florian bieber, lessons from the european union for institutional design in multinational states

8/7/2019 Florian Bieber, Lessons from the European Union for Institutional Design in Multinational States

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21 1Union for InstitutionalDesrgn

As hc Euro|.ranUnionhas ncreascdts t i rreign ol icy prol iLe n rccent ears. t hasbeenconlrontedwidr assistrngn the i lsri tut ional esignofdirided socict ies. hefoolsof classie icdiat ion, ( in thc caseof l l )e shoft ived statcunionol Sr'rbia ndl \ lL.ntcnc!ro.rn d he combin.rt jon f ncdial i (,D rnd hc |oslecl ofIU acr'essjon.sin li e cas!-\l C)'prus, rLlebccn uti l i /ed to dcvclopnc\\ inst i tut ionarlrl rnecmcnlsfo r fragi le txtc\ t t uropc . ncighbotrrho.rd.The n.-cd tr denti f) corr\rlex nsti l r l -l jonalsetupso acconrnrodl tc ompeti rtg cl f-detrrlninal ionrovcrnenlsasbccomeconmon cufrr 'r)c\ n internr)l ionalonl l ic l D)[rrgcrncnt. ot leastsince h! 'compl i -. i r1ed al lor I 'c.rceAcconls hiclt crdcd th t l ()92-!)5 osnjrn \\ar. As hr.:hl ishlct lby hc i i l u r . o f t he pc i tcc l ln f i ) r \ ' n rL r \n t hc c l e rendu rnhon l \ f f i o r t o hcc oun l ry ' ' s: ( lacccss ion n, l hc s ho r i - l i \ c J a tu re f d rc S t r l cUn i oooiScrb laa l idNlontencuro.hcrc s nothlng ce\] aboui acconrmodatingonl l ict ingdcl ]randsir rsovcfcignt) r' r statc ian]e, ' \ofk.This chaptcr hi t l l arguc hu l (\nc pfi lnrD rc:ourcc ol lh c l l , in l rconrnrrx lat ingd i i c rs r t f n a ( ' n rp l c \ l l s t i l u t L ( r I elr r l n i e r t t c r r t sas c rn e! i cc icd. : rn re i yhc F .L ii tsel l Thjs \ n(rl o s l rgl lcstha l hc :.Ll s r blue-print \ h ch shoulcl c :r l l rroelsilycopicd. i rst, l i rcctco|ics nc!lcct fcglol )al pccil lcities d thc proccssesn rvhichtl )cscnsi i lul r\ 'us anrcaboLrt. : ccond. hc LU rs a panicLrl l r nst i tr,rt ionulrrangu-D)cnl hr l l )f ! ' \cnls nurrrbcr rl challc ic \ \ \hcn trrnsl i !-( l o e s l rt . ' l r ' lnrc ',r 'o|k\ l r i c h rc qu r rc ( l _ l L rs hn . ' n t s .hc ; c \e rn rngs o tw i t h \ t x nL l i n r .l i c c \ l ) ! f i c n reo l l l ) cl --t l s onc tr l the ]]ros1 ir\ t in! iuld succ!s\ ll l expcriurcntsn insrj lut io0Lrui ldins.\\ 'herers hc fai lLrre f the ji U consti tul i ,m n lcf 'crendl l thc Ncthcflandsan d|iurcc in 2005 might appcrr o d. l lpcn tl )r rsucccss(oflhc ElJ, thc vcru feot hatlhc U has Ic inst i tut iol ]r l i rfeai ly o acconlnrodateuc hcriscsca nbc r iervcdass(rengl l i r lhar hn na rlc:Lkness.ln order10e\l lnrine hcsc l lstrtut ional(r(rls l 1h eEU lnd thci f usel i rLnessor th cstud). f mul t inational tates-his chapter r 11 rst discusshe approfrialcness ftheIIL.Jsa casc r cxarnplc f inst i tut ion bui lding l div idcd ociet ies.S0bscqucntl ) ' ,l\ r 'r lL xplorc heffoccssb} rr hich U inslrlut jons aveev(tvcd an dho \ thispi lni r-ul rr r ' l lc i i i r iac is rcle\ tnl n l rul i inrl ionxl statas. in.rl l ). he chaplcr \ l l dtsuuss' Leclurcr.dnics nd Dtcm orrl telat iors.r)ryersi tyfKcnt. aDrcrbury,nj ted ingdom.I (td gdnd \, 'vr{rar d, I'., Ihd ir 7i)L i and Tuntu o Kar:i,l:c, ,lluhp.aDizdion and ( on l cr Re$lu- t 'on :Thcor ic !J rdP r rxdign) ! . " . lou rne lonErhn, r to l i r i csandMjn l l r t l l ssues inF .un) r r . (1001): scc t t r tnJ I t )h r , l ,De ,n r rc \ rn P lu r l lSoc je l i c , A Cor . t r r l l r \e E rp lo ra r ioD Nr \ H, t \ cn london : rl . l , n i \e r : l t ] t r e { r lq i7 l . pp . 209 ,1 l0


