Future Emissions Standards and Fuel Quality Roadmap for Sri Lanka

Workshop on Air Quality andEnvironmentally Sustainable Transport

Organized ByAir Resource Management Center (AirMAC), Ministry of

Environment,Ministry of Transport and

Center for Science and Environment, India

Thusitha Sugathapala

Director GeneralSri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority

Ministry of Power and Energy

28th April 2011

• Background

• Characteristics of Vehicle Fleet

• Vehicular Emission Control

• VET ProgrammeWay Forward

• Fuel Quality Improvement

OVERVIEW

• Transport A Prime requirement of human societyGrowth in mobility helps economic development

• Development of the Transport sectorExtensive use of fossil fuels for transport energy

Depletion of fossil fuels resources and resulting price escalationsAdverse effects on health and environment

BACKGROUND

• Transport and EnvironmentThe complexities of the problems have led to much controversy in environmental policy and in the role of transportation.

The transportation sector is subsidized by the public sector, especially through the construction and maintenance of road infrastructure which tend to be free of access.Total costs incurred by transportation activities, notably environmental damage, are generally not assumed by the users.

The lack of consideration of the real costs of transportation could explain several environmental problems.Finding a solution to a poorly understood problem is difficult. “The Solution” to the problem is “Change in Mobility Style”.

But unlikely to happen in the near future. Need comprehensive strategy supported by political will, socially responsible users, fully-fledged staff and knowledgeable society to combat environmental issues in the transport sector.

BACKGROUND

• Air Quality ManagementTechnical: Implementing cleaner production and pollution prevention technologies and best practicesRegulatory: Developing, implementing and enforcing laws governing sourcesEducational: Informing the community about sources of emissions, impact of emissions and how to personally curb emissionsMarket Based: Applying financial incentives or disincentives through application of market controls such as taxes or tax rebates

SL VET Programme: The 1st Step Towards the Long Term Goal

BACKGROUND

• Annual Vehicle RegistrationsCHARACTERISTICS OF VEHICLE FLEET

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Vehicle Population

Year

Motor CyclesMotor CarsThree WheelersDual PurposeBusesLorriesLand Vehicles

• Total Vehicle RegistrationsCHARACTERISTICS OF VEHICLE FLEET

0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

3000000

3500000

4000000

4500000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Vehicle Population

Year

Motor CyclesMotor CarsThree WheelersDual PurposeBusesLorriesLand VehiclesTotal

• Active Vehicle Fleet (estimation @ March 2008)CHARACTERISTICS OF VEHICLE FLEET

100.02,047,602Total

3.162,757Land Vehicles

5.7116,550Lorries

51.11,046,840Motor Cycles

1.836,024Buses

7.9161,042Dual Purpose

18.0368,924Motor Tricycles

1.021,097Car (diesel)

11.4234,368Car (petrol)

%FleetVehicle Category

100.02,047,602Total

3.162,757Land Vehicles

5.7116,550Lorries

51.11,046,840Motor Cycles

1.836,024Buses

7.9161,042Dual Purpose

18.0368,924Motor Tricycles

1.021,097Car (diesel)

11.4234,368Car (petrol)

%FleetVehicle Category

69%

• Geographical Distribution of Active Vehicle FleetCHARACTERISTICS OF VEHICLE FLEET

Sabaragamuwa5.6%

Southern11.5%

Western48.8%

North-Central4.0%

North Western13.1%

Uva2.6%

Central7.5%

North & East7.0%

Sabaragamuwa5.6%

Southern11.5%

Western48.8%

North-Central4.0%

North Western13.1%

Uva2.6%

Central7.5%

North & East7.0%

• Fuel Consumption CHARACTERISTICS OF VEHICLE FLEET

• Efficiency CHARACTERISTICS OF VEHICLE FLEET

100% 20%

Engine Losses

63%

Standby/ Idle

15%

Accessories2%

Driveline Losses

6%14%

Aerodynamic Drag3%

Rolling Resistance

4%

Inertia

Braking

7%

• Emissions CHARACTERISTICS OF VEHICLE FLEET

Exhaust EmissionsCO2, CO, NOX

SOX, CH4, NMVOCs

Evaporative Emissions(TOG)

Leaks (A/C, Ref.)HFC, PFC

• Fuel Economy CHARACTERISTICS OF VEHICLE FLEET

Vehicle Type Average km/yr Fuel Economy (km/l)Cars- Gasoline 8,000 7.5Cars- Diesel 15,000 11.0Dual Purpose- Gasoline 8,000 6.0Dual Purpose- Diesel 21,000 8.3Buses - Diesel 41,000 3.2Lories - Diesel 52,000 3.5Motor Cycles - Gasoline 6,225 23.5Motor Tricycles - Gasoline 12,000 19.0

Fuel Economy: Liters per Passenger kmBus : 0.01 liter/passenger kmCar : 0.05 liter/passenger km3 W : 0.04 liter/passenger km2 W : 0.02 liter/passenger km

• Emission CharacteristicsVery Complex

VEHICULAR EMISSION CONTROL

DYNAMIC ENVIRONMENT

TECHNICAL FACTORS

NON-TECH FACTORS

ENGINEAIR &

FUEL

EXHAUST

ENERGY

COMBUSTION MANAGEMENT

SYSTEM

• Need Comprehensive Strategy VEHICULAR EMISSION CONTROL

CLEAN VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY

TRAFFIC & DEMAND

MANAGEMENT

CLEAN FUELS

INSPECTION & MAINTENANCE PROGRAMME

AWARENESS AND

EDUCATION

• Technical Options – New Vehicles VEHICULAR EMISSION CONTROL

Roadmap of Advanced Power-train Technologies

TECHNOLOGY

DIVERSIFICATION

Advanced Combustion Engines and Dre Train (plus Starter/Generator, Light weight design, FC – APU)

Mild Hybrid Propulsion(ICE + small electric drive)

Hybrid Propulsion

Fuel Cell Propulsion

Conventional Combustion

Engines

TODAY TOMMOROW

• Technical Options – In use Vehicles

Inspection & Maintenance (I/M) Programmes

Vehicle Retrofit

Alternative Fuel Conversions

Accelerated Retirement (Scrappage) Programmes

Fuel Treatment /Combustion Improvement

Devices

Fuel Quality Improvements

VEHICULAR EMISSION CONTROL

• ProspectsRealization for the vehicle owners,

Awareness for the society,

Capacity building for the staff,

Knowledge creation for the researchers.

• Basis Technically Sound - Reliable results but relatively simple test procedure capable of catching the gross emitters

Socially Acceptable - Low cost, short duration, minimum failure

Financially Feasible - Sustainability

Quality Controllable - Minimum corruption and malpractices

VET PROGRAMME

On Air Quality Management in the Transport Sector

Procedures Laid down in “Request for Proposals”

• Emission StandardsVET PROGRAMME

• Main Elements

VET PROGRAMME

SUCCESSFUL VET PROGRAMME

TESTING CENTERS WITH

ADEQUATE FACILITIES AND

RESOURCES

VEHICLE REPAIR FACILITIES WITH

ADEQUATE EQUPMENTS,

TECHNICAL SKILLS AND SPARE-PARTS

INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE WITH STRONG

ADMINISTRATIVE ARRANGEMENTS

EFFECTIVE MECHANISMS FOR QUALITY CONTROL,

REGULATORY AND ENFORCEMENT

SUSTAINABLE PROGRAMME FOR CAPACITY BUILDING, TRAINING

AND SKILL DEVELOPMENT

GENERAL AWARENESS AND EDUCATION

• Basic Procedure of Emission CertificationVET PROGRAMME

DMTVET Programme Office

Divisional Secretariat Data Communication

Network

VET Center

Passed

Garages

Failedor

Rejected Repair

For Re-test

VET Certificate

For Test

Test Data

Revenue License

41715787%

6055913%

Re‐TestPass Fail

• Emission Testing ResultsVET PROGRAMME

205294083%

41715717%

First TestPass Fail

• Immediate ActionsFully operation of the Project Office.Implementation of the media strategy: Awareness programmes.Check the conformity of the VET Centers with RFP: Auditing.Awareness and Training for VET Center Technicians.Initiation of certification of vehicle repair facilities / garages.Implement full-fledged road-side testing programme.

Training programme / Awareness programme for stakeholders. (including training of repair technicians).Development of examination for the certification of testing technicians.Initiation of “Smoke Spotter” programme.Probationary Certification of vehicle repair facilities / garages.Enforcement of second phase of emission standards.

VET PROGRAMME – WAY FORWARD

• Short-Term ActionsIntroduction of grading/ranking methodology for VET centers.

Establishment of mechanism for incorporating public complaints for evaluation of the programme.

Appropriate improvements to the testing procedures.

Certification of vehicle repair facilities / garages.

Initiation of actions to integrate emission certification with fitness certification.

Revision of fuel quality standards.

VET PROGRAMME – WAY FORWARD

• Medium-Term ActionsRevision of emission standards

Revision of testing procedures

Introduction of fuel efficiency standards.

VET PROGRAMME – WAY FORWARD

Development of a Driving Cycle

Roadmap of Cleaner Fuels

FUEL

DIVERSIFICATION

Fuel Quality ImprovementsAlternative Fuels (CNG; LPG)

Conventional Electricity Fuel Blends (with Bio-fuels)

Renewable ElectricityBio-fuels

H2 (Renewable Elect. based)

Conventional Fossil Fuels

TODAY TOMMOROW

FUEL QUALITY STANDARDS

• Vehicle technologies and fuel systems have to be developed as one system to solve emissions problems

The real benefits of fuel quality changes are achieved when theyare used to enable new vehicle technologies

• Fuels with an effective additive package are considered essential for operating both gasoline and diesel vehicles more efficiently. The benefits include

Cleaner combustion, Fewer deposits on the valves, in the combustion chamber, Less wear and tear, Protection against corrosion and Reduced fuel consumption

FUEL QUALITY STANDARDS

• Vehicle technologies and fuel systems have to be developed as one system to solve emissions problems

The real benefits of fuel quality changes are achieved when theyare used to enable new vehicle technologies

• Gasoline:Phasing out lead to reduce lead emissions and enable new car technology with catalytic converters.Reducing benzene to reduce air toxics and carcinogenic emissionsReducing volatility to reduce evaporative emissionsReducing sulfur to improve catalytic converter efficiency and reduce PM

• Diesel:Sulfur reduction is the primary focus with regard to diesel due to PM, NOx and SOx emissions.Total aromatics, PAH, final boiling point and cetane number are parameters, which influence particle formation and therefore are often tightened

FUEL QUALITY STANDARDS

• Fuel Quality ImprovementsSulphur content in diesel

FUEL QUALITY STANDARDS

• Fuel Quality ImprovementsGasoline Specifications

FUEL QUALITY STANDARDS

Global Fuel Quality Developments

FUEL QUALITY STANDARDS

Thank You