GASTROINTESTINGASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDINGAL BLEEDING

Part 2Part 2

Stephanie Faith C. BautistaStephanie Faith C. Bautista

COMMON CAUSESCOMMON CAUSESGastrointestinal BleedingGastrointestinal Bleeding

Anal fissure

Aorto-enteric fistula

Angiodysplasias

Cancer of the small intestine

Celiac sprue

Colon cancer

Crohn's disease

Dieulafoy's lesion

Esophageal varices

Shigella stool - Dysentery Entamoeba histolytica

EsophagitisGastric (stomach) ulcer

Hemorrhoids Duodenal ulcer

Intestinal polyps

Ischemic bowel

Radiation injury to the bowel

Intestinal vasculitis

Nosebleed

Meckel's diverticulum

intussusception

Portal hypertensive gastropathy

Ulcerative colitis

Stomach cancer

EndoscopyEndoscopy

Endoscopic images of a duodenal ulcer

A physician using an endoscope

An example of a flexible endoscope.

Gastrointestinal Tract Gastrointestinal Tract Endoscopy Endoscopy

Gastrointestinal Videoscope Colonovideoscope

Gastrointestinal Tract Endoscopy System for Observation Using

Specific Light Spectra. World's First Gastrointestinal Videoscopes with Auto Fluorescence Imaging. The AFI produces enhanced images showing differences in the coloration of tumorous and normal mucosa by irradiating blue light on mucosa.

AFI offers an easy way to distinguish between normal and tumorous tissue by combining an auto fluorescence image with the image of green reflected light which depicts the absorbed light of hemoglobin, so that normal tissue appears pale green, tumorous tissue magenta, and deep blood vessels dark green.

Early stomach cancer imaging under normal

light

Early stomach cancer imaging of chromo-endoscopy under normal light

Early stomach cancer imaging by AFI

Angiogram Angiogram

Arteriogram of patient with acute massive gastrointestinal bleeding, localizing the source of the

bleeding to the ascending colon (arrow).

EnteroscopyEnteroscopy

The double-balloon enteroscope can also be passed in retrograde fashion, through the colon and into the ileum to visualize the end of the small bowel.

Double-balloon enteroscopy, also known as push-and-pull enteroscopy is an endoscopic technique for visualization of the small bowel

The technique involves the use of a balloon at the end of a special enteroscope camera and an overtube, which is a tube that fits over the endoscope, and which is also fitted with a balloon.

The procedure is usually done under general anesthesia, but may be done with the use of conscious sedation.

The enteroscope and overtube are inserted through the mouth and passed in conventional fashion (that is, as with gastroscopy) into the small bowel.

Following this, the endoscope is advanced a small distance in front of the overtube and the balloon at the end is inflated.

Using the assistance of friction at the interface of the enteroscope and intestinal wall, the small bowel is accordioned back to the overtube.

The overtube balloon is then deployed, and the enteroscope balloon is deflated. The process is then continued until the entire small bowel is visualized.

EnteroscopyEnteroscopy

Capsule Endoscopy

SigmoidoscopySigmoidoscopy