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280sLrchsociet ics Decd to takc into i rccoL t c i t i , /ers. ln addi l iorr. thc) also ha\e toincorporatc intenrccl iale col lcct ivi t ics. \ \ 'hethcr these arc statcs (i n l 'cdcri t t ioDs).l in!:uist ic of cthnic groups (i n consociat ional st i l tcs) of nrcmbcf s l l t lcs (a s in th cl :U ) . t hes e e r l u i f cmore spec i l i c i ty n out l i n ing rcspons ib i l i t i cs nd po i rc rs rhanc on !en t i on r l n r l i on s l a l c s . n t he I rL j . t i s not on ly thc l nu l t i p l c av e rs0r s ov c r -cignt) thrt fcqLri fcgfcl tcf dct l i l . l t is i r lso hc inhcfcDt cnsion bct\\cen thcsesso\-erc ign l i cs . h is l cns ion s pe rh l ps no re b r , i ousn c l l ss ic d i r ided soc ic t ies . uch sI3c l g i u ru r Lc banon .bu t i t a l s o c r i s t s i n t he Lu ropc anUn i on . Suc h a l cns ion src l l c c l e ( l n t hc c r f l \ t u i l u rc s l p fo icc ts o c x pand hc poivc ro l thc I :F l ( r r r r r c ac co l ' n rc mLrc r t a t coppos r l i on . L rc h s l hc [ : u ron ! ' l i n b l i l i c i l l ( on rn ru r i t v l nd t l t cl i u l opc an Dc l i ' nc c on rn run i t y . r l r l c r t hc dcc i s i ono i t hc ( i c f n r l n ( on l i l u l i on i l l( ou r l on t he Nl i l n \ l r c h l I rc i r t \Thc ncc t l i r l spcc i i i c i t l 'o l conrp lcx ns t i tu t ionr l rn lns .n lcnt s t l r ( l s t n i l pp t f c n lc o l ] l f l \ l l o r t r nc cd o i ( l i i y ' r tr r r . l h l ngc o \ c f l i n rc . \ s $ i t h hc r r c c d i ) | s pc c i l i c it r .l l c r ib i l i t r i s no l c \c lus i \e to d i i r r l cc l oc ic l i cs . u l i t l pp l ies to 1h. \ r i r ) | i l f l r c u l r f .\ s i ns t i l L r t i o lsnc o rpon l c r l c n t i t r nd c o l l c c t i r r ti c s .hcr lr e rc e l r r i r c r lo a l lo* l i r rl r r c l l c c t ir rn l c h l ng rng rc l l r t i ons e l * c c n t hc s c L rn i t s . "l i ns l i t r r t rL rnsc tu l l l tc naI i l r l i c i I i r l i ono l l l ' r o l T u l i r t i onn I s t i r t c in d 1hc c \ecu l io l ] r l r l cc is iorr akcn \ rhcs la lc . chnnges n th . fc l l t l onsh lp bc l \ \ecn s l r l c rnd c i t l , /cnsnc c r l t r , bc c i thc rrc l l cc lcdh ) i t l : t i t u t i o r l lr lr d rn l i i l i ( )n f 1hc \ c n \1 i 1u1 i ( )n \cc r i o bc l l e r ih l c l i o f r t hcbc g i nn i n r l 1o c c on r ( ) (h l c : r r c h hangc . n r r s c i ns l i l u t lons c l l c c l [ ] r i i l i ( )n l l l. l l a -r ( ) r i c \ . | l c l ] ! \ c lh l l i c ) f )11 )c rr1 )L rp \ .l fc t l c r o len l i l l l il r ch i i I ]gc \ i s l s . o r r \ i l D r -p lc . l i n a g i \ c n s l l l l cc thn l cg r \ )u f sh l r r c c r l c ns i re ns t r t t r t rona le l ) r c \ c l l l l r t i ( )n .ul( ) \ c f t i r r c c l h l ] i c ( l c l ] t i l Y ccrc l rsc r l ] rn r l r ( ) r l l l l r c er rd rc g i on l t l r l c n t it r l r k c s tsl ) l l r ec .hc n i ns l r l t r t ronsr r i l h l r r c t o r c l l c c t t h i s c hangc o f c n i n r c \ p ( ) r r s i \ aln dl c g i t i n r i r t c .' \ s a c s r r l t . hangc l s t o bc a t hc c o l c o l ' i ns t i t L r t ronalrn rngc n rc n l sr lc on r l ) l c \ L r rdi l i r i r l c d roc i c t i c s . hc rc r - r l i r c t h l t t hc l r r r r ( )pc l l ]n l c g r | t i o l ] has hc c n u p t r r c c s sr u n l i r l d i n g o i c r ' l i l i r r c l r s n r r k c s i t u p o s s i b l c c r r n r p l c l i u c l i r i c l c c lo c i , : t i e s .; \ s c c o r l d o r l s i dc r l t ion n $ h r I p roc c rso r i q r t c dc onc ep tL r i l l i z r i i onl i r l s l i l u l i on i l lrrrangcnlcnts nright bc uscl i r l can bc l i rLrncin thc controrcrsf i lnd lcnslon\ l l rc l ( i \no t c d tbo ! c . ( )n r f l e \ n \ l i l o1 i onst rc hc rc \u l l o1 -c o rnp ron i s cc l $ec t to l j c n eon -l rad i c ton ' c l a i n rs .n the nros t x t rcnrc a jcs . ns t i tu t ions o ld ogc lhc f s l J t r \ t t , l r r r ld i l l i i ent drrc c t ions y cornpc t ing c l l :deten ] l i l ] l l l i onl o \en l c D ts . i c l ]c Iu l l l s l l c l k -ing. sLrch ensions can bc Lrnclcrstood s chal lenging the exis lc l ]cc. ni l l l l rc ln d th cpo \ t c r o l t hq s ta t c n i t s re l a t i ons h i p ) o thc r un i t s (c omnrun i l i c s . i ' d c |a l n i t s .l L r l onon l oL rscg ions . l c . ) . n sue l r i l scs . lr c lu te l sc l l or i l l I ! ' r s t l s o \ t i t u t l o l l slf ca conrpfonrisc.As thc Frrl trr ' ,r/ l . r l rrTL'rrrlocunrcnt.dis lgreenlcrl t nd conlnl t ,mise-sceking are no l onh- nornral .but rre {lc1ui}l ly irncl l tncntal ll - tDport lnt i tspcct n th ccons(i tut ionof denrocri l l ic statcs.

