.58 11.49100-120 45.88 2.34120-140 49.00 3.85140-160 47.66 0.01160-180 45.44 1.22180-200 47.98 1.96

B1B4

• INDUCTIVELY COUPLED

PLASMA

ATOMIC

EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY

geologic controls on liquefaction processes at the bottineau

Documents