foreign trade & biotechnology

8/3/2019 Foreign Trade & Biotechnology

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Foreign Trade & Biotechnology2

Prof:S.B. Choughule

EMIB-IIFT-New DelhiFellow in Shipping Management-

Mumbai


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Topics

Mad caw -Bovine spongiform encephalopathy

GMO- genetically modified organisms

NTB- Non-tariff barriers

IPR-Intellectual property Rights

SPS Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards

TBT- Technical Barriers to trade
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invention


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MAD COW
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center


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Mad cow- Bovine spongiform encephalopathy

Beef products-bones, cattle parts

Found in USA on 22 Dec. 2003

In North western WashingtonConfirm by British Veterinary

Laboratory in UK

US Department of Agriculturetaken action

27 $ Billion cattle industry haddamaged due to this disease
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center


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Bovine spongiform encephalopathy

"Researchers are reporting what theysay is the most compelling evidence,

to date, that the infectious proteinscalled prions that cause bovinespongiform encephalopathy (BSE), or

"mad cow" disease, have infectedhumans, causing fatal braindegeneration
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center


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Genetically modified food

Geneticallly Modified (GM) foods are foodstuffsproduced from genetically modified organisms(GMO) that have had their genome alteredthrough genetic engineering. The process ofproducing a GMO is to take the DNA from oneorganism, modify it in a laboratory, and then insertit into another organism's genome to produce new

and useful traits or phenotypes. Typically, this isdone using the DNA from certain types ofbacteria. GM Foods have been available since the1990s
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_organismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trait_%28biology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotypeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotypeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trait_%28biology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_organisms


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GM food & Human safety

The most common modified foods arederived from plants: soybean, corn, canola

and cotton seed oil.Controversies surrounding GM foods andcrops commonly focus on human andenvironmental safety, labelling andconsumer choice, intellectual propertyrights, ethics, food security, povertyreduction, and environmental conservation.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybeanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_seed_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_safety&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consumer_choice&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_reductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_reductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_conservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_conservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_reductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_reductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consumer_choice&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_safety&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_seed_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybean


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International survey on GM food

A 2003 survey by the Pew Research Centerfound that a majority of people in all

countries surveyed felt that GM foodswere "bad". The lowest scores were in theUS and Canada, where 55% and 63%(respectively) were against it, while thehighest were in Germany and France with81% and 89% disapproving. The survey alsoshowed a strong tendency for women to bemore opposed to GM foods than men
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_labelinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_labeling


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GM food banned by some countries

Italy has banned GMO corps in openfield under its won law

Farmers of piedmont of North Italy

Distroyed 400 hectors Maize containgenetic material


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EU new regulation

New EU regulations should require strictlabeling andtraceability of all food and

animal feed containing more than 0.5percent GM ingredients.Many European consumers are demandingthe right to make an informed choice about

whether or not to consume GMO foods.Some polls indicate that Americans wouldalso like labeling, but it has not yet becomea major issue.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traceabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_feedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_feedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informed_consenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informed_consenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_feedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traceability


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EU V/s USA on GM

The European Union and the United States havestrong disagreements over the EU's regulation ofgenetically modified food. The US claims these

regulations violate free trade agreements, the EUcounter-position is that free trade is not trulyfree without informed consent.In Europe, a series of unrelated food crises duringthe 1990s created consumer apprehension aboutfood safety in general, eroded public trust ingovernment oversight of the food industry,

Therefore EU demanding Non GM food
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_foodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_foodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_tradehttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Aphis.usda.gov_BSE_3.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Aphis.usda.gov_BSE_3.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Aphis.usda.gov_BSE_3.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_criseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_safetyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_safetyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_safetyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_safetyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_safetyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_criseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Aphis.usda.gov_BSE_3.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_foodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union


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World trade of Cotton

Top producingcounties

China-7.1 MillionTonnes

India-4.8 MT

United states 4.7 MTPakistan 2.2 MT

Barzil- 1.5 MT

Top consumersCountries

China-10.9 MT

India-4.0 MT

Pakistan 2.6MTTurkey-1.6 MT

United State 1.1 MT


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Bt Cotton & & India

Bt cotton is Genetically Modified cashcorps

Bt cotton got nod from Govt in 2002

Commercial production from 2003-03Higher yields and reduced pesticide costs

There is quarantine restriction while

import.


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sesame

Russia found aflatoxin B1 andmetallomagnetic admixture in a

sesame seeds consignmentTherefore Indian sesame werebanned in Russia since 1May 2007

Now Russia has allowed Indian sesamesubject to:Sesame seeds from GM organism sourcesshould not be exported to Russia


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Imports of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)for food, feed or processing, industrial processing,research and development for commercialization orenvironmental release will be allowed only with the

approval of the Genetic Engineering ApprovalCommittee (GEAC).Furthermore, the supplement says that all shipments

including products containing GMOs have to carry adeclaration stating that the product is GM

INDIAS STAND ON GM


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Non-tariff barriers to trade can be:State subsidies, procurement, trading, state ownership

National regulations on health, safety, employment

Product classification

Quota shares

Foreign exchange controls and multiplicity

Over-elaborate or inadequate infrastructure"Buy national" policy.

Intellectual property laws (patents, copyrights)

Bribery and corruption

Unfair customs proceduresRestrictive licences

Import bans

Seasonal import regimes

NTB-Non tariff barriers
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_ownershiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Product_classification&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quota_sharehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_exchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briberyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_corruptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundle_of_rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundle_of_rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_corruptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briberyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_exchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quota_sharehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Product_classification&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_ownership


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Intellectual property laws confer a bundle ofexclusive rightsin relation to the particular form or

manner in which ideas or information are expressed or

manifested, and not in relation to the ideas

or concepts themselves.

The term "intellectual property" denotes the specific legal

rights which authors, inventors and other

IP holders may hold and exercise, and not the intellectual

work itself.Intellectual property laws are

designed to protect different forms of subject matter,although in some cases there is a degree of overlap

Intellectual property Rights
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_righthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_right


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Copy right

Books Story writing Software etc

Patent-

Pharmaceutical & Chemical product

Geographical IndicationKolhapuri Slippers -Goa Feni Darjeeling-Nilagiri & Aasam

Tea Basmati Rice from India & Pakistan

Industrial Design

Lay-out-design-mold Formula

IPR what for


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Patent

A patent may be granted for a new, useful, and

non-obvious invention, and gives the patent

holder a right to prevent others from practicing the

invention without a license from the inventor

for a

certain period of time (typically 20 years fromthe filing date of a patent application).

P
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademarkmailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark


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IPRA trademarkis a distinctive sign which is used to distinguish

the products or services of different

businesses.

An industrial design right protects the form of appearance,

style or design of an industrial object

(e.g. spare parts, furniture, or textiles).

A trade secret (which is sometimes either equated with, or a

subset of, "confidential information")

is secret, non-public information concerning the commercialpractices or proprietary knowledge of a

business, public disclosure of which may sometimes be

illegal
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_%28semiotics%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Businesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_design_righthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_secrethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidentialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_organismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_organismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidentialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_secrethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_design_righthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Businesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_%28semiotics%29


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Indian senerio of IPR

Indian Patent Act 1970 is changed inaccordance with WTO agreement of

TRIPS-(Trade Related aspects ofIntellectual Property Rights)

India has passed patent bill 2005

India has opened many offices toregistration of patent


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SPS-Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards &

TBT-Technical Barrier on Trade

SPS

Human life from riskof Contaminants

Health diseasescarried by animals

Animal & plant lifefrom pets andDiseases

TBT

Samplingtesting &inspection

Packaging Marking &Lebeling

Evaluation &verification

Registration Accreditation approval


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SPS Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards

This is WTO agreement which concerns over basic rulesfor food safety, animal & plant health regulations. Itallows countries to set their own standards.

But it should apply only based on science to protect

human, animal and plant life. It should not unjustifieddiscriminate between importing country and own country

Examples

1)Indian ladies skirts were banned by USA without any scientificreason. Saari made by American georget is more flameable thanIndian skirts

2) Pesticide found in Pepsi in India

3) Japan & USA found antibiotics such as Nitrofuran Metaboits


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TBTTechnical Barrier on Trade

Country should ensure that technicalregulations are not adapted to

obstacles to international trade.It should not be trade-restrictivethan necessary to fulfil a legitimate

objective


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Thank You

Xie Xie

Chichen

Please study WTO and Foreign Trade

Prof:S.B. Choughule

[email protected]

foreign trade & biotechnology

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