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Lcsso tin theEuropeanUnion ar I^ttfiuianal D.sig in MultinationtrtStates 83teristicofco sociationaldemocraciesor by Wiliiam Riker calledFederalbargainingin caseof th e United Statcs. ' 'El i te bargains, s cxcmplified n the casr- f thc tl l lalsttbare risks. The conlplcxi4, oi these Degotiationsand the deal-making bchindcloscddoors have undermined the democratic legitimacy of the EuropeanUnionand hence ts popularitv. This is compounded urther by the fact that political elitesspeak o di fferentpublrcs. .e. o their respcctivc ountry 'scil izens, n cxplarnrngthcirdecisions. onsequcntly,ests fthe E.U'spopulari ty tv e been obering, c, nsideringboth the shrggles to ratiF{ the Maastricht treatyand the more recent ailurcoflhe EU cr)nsfi tut ion. he nsti tut ionalmcchanisrnshal iken he European niernlo consocintLonalentocracicsould hu s be considcrcd bsti ic le o furthcr nrcgra-t ion.tTCofi ac a .]1a I s ui o 1.rln recent ears, he stud) ofthc EU has no longer bccn confided o intcmatiol talrc lal i r.rns.ut hc jnion has ound ts plac! ' in c(rnpi l t t ive pol i l ics.This r.hanle uscholarship. groundcd n the e! olut ionof thc EU. ln addi t iorl o discursionsn thefieldof lidcralisln studjcs, hc concepr f consociat ional ismas beenappl icd ri thincrcls ing lcqucncy Lr l dcrsland he ErunpearLJnionAs Boogardi loi l i ts oul .the lassicel i turcs t Li lpl tart 's onsociet ional isnranbe drntihcd n rh cEurolrcdrrUnion fioln a gnnd coal i t i (nr l al l gtoups rcad:mcmbershtes), o propoft ioni l lreprescnlat ioDn public adminis l rat ion nd parl iante-nto muiual \elo rights andrut,)n(rn! r.ad suh5i , l i . rr i t-!). '"l j r) l ike nroslconsociat iolalarringenlents_hc !.U has not adopted onsociat ionelapproachcs{) iold toFethcr(. ut ather1( ) stabl ish nc $ p(, l i t}, .As such, hc Ftlis a acntripel i l l onsocri l iol t , stabl ishcdo brjn_tlol telherncntbcrstaies. herelsall classic trnsociat ions,uc has Belgiun and hc Ncthcrland\, re ans\\.crso ecntri l i rgal cndencies.' lt might bc argued ha t the ELi sharcshi s characlerist ic1, i thsorreofthc consociat i rr lal \pL-rjmcntsn rccenl1ears.mr)stnotablv Bosniaal dHelzegoviuir. erbiaand Monlenegroa d tbc Annan Plan or Cl i ,prusAlthoush8o\ernlngolle sovelelgnstatc! hese anangements avc brought togetherul l l tsr,hichha\,c ee nseparate nd oftcndc-facto ndependent. s slrch, hcse onsoerr-1i ( ' \nairrangcntcnts: i rct easl n partccntripctal , vcn fthe experiorcnt: av cbeenof imi tedsuccessn achicving coherenl entre. t is strik ing hat he U has n f 'actbeen ke ypromoter ftheseconsociat ionalnangements.Vhi lcsomeolhers t ight

thus oossibh oftcnng sonle lessons The failure ofthe European Constitution andrh eci al lcneesn rdopting he Maa:tricht Treaty suggest bat this q? c ofprocessisnot lee ofobstrc ics n cascofthe EU either'Funhermo'e, hc di f i icul t iesofthc EUin adaDtinq nstitutions and institutional practices confirm thc above on the Seneralchallenges o suchprocesses Yet, it js importantto notc that two f-eatures'aciiitatedth eproJess f inst iLrt ional daptal iorln cascof th c EU over th e decadcsFirst. hefacithet EU rvas conceivedas a processhas ntade change casier- n essencc,he EUwas driven by a task. lamely c)oset cooperation and integration of thc membersrates. ' l -hensri rl rr ionsol lo$ed th e as kan d he super-structurc let uscal l t a stalefolLorvedhe insti tut iorls.n most stales' hi s process s reverscci Dsti tut ionslnstatcs arcly have he dual iunctiol1 )fadrt'iinistcring thc statusquo, while fromotingan arnbitio; of Irc'aler integrati(tr or some odrer fom of statc translonnljlion. Thisrcversc'd vnantrcntightaccouol oI s('ne oi- l ie greatcrd)'nsnl isnlon the Insi i fu_tiorul r lcveloprnent i th e EtJ. Secondly, he EC/LU changcdby vi f tuc of enlarge-mcnt. n c lassic icbatesf lhe EuropeanUnion ancl t i l l in somepolicl discussionstr)aix!. enl.lrqanre t and deepcning thc two l'l'lostprcrforrnd onrls ofchange _ arescenas alteiatile strategies fthc [']U' thcy nrigl'lt be bettcr und!'rstood asnvo inler-l i l rkedproccsres.nlergemcnthas rl lact bccn a Dlajor orce of changc n th eEUo.,c, hc lccadc.an d ndu(L'Ll nLcJ ,) no t orrlY o adjusl l le nsl i lut ional el-up, ulalso 1r ccal ibr3lehe conccptualbundati ' lnof the union'l 'hisprocess f instrtut ional volut ionha sbecncharacrerisedy incre eilalism an del i te nrgai ing. Thc incrr.:r 'nenlal ist'rspcctive drarvs t i v ie\\ ' ing he nsti tut lonalevolut ioi oft l r. ' fU to a l rge degr c ls d rLrcessl hich s not oni l caprurcd ) rcr -s ions ofthc t lcot ies,bu t which ol ien prccedes ormaL c\ is ionr by ne$'prrrt icesq,hich rke hold de actoonly o be jnsi i tr.rt ioDal izedr rathcr ormal ized eteron.rrI tunhennore. bargatn hrch eslahlJshrse\ r insli luli lnl0l arrrng!-mcnls l iehlbernerclr hc f i rst step, at l lcr hc n hc cnd point ol jnst i tLLtionalcvoLutio As DavidMcKcv ha snotcd. ,. . th e originalbargai i is constanl ly c nesotieted a processthl t n!1\ resul t n lunhcr D,.rl i t icalcntral iTal i (rnL l t rnor'es o\atds decentral iza-Th e pfocess fel i tc bargai in g s d(lminantwhen ci therenti lely ncw nsti tut jons reestabl ishedr cert. in nsti tLl t ionall ictices arc-egalizcd Suchcloscddoorcompro-misc sccking ils ts oots n th coriginsoi ' thc Iuropexn Union a\ i f l tcrgo!emnlentaloroanizatiotiswhore such methods of con'ipromisc seeking arc colt'tmon s At thesaine ime. t remindsol th c cl i tebirrgaining rend Li jphart describes s a charac-

l 1 i i l l l . , - ! n l r , " I .de r . r l r L, r gI . L r t " r " r iun . S rU f r J r . . rBo . .o l In . & B r . ,qn lo . I , .1 1 ) u h , t \ : r . J . . . r , i r . . . : r t i 1 , t n r c - n r e , r , n . o f , t e L u , o p " , 1 l t r . , n .. r . t r . , t A p p i . r 'rL r I c l 1 1 ; r , . r D 1 , f i . . \ ' u l . . \ r J t . L r ( , ) , . r \ , )Ib rd . ,t. - l59 .A L , ? d J . J r d , . / r p " i 1 r , J r r h e p r o b l e n r o f r h e . oo , u o r - l . r r r , r . h r o ( n < . ( L d \ r 1 , . .t u . r . t l e d b , n . . J t , L b L , n . . r e u n r r i b u ( . o o c " r . " . i , r . . r J t r h J J q o o o r h , h e m c - : . r . , "fu c h . r n c n p ( i n e n r sd i d r ' r h e i ' e \ o l L r n n . u 1 . r l l \ . . o n . u , r J r ro r r . r , r . i * . q r , t yr " " , u " i " I t 1 , " n , ;e m p t r j - . i ) hi o o r , , , ' h . C t ; i l : , n . J r r o n o f f L , r e : - s h , r r n c . i . r e r r . \ . , t r ; r o 6 S L e J l . o , ; r J .M J l r r r . l r a . , \ J T , , f r n r r i " n , . r . d n r a c r r r . f e r r , , . 1 . . . f L u r u r ( d n n t e a - . , , 4 n a , J n , r r/ r u r J J l . . . ' u r o p e i r n I no r P o l r , . . . V ^ i , N u 1 i 2 0 0 : J . D r - 0 _ l - o; iil'o"iih; ;'j;; ;i,i;; raiionatniqests r rneactors 'l dreknorms ndvarucsR'rbelsrt3i l t , ' , , ! I tn,, ,s,or .cit,pP l5 l I l6l


6/6

Fl"nu Bttbcrcxaggerate he ) consociational< rge ofthe EU in its foreign policy'20 s the promo-tion-6f power-sharinganangementsa reflcction of the instirutional self-perceptionofthe EU'/ Al thoughno t necessanryel f-consciouslyeflectedwithin th eEU ' dlereio n fr" nu anuUt h"athe EU is a sel f a\rarepouer-sharingarrnngernenlHi tt : : '$ l t a l nc i l " ru d , ' ( . tU c on 'oc l a l i on r l l ' l n dve o r o thc l ( r ' l l l ' l l l e : l l m l gn l Dearcued het fr lqucnt scepticism oruards ,.rnsociai ionalrangr-mcDts,i t ing prob--r"i*

"i i i , a". i ","ric iiclusion. reinforcement i erisringl i cs of div is ionsan d

i""g i .* , f""af" ca n be both conti rmedan d chai lenged n th c case of th e ELI'deDcndjnl n he Pointof \ icwiii. ;'*ii,,,"."i.:""text q hich mules tbc Europcan Union rclevarlt s the rclation-s h i Dbc t \ \ c eDthe r ' l n t t s o rap i l la rs , ' l $us e the t cnn i no i ogy o f cons oc i a t i ona l i s m 'As" O'.1"" "" tn " approp'i , , i .nct ' "i the col tsociat ionel

modcl io r th e fl u betweeni logn.r:a, nt l Cr"po, i t ighl lghr*.one c,f he kc-v iscrcpaDciesctwecn he 'l tJan dcorisociat ic,nl lhc 'or)'s he sr)!crergntv t lhe uni ts While in thc Et l lh c constin'entun i | s l r c ' t r l c tnbe rs ta t c s $ ' i ih i l r r . ' r t ra t i . l n ll s ov c re i gn t \ ' .c ons oc l a t i ( lna ] -s t x l c s x| c""'r, l i " i .-, i . . t rrLn*"rnousuni ts $'hich ac k sovercigntv

antl oi ten alsodo no t pos-,", , . t"o,tY l"nn"O t ordcrs Whi lc t l rrs ist inct ions relc\ int fo r corl \ 'cnt ionalon,""Lri ""ri .1**r, ; t appl ies es s o post-confl ict onsoci :rt ions'\hcre he con\t i t-ucnt uni tsnight lack nicrnationel orereignt 'Y,ut possess uasi-stelcik c leatures'iitu., tl," ItL: may incleedbc a rrt-re appropri'rte coltplrison than many cldssrcexirml leso 'col) ocialionalis]n

h is nol onl) lh c mcreasecl ol)enrl l }of lhe EU to prol l l trte he nsti tut ional esignr n , : ' t . ( u r l l l ( l \ n \ ' l c l l e ' I l l r r p c r r h il t l r a l e l r c I U l c l c ' r l f o l l i r i d c J n c i ' ti. . i . , f". . i t"p,. , na \ \oLr:ht10 l lustratc hc nsl i tut ionalsct-up nd ts e\olLrt ioD111o!idcntl ) lc naterialal lnshtul lonrlJcsrgncrsJt *oti ld h! 'r nl l \ l r l ( to.consideri i r" r. .L-,,rri ,"nri ,u bc easi ly ransfcn d ro roