fungus kingdom. fungus heterotrophs feed by releasing digesting enzymes into surroundings then...

FUNGUS KINGDOM

FUNGUS

Heterotrophs

Feed by releasing digesting enzymes into surroundings then absorbing digested nutrients

Ex: mushrooms, mould, mildew

STRUCTURE OF FUNGI

Few are unicellular (Ex: yeast)

Most are multicellular

STRUCTURE OF FUNGI

Parts of Multicellular Fungi:

a) HYPHAE: multicellular thread-like filament making up the basic structural unit of a fungus

b) MYCELIUM: complex, net-like mass of branching hyphae, makes up most of the organism

c) FRUITING BODY: spore-producing reproductive structure in a fungus (above ground)

*** Genetically more similar to animals than plants ***

STRUCTURE OF FUNGI

Parts of Multicellular Fungi:

FUNGAL NUTRITION

Fungi release enzymes that break down food externally

Nutrients are then absorbed from the food through the fungal cell membrane

4 Types of Nutrition:

1. Parasitic

2. Predatory

3. Mutualistic

4. Saprobial

FUNGAL NUTRITION

1. PARASITIC: fungi absorb nutrients from the living cells of a host; fungi typically live in the host

Ex: Cordyceps: invades insect body; when insect dies, fungus emerges to make new spores

FUNGAL NUTRITION

2. PREDATORY: soil fungus with specialized structures on mycelia for trapping prey

Ex: Arthrobotrys: trap nematodes in soil

FUNGAL NUTRITION

3. MUTUALISTIC: fungi with partnerships with other organisms, typically plants or protists

Ex: Mycorrhiza: fungus mycelia increase absorptive surface of plant roots and receive sugar from plants

FUNGAL NUTRITION

4. SAPROBIAL: fungi feeding on dead organisms or organic wastes

Ex: fungal mycelia absorb nutrients from dead or decaying organic matter to assist in nutrient cycling

FUNGAL REPRODUCTION

Two methods:

a) ASEXUAL: spore production, budding, fragmentation

b) SEXUAL: fusing of hyphae

FUNGAL CLASSIFICATION

5 groups of fungi:

1. Fungi Imperfecti (Phylum Deuteromycota)

2. Chytrids (Phylum chytridomycota)

3. Zygospore Fungi (Phylum Zygomycota)

4. Sac Fungi (Phylum Ascomycota)

5. Club Fungi (Phylum Basidiomycota)


1. FUNGI IMPERFECTI (PHYLUM DEUTEROMYCOTA)

- Asexual reproduction

- Diverse

- Ex: Penicillium: common on mouldy fruit

- Ex: Cyclosporine: suppress immune system

- Ex: in soy sauce and some cheeses


2. CHYTRIDS (PHYLUM CHYTRIDOMYCOTA)

- Mostly unicellular

- Mostly aquatic (spores have flagella)

- Parasitic or saprobial

- Ex: Synchytrium endobioticum: infects potato plants


3. ZYGOSPORE FUNGI (PHYLUM ZYGOMYCOTA)

- Multicellular

- Mostly terrestrial

- Typically asexual reproduction, can be sexual

- Ex: common moulds



REPRODUCTION

- Zygospores: diploid structures that develop after two haploid hyphae of opposite types combine and fuse their nuclei

- Thick wall develops around the zygospore

- Zygospore is dormant until favourable condition arise

- Zygospore absorbs water and nuclei undergo meiosis

- Haploid vegetative cells are released



REPRODUCTION


4. SAC FUNGI (PHYLUM ASCOMYCOTA)

- Largest group of fungi

- Develop finger like asci during sexual reproduction

- Nutrition by breaking down wood and bone or parasitic

- Ex: Mildew, Morels, Truffles, yeast (asexual)


5. CLUB FUNGI (PHYLUM BASIDIOMYCOTA)

- Some are parasitic

- Ex: Mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorns



REPRODUCTION

6. Gills extend from the stalk onto the underside of the cap and are lined with basidia (club shaped hyphae)

7. Basidia release basidiospores



REPRODUCTION

6. Basidiospores land in suitable environments and germinate to produce hyphae



REPRODUCTION

6. Hyphae form haploid mycelium

5. Mycelia from two different mating types come together to fuse hyphae



REPRODUCTION

6. Compact masses of hyphae, called buttons, form under the soil’s surface

7. Buttons develop into mushrooms



REPRODUCTION

8. Haploid nuclei of basidia join to form a diploid cell

9. Meiosis occurs, making 4 hapoid nuclei

10. Each haploid nuclei becomes a basidiospore



REPRODUCTION

11. Basiospores mature and detach from basidia

12. Basidiospores disperse via wind

LICHENS

A fungus and a photosynthetic organism (Ex: green alga or cyanobacterium)

- Composite organisms: form a unique organism that depends on a relationship between different species

- May be able to live in harsh/extreme environments

LICHENS

Common uses of lichens:

- Important food source for deer, elk, and caribou

- Used as a dye for wool

- Used to make litmus paper

fungus kingdom. fungus heterotrophs feed by releasing digesting enzymes into surroundings then...

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