the fungi kingdom mycology -the study of fungi fungus - singular fungi- plural 1) fungi are...

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The Fungi Kingdom Mycology - the study of fungi fungus - singular fungi- plural 1) fungi are eukaryotic they have a nuclei & mitochondria 2) they are heterotrophs they depend on other organisms for food 3) they are multicellular 4) they cannot move on their own 4 Main Characteristics of Fungi

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The Fungi KingdomMycolog

y -the study of fungi

fungus - singularfungi- plural

1) fungi are eukaryotic• they have a nuclei & mitochondria

2) they are heterotrophs• they depend on other organisms for food3) they are multicellular

4) they cannot move on their own

4 Main Characteristics of Fungi

The Fungi Kingdom

1) fungi lack chlorophyll

2) fungi are not photosynthetic• cannot produce their own food

3) they never reproduce by seeds4) most fungi have cell walls made of chitin… Except molds

4 Reasons Fungi Are Different From Plants

cellulose• Plant cell walls are made of what?

• molds have cell walls made of cellulose…like plants

• most are saprophytes• some are parasites

Saprophyte-feeds on dead/decaying organisms

FUNGAL ORGANELLESContain many of the organelles found in other cellsNucleusMitochondriaRibosomesDNAEndoplasmic ReticulumVacuolesCell WallCell MembraneCytoplasm

DO NOT contain CHLOROPLASTS!!!!!!!!!

The Fungi KingdomParts of fungi:

Hyphae - network of thin thread-like structures that form the “body” of a fungus

• hyphae grow and branch until they cover and digest the food source (upon which the fungi is growing)

• hyphae contain cytoplasm

hypha - singularhyphae - plural

The Fungi KingdomParts of fungi:

Mycelium - a mass of hyphaemycelia - plural

• The mycelium is usually hidden in the soil, in wood, or another food source

• A mycelium may fill a single ant, or cover many acres

The Fungi Kingdom

• the structure of the fungi that you can see, is the part that carries out reproduction

• most fungi reproduce by using spores

Reproduction is classified according to:

• fungi spores are microscopic

EX: Mushrooms & puffballs release large clouds of spores. Each cloud contains millions of spores

Fungi Reproduction:

1) the way they form the spores

2) the shape of the structure in which spores are made

The Fungi Kingdom

single hypha

Mass of hyphae (mycelium)

Germ tube (Growing Spore)

(initial hypha)

1- Sporangium Fungi

Rhizopus

Stachybatrus

Bread mold

Water mold

Cheese mold:Blue, Roquefort,Brie

The Fungi Kingdom

Sporangium fungi reproduces by spores in the sporangia

• Sporangia- structures found on the tips of hyphae that make spores

• EX: Bread Mold

• Bread mold produces spores in sporangia that stick up above the bread

4 Main Types of Fungi:

1.Sporangium Fungi/Mold

1- Sporangium Fungi

• The hyphae have SPORANGIA at the ends

Sporangium

Hyphae Mycelium

Sporangium with spores inside

Sporangium releasing Spores

• The hyphae have SPORANGIA at the ends

(round structures that produce spores).

1- Sporangium Fungi

Hyphae

Sporangium

The Fungi Kingdom

2. Club fungi - have a club-shaped part which produces the spores

4 Types of Fungi

Example: MUSHROOMS

Corn Smut

Puffball

Shelffungus

Coral Fungus

2- Club Fungi

• b) Produce spores from club shaped sacs called basidia.

Cap

Stipe Gills

The Fungi KingdomWhat are we looking at when we

see a… fungus-among-us?

The ‘living’ body of the fungus is a mycelium

The part of the fungus that we see is only the “fruit” of the organism

2- Club Fungi

2- Club Fungi

Basidium

Spores

Cap

Stipe

Gills

3. Sac Fungi - produce spores in sac-like structures

EX: yeasts, cup fungi, powdery mildews, & lichens

3- Sac Fungi

Tuber magnatum truffle:A delicacy @ $1,000-$2,000 per lb.

Mitrula paludosa

Cup fungi

Cramp ball

Example: YEAST

Dead Man’sFingersSome molds:

Penicillium

3- Sac Fungi

• b) Produce spores inside a small sac called an

ASCUS.

An Ascus with spores inside

Many Asci

3- Sac Fungi

• Yeast cells producing asci.

Asci

RESPIRATION

• AEROBIC

• ANAEROBIC

• Occurs with Oxygen

• Occurs without Oxygen

2 types of Cellular Respiration

• Aerobic Respiration

• Requires Oxygen• Water and CO2 are

waste products• Food + Oxygen

CO2 + Water + ATP

2 Types of Cellular Respiration

• Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation)

• Does not require Oxygen (anaerobic)

• Yeast cells used to make bread

• Creates CO2 (makes bread rise) , alcohol (for beer, wine, champagne)

Lichens - a fungus and an organism with chlorophyll that live together

Picture of lichen taken through an electron microscope.Lichens on ground

Algal cells Fungal cells

The Fungi Kingdom

Lichens

2) Have a mutualistic relationship (they help each other).

a) Fungus provides protection and a place for the algae to live.

b) Algae makes food for both to live on.

c) Pioneers – ultimately leading to a forest community – SUCCESSION

LICHENS!

Symbiotic Relationships?• A close relationship between two organisms

where at least one benefits.– MUTUALISTIC (+ +), – COMMENSALISM (+ 0)– PARASITIC (+ -)

• Examples: – Nemo and the Sea Anemone– Fungi that help protect plant roots from drought– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuKjBIBBAL8

ANT KILLER

What type of relationship am I?Mutualism (++), Commensalism (+0),

Parasitism(-+)

The Fungi Kingdom

4 Types of Fungi

4) Imperfect – sporangium/mold, sac, and club fungi that can only reproduce asexually

• cause most fungal diseases in humans

EX: ringworm, athletes foot, thrush

The Fungi KingdomFungi Reproduction of 4 types of

fungi:1) Mold – reproduce asexually & sexually

2) Sac fungi – reproduce asexually & sexually

The Fungi KingdomFungi Reproduction of 4 types of fungi

cont’d:3) Club fungi – reproduce asexually & sexually

4) Imperfect – can only reproduce asexually

How Do Fungi Get Around Not Being Tall Enough?

Fungi have a major problem:

Many fungi do not grow tall enough to clear the "boundary layer" of still air next to the ground so they…

1) Shoot their spores

2) Use animals, water or wind for dispersal

• Once spores are caught by something they can be carried long distances

The Fungi Kingdom

The Fungi Kingdom

• Wind and water can carry pieces of hyphae to new places.

• If enough moisture and food is present, the spores/hyphae can grow into new fungi

• Fungi can also reproduce from pieces of hyphae.

Fungi Reproduction Cont’d:

The Fungi Kingdom1. Define the term mycology.

2. List the 4 main types of fungi and give an example of each.

3. List the 4 main characteristics of fungi.

4. Explain 2 reasons why fungi are different from plants.

5. Define hyphae. Explain what it does and where it is located.

6. Define mycelium. Explain what it does and where it’s located.

7. Which of the 4 types of fungi is bread mold?

The Fungi Kingdom

8. Define lichen. List 2 places that you can find them.

9. Which part of the fungi carries out reproduction?

10. List the two ways fungi reproduction is classified?

11. Which type of fungi causes most fungal diseases in humans?

12. List 3 types of human diseases caused by fungus.

13. What is the number one problem fungi have when they are reproducing?

14. List two ways a fungi can release spores