WOMEN

Freddalicia EscobarKevin Fuentes

Jun Ha

WOMEN

1769-1824

Early Women

In the beginning of the New world, women were a major contribution to the evolution of man.

South American Women

In the ancient world women role was to farm and gather basic supplies for the family.

Women were healers, Merchants, mid-wives, weavers, farmers, and child developer.

How did women affect the New world?

In the beginning economy was based on agriculture.

Social Status

Women gained a high ranking status by having many children having a comfortable home, and raising crops

Old worldSHE WAS ACCUSED OF BEING VEIN, FICKLE, PREJUDICED, AND MISERLY, SHE PROVED TO BE AN UNUSUALLY SUCCESSFUL RULER.

QUEEN ELIZABETH I1500-1603

Pilgrim

PILGRIM WOMEN

Anti- Puritan woman

ANNE HUTCHINSON

Women education

EDUCATION WAS MAINLY ONLY FOR MALES.

WOMEN WERE EXPECTED TO BE EDUCATED IN HOUSE HOLD JOBS.

Women and the American Revoultion

ABIGAIL ADAMS WAS THE WIFE OF JOHN ADAMS.

FIRST LADY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

Pocahontas

SACAGAWEA

LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITION

Rachael Jackson

RACHAEL JACKSON

Slavery

MUM BETTS (ELIZABETH FREEMAN) THE FIRST SLAVE TO SUCCESSFULLY

SUE FOR HER FREEDOM, ENCOURAGING MASSACHUSETTS TO ABOLISH SLAVERY.

SOJOURNER TURNER

Women

1790-1890

Women & Economy In the process of working out the

economy, women were also involved in the mechanism of factory and production.

Farm women and girls played an important role in the preindustrial economy, spinning yarn, waving clothes, and making products such as candles, soap, butter, and cheese. They're known as "Factory Girls".

However, jobs for women were extremely unusual and their opportunities to self-support themselves economically consisted mainly of nursing, domestic service, and teaching, which was considered the most "feminized" occupation.

By 1850, about twenty percent of all women had been employed before marriage.

The majority of women working were single and once they got married they'd leave their paying jobs and work in their homes as wives and mothers. This is known as the "cult of domesticity.”

Changes during the nineteenth century involving women were important and came to be known as "women's sphere", since women were now getting married according to their own choices and not because of parental arrangements.

The influence of women involving their family became even more important in the course of the nineteenth century, as they could now decide if they wanted to have fewer children. This is known as "domestic feminism" because it signified the power and independence of women.

Higher Goals for Higher Learning

Women were often looked down upon because of their low education, not counting with the belief that women's place was at home, while education was only a waste of time.

In the 1820s, schools at a secondary level for women began to be recognized thanks to Emma Willard.

An Age of Reform, the Devil-Rum The “Old Deluder”, & Women in Revolt

Regarding those who suffered from so-called insanity and were still treated with cruelty, Dorothea Dix, a physically frail woman with persistent lung trouble who possessed infinite compassion and willpower, worked with persistence in order to improve the treatments of those who were mentally-ill. Her petition of 1843 to the Massachusetts legislature had a powerful impact as the conditions and treatments were improved.

Regarding Woman's Suffrage, in the beginning of the nineteenth century, women were not considered equal to men in any single way. Gender differences were strongly emphasized, this was mainly reflected in the economy since women and men were separated into different economic roles.

Female reformers, most of them white, gathered their strength and demanded rights for women, joined in reform movements of the age, fighting for temperance and abolition of slavery.

Women's rights movement was led by Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Candy Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, who soon became a conspicuous advocate of female rights.

All feminists met at Seneca Falls, New York, in a memorable women's rights convention in 1848. Stanton read a "Declaration of Sentiments.”

Persistent Battlers of Women Rights

Elizabeth Candy Stanton & Susan B. Anthony

Radical Abolitionism & the Underground Railroad

Black abolitionists distinguished themselves as living monuments to the cause of African American freedom. Among them was Sojourner Truth, a freed black woman in New York who fought persistently for black emancipation and women's rights.

The most amazing conductor of the underground railroad was a runaway slave from Maryland, the fearless Harriet Tubman. She rescued more than three hundred staves, including her aged parents, and earned the title "Moses."

Abolitionists

SOJOURNER TRUTH HARRIET TUBMAN

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

During the slavery conflict between the North and the South, Harriet Beecher Stowe, a wisp woman and the mother of half-dozen children, published her heartrending novel Uncle Tom's Cabin, and she was determined to awaken the North to the wickedness of slavery by laying bare its inhumanity and the splitting of the families.

The North’s Economic Boom

During the civil war, women were able to help as well. The conflict opened new opportunities for women since men had to leave and join the army, women would often take their jobs.

Other women decided to join the fight and approximately four hundred women accompanied their husbands to the battle by posing as male soldiers. Other women took on dangerous spy missions.

Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell is among the most important women at that time since she was the first female physician and helped to organize the U.S military commission to assist the Union armies in the fields.

Clara Barton and Dorothea Dix played an important role as well offering their services to nurse the union army.

Women & the Civil War

ELIZABETH BLACKWELL CLARA BARTON

No Women Voters

The passage of the three Reconstruction Era Amendments, Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth, disappointed advocates of Women Rights, since women had played an important role in the prewar abolitionist movements and often pointed out that women and blacks lacked of basic civil rights. In the eyes of most women, the struggle for black’s freedom and the crusade for women's rights was the same.

After the war ended and with the ratification of the thirteenth amendment women believed it was now their time to ask for changes; however, they were shocked with the wording of the Fourteenth amendment in which the word "male" was inserted into the constitution by the very first time, and it referred to a citizen's right to vote.

Impacts of the New Industrial Revolution on American Women

For middle-class women careers meant delayed marriages and smaller families, but most women had to work not for independence or glamour, but out of economic necessity. They worked for long hours and faced the same economic conditions as men, but earned less than them since wages for "women jobs" were usually set below those for men's.

Women Reaction to the New Immigration

As the protests and racism toward the new immigrants arose, Christian socialists preached in order to stop the racism and protest toward the new immigrants. One middle-class woman who was dedicated to help and motivate the urban masses was Jane Addams, who was among the first generation of college-educated women.

Addams founded the Hull House in 1889, offering instruction in English, counseling to help newcomers with the skills required to live in the city, and child-care for working mothers.

The Hull House served as an Illinois antisweat-shop law that protected women workers and prohibited child labor, and were led by Florence Kelley.

Women & Literature

Emily Dickinson is among the most gifted lyric poets. She did not emerge until 1886, which is about the time of her death. Once she died most of her poems were discovered. She wrote over a thousand short lyrics on scraps of paper, while only two were published during her lifetime.

Another recognized writer among the feminist authors was Kate Chopin. She mainly wrote about adultery, suicide, and women's ambitions. Her works were ignored at her times, but she was soon rediscovered by later reader.

Families & Women in the City

The new urban environment was hard on families as they were often separated and forced to work. This led to changes in work habits and in family size.

Women were growing more independent in the urban environment, especially with the voices of feminists such as Charlotte Perkins, Catharine Beecher and Harriet Beecher, and classic feminist literature.

Feminists were still demanding their rights to vote since before the Civil War, which led the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Among its founders were Elizabeth Candy Stanton and Susan B. Anthony.

Women were permitted to vote in local elections, often related to the schools, in the Wyoming Territory, granting the first unrestricted suffrage to women in 1869. After this in 1890, many states followed Wyoming's example and passed laws that permitted wives to own or control their property after marriage.

Women

1901-1980

Women during the progressive Era

Women proved to be a key factor to the progressive era.

Settlement house movements opened up paths to public life to women.

Women were exposed to public conflicts in cities like poverty, political corruption, and horrible working and living conditions.

Women like Florence Kelley spoke up of the unsanitary environment in factories and Kelley eventually became the first state of Illinois’s chief factory inspector and continued to advocate for better factory conditions.

The catastrophic Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire in 1911 killed 146 workers who consisted mostly of young immigrant women who jumped out of nine story high buildings or were burned to death.

Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire

Suffering until Suffrage

Women also heeded the call for war(World War I) as they saw it as an opportunity as thousands of female workers took over factories and fields that men left to go to war. However, this war actually led to the feminist movement splitting in half.

Many progressive-era women who were led by Alice Paul, opposed the idea of going to war, while the other half, represented by the National American Women Suffrage Association, supported the war.

Those who supported the war, endorsed it because if America would win the fight for democracy abroad, the women have another shot winning their own democracy at home.

The Dynamic Decade

Women in the 1920’s sought for opportunities in cities, but they also organized together in low-wage jobs as well.

Margaret Sanger organized birth control movement, who publicly supported the use of contraceptives.

Alice Paul also led the National Woman’s Party in 1923 to campaigned for the Equal Rights Amendment to the constitution.

Women who call themselves “flappers” with bob hair cuts and much more revealing clothes, symbolized women’s desire for independence and equality.

New Visibility for Women Just ten years after the passage

of the 19th amendment, women sought to expand themselves into the nation’s politics and educations.

The First Lady during the president of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Eleanor Roosevelt, was one of the most revered and visible women during that time. However there were other women who had great influences as well such as Secretary of Labor, Frances Perkins who became the first woman as a cabinet member, and Mary McLeod Bethune who was the director of the Office of Minority Affairs in the National Youth Administrations as the highest African American woman in the Roosevelt administration.

Women in the fields of the Social Science

Women also made important contributions in the fields of Social Science, especially anthropology.

Ruth Benedict developed the, “Culture and Personality movement”.

Pearl S. Buck introduced American readers the life of Chinese peasantry as a novelist; her best-selling novel The Good Earth earned her a nobel prize of literature in1938 as the third American to receive it.

Manpower and Womanpower

Roughly 216,000 women were employed in World War II for noncombat purposes.

Best known women in arms were WAAC(army), WAVES(Navy), and SPAR(Coast Guard).

Women were also used in propagandas to persuade and encourage men to fight for the war.

Also, the postwar period witnessed the expansion of women’s opportunities in employment, but also a boom in population and mothering.

Feminist Victories and Defeats

VICTORY DEFEAT

In the 1960’s women revived their feminist vitality and momentum.

American women won legislative and judicial victories that provoked rethinking of the gender roles.

In 1972, the congress passed the title IX of the education amendments which prohibited sex discrimination is any public educational programs or activities that are supported federally.

The Equal Rights Amendment was approved by the congress in 1972 which declared “Equality of the rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex.”

In Roe vs. Wade, the court struck down laws prohibiting abortions argued that a woman’s decision to end her pregnancy was protected by the right of the privacy which was constitutional.

Women’s judicial and legislative victories were rather short-lived however.

The feminist movement soon faced defeat as they were three states short from Equal Rights Amendment being officially passing.

It was due to Anti-feminist campaigns to stop ERA from passing.

The Anti-feminist appealed to their audiences by claiming that due to feminist movements, divorce rate have been tripled since from 1960 to 1976.

Work-Cited

Kennedy, David M., Lizabeth Cohen, and Thomas A. Bailey. The American Pageant. Boston: Charles Hartford, 2006. Print.

"Women's Rights." ushistory.org. Independence Hall Association, 2014. Web. 18 Apr. 2014. <http://www.ushistory.org/us/26c.asp>.

History. 2010. A+E Networks. 19 April 2014 http://www.history.com/topics/1960s

"Women's History in America." WIC. Compton's NewMedia, Inc., 1995. Web. 17 Apr. 2014. <http://www.wic.org/misc/history.htm>.