frustration&defense ppt

7/30/2019 Frustration&Defense Ppt

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FRUSTRATION


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Unpleasant feeling (tension) arise in case of

blocking of activity directed toward a goal

Anger

Rage

Anxiety

Despair

Irritable

INTRODUCTION


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CONFLICT

Special form of frustration

Making choice between two alternatives which seemequally desirable or equally undesirable

According to the goals conflicts classified as

1) Approach vs. approach

Two desirable but incomatiable goals e.g. twointeresting jobs

2) Approach vs. avoidance

Choose between losing desirable goal or acceptingundesirable one i.e. in order to approach one goal (yourloved girl) you must approach another you would rather

avoid (accept living with intolerable mother-in-low)3) Avoidance vs. avoidance

Avoiding certain danger require confronting with equallyserious danger


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Source of frustrations

Natural barriers (weather, storm, rains,

floods)

Social barriers (parents, teachers,

governments)

Personal barriers (body physic,

personality, intelligence)


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Strength of the drive e.g. frustration of basic needsproduce intense tension

Strength of the barrier e.g. the stronger the barrierthe greater the tension and effort to overcome it

Availability of adequate substitutes e.g. faculty ofpharmacy for faculty of medicine diminish tension

Cumulative effect e.g. uncharged tension from

previous experience tend to collect together

Individual differences e.g. childhood conflicts,degree of self-involvements in certain goals e.g.audience vs. team

Factors affecting tension produced by

frustration


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How to cope with frustration

DIRECT APPROACH Realistic hard work

Childhood experience

Development of new skills

New understanding of the situation

Group activities

INDIRECT APPROACH Defense mechanisms


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Defense Mechanism


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General Issues

Defense mechanisms are a concept born out ofFreudian psychology.

Recall that the Freudian psyche consists of:

i. Id: instinctive urges, sex, aggression, andother primary processes

ii. Ego: rational and language-basedexecutors linking to reality

iii. Superego: the conscience, the moralcompass insisting on socially acceptablebehavior, sometimes to the point ofindividual deprivation


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Defenses are the primary tools of theego, used to manage the internalconflicts between the demands of the

id and the restrictions of the superego.

They are the means by which the ego

wards off anxiety and controlsinstinctive urges and unpleasantemotions

General Issues


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All defenses are unconscious.

Defenses change over time.

Defenses are adaptive as well as pathologic.

We all use defenses all the time.

They are how we cope.

Psychopathology is an issue of intensity andextent.

The key issue in psychopathology is the degree to

which the use of defense mechanisms isdisruptive of a person's ability to deal with theworld.


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Four Clusters of Defenses


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defensesI. Narcissistic

projection Denial Splitting


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person attributes his or her own wishes, desires,

thoughts, or emotions to someone else. Internal states are perceived as a part of someone

else.

i. Examples:

.. A girl talks about her doll as having certainfeelings ,which are really what the girl feels.

. A physician believes that the nursing staff is

uncomfortable talking to him, when in fact, he is

uncomfortable talking with them. ii. Paranoid delusions result from the use of

projection

.Projection:


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Narcissistic defensesB. Denial:

Asserting that some clear feature of external realityjust is not true.

Used to avoid becoming aware of a painful aspect ofreality

Examples:

After surviving a heart attack, a patient insists oncontinuing his lifestyle as if nothing had happened.

A child who is abused insists that she has beentreated well.

A woman prepares dinner for her husband expecting

him to come home, even though he died a monthearlier

Often the first response to bad news, such as theimpending death of a loved one or oneself.


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Narcissistic defenses

c. Splitting:

people and things in the world are perceived as all

bad or all good (God or the Devil).

The world is pictured in extreme terms rather than a

more realistic blend of good and bad qualities.

Examples:

. "This doctor is a miracle worker, but that doctor is

totally incompetent:'

. "He's just so perfect and wonderful:' says a

teenage girl in love.


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II. Immature defenses

Blocking

regression

Somatization

Introiection


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II. Immature defenses

a. Blocking:

temporary or transient block in thinking,or an inability to remember

i. Examples:

. "Mr. Jones, you are suffering from... gee,

I just can't remember what it is called.". A student is unable to recall to answer

the exam question, although he recallsit as he walks out of the exam.

. In the middle of a conversation, awoman pauses, looks confused, andasks ,"What was I just talking about?"


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Immature defensesb. Regression:

returning to an earlier stage of development. "Acting childish"or at least younger than is typical for that individual

i. Examples:

An older patient giggles uncontrollably, or breaks down

crying when told bad news.

A husband speaks to his wife in "baby talk:' A patient lies in bed curled up in a fetal position

Play is regressive, i.e., a more free, simpler expression from

a earlier age

Enuresis that develops in a child who previously had been

continent following the birth of a new sibling is the result of

regression

When a new child is born, older children who have been

weaned may demand to go back to breast-feeding.


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Immature defensesc. Somatization:

psychic derivatives are converted into bodilysymptoms.

Feelings are manifest as physical symptoms rather

than psychological distress.

i. Examples:

. Getting a headache while taking an exam

. Feeling nauseated before asking someone out

on a date. Developing a ringing in the ears while making a

presentation

ii. Symptoms created are physically real, not

merely imagined


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Immature defensesd. Introiection (Identification):features of external world or persons are taken in

and made part of the self. The opposite of projectioni. Examples:. A resident dresses and acts like the attending physician.

. A teenager adopts the style and mannerisms of a rock star.

ii. When identifying with others is done consciously, it is labeled

"imitation".iii. The superego is formed, in part, by the introjection of the same

gender parent.

iv. Introjection is why children act like their parents. "I alwaysswore that I would treat my children differently, yet there I wassaying the same things to my children that my mother alwaysused to say to me!"

v. Patients in psychotherapy gain a different sense of self , in part,by introjecting their therapist.


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Anxiety defenses (Neurotic)

Displacement Repression Isolation of affect

Intellectualization Acting out Rationalization

Reaction formation Undoing Passive aggressive

dissociation


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III. Anxiety defenses

Displacement:

changing the target of an emotioni. Examples:

. A man who is angry at his boss pounds on his deskrather than telling his boss what he really thinks.

. An attending physician scolds a resident who later

expresses his anger by yelling at a medical student.. A married man who is sexually aroused by a woman he

meets goes home and makes love to his wife.

ii. In family therapy, one child in the family is oftensingled out and blamed for all the family's problems,

iii. Displacement often "runs down hill:' i.e., from higherto lower in a power hierarchy.


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Anxiety defensesb. Repression:

an idea or feeling is eliminated from consciousness.content may once have been known, but now hasbecome inaccessible.

i.Examples:

. A child who was abused by her mother and was

treated for the abuse, now has no memory of anymistreatment by her mother.

. A man who survived 6 months in a concentrationcamp cannot recall anything about his life during thattime period.

ii. You forget, and then forget that you forgot.

iv. Differentiated from denial in that the reality wasonce accepted, but is now discarded


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Anxiety defensesc. Isolation of affect:Reality is accepted , but without the expected

human emotional response to that reality .Separation of an idea from the affect thataccompanies it

i. Examples:

. A child who has been beaten discusses the beatingswithout any display of emotions.

. A physician informs a patient of his poor prognosisin bland, matter- of-fact tones.

. A patient who has had a finger severed in an

accident describes theaccident to his physician without any emotionalreaction.

ii. Facts without feelings


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Anxiety defensesd. Intellectualization:

affect is stripped away and replaced by an excessiveuse of intellectual processes. Cognition replacesaffect .

i. Examples:

. A physician tells a patient about his poor prognosis

and talks a great deal about the technical aspectsby which the prognosis was derived.

. A boy who is about to ask a girl out on a date forthe first time talks with his friend about theimportance of mating rituals for the long term

ii. Physicians who are too concerned with thetechnical aspects of the profession and not enoughwith the patient may well be using this

defense mechanism.

d f


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Anxiety defenses

e. Acting out:

massive emotional or behavioral outburst tocover up underlying feeling or idea.

Strong action or emotions to cover upunacceptable emotions.

i. Examples:

0 Temper tantrum is thrown by an abandonedchild to cover the depression he really feels

0 "Whistling in the dark" hides the realunderlying fear.

0 For adolescents , substance abuse,overeating, or getting into fights are"strong" actions that cover up underlyingfeelings of vulnerability.

d f


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Anxiety defenses

f. Rationalization:

rational explanations are used to justifyattitudes or behaviors that are unacceptable.Look for the "string of reasons"

i. Examples:

"Yes, I believe killing is wrong, but I killed himbecause he deserved it:'

A man who is unfaithful to his wife tells

himself that this liaison will actually makehim appreciate his wife more.

iii. Used to relieve guilt and shame

i d f


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Anxiety defenses

g. Reaction formation:

an unacceptable impulse is transformed into itsopposite.

i. Examples:

A student who always wanted to be a physicianexpresses relief and Says , This is the best

news I've ever heard:' after not beingaccepted into medical school.

Two-coworkers fight all the time because theyare actually very attracted to each other.

ii As if the person is trying to convince self, oranyone else, that the original feeling orimpulse did not exist.


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Anxiety defenses

h. Undoing:

acting out the reverse of unacceptable behavior.

i. Examples:

0 A man who is sexually aroused by woman he meets

immediately leaves and buys his wife flowers.0 A man repeatedly checks the burners on the stove

to make sure that they are turned off before leavingthe house.

ii. Many religions offer a type of institutionallysanctioned undoing: making the sign of the cross toward off anxiety.

A i d f


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Anxiety defenses

i. Passive-aggressive:

Regarded as a passive (indirect) expression ofhostility

i. Examples:

. "I could give you a good example of this, but

I'm not going to:

. A student agrees to share class notes but goeshome without sharing them.

. A physician ignores and does not answer thedirect questions of a patient whom he findsannoying.


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j. Dissociation:separates self from one's experience .i. Examples:

. A woman who was raped reports that it was asif she was floating on the ceiling watching it

happen.

. The survivor of an automobile accident tells ofthe feeling that everything happened in slowmotion.

. A child who was sexually abused recalls onlythe bad man who came to her in her dreams.


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Mature defenses

Humor Sublimation suppression


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vi. Mature defenses

These defenses distort reality less than the

other defenses and are thus consideredmore mature

Humor:

permits the overt expression of feelings and

thoughts without personal discomforti. Examples:

. A man laughs when told he is going to befired.

. A terminally ill cancer patient makes fun ofhis condition.

Mature defenses


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Mature defenses

b. Sublimation:

impulse-gratification is achieved by channelingthe unacceptable impulse into a sociallyacceptable direction.

i. Examples:

. A patient with exhibitionist fantasies becomes astripper.

ii. Much art and literature spring fromsublimation.

iii. Considered by some to be the most maturedefense mechanism

M d f


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Mature defenses

c. Suppression:

conscious decision to postpone attentionto an impulse or conflict.

i. Examples:

. A student decides to forget about a

pending exam to go out and have a goodtime for an evening.

. A terminally ill cancer patient puts asidehis anxiety and enjoys a family

gathering.

ii. Forget, but remember that you forgot.


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frustration&defense ppt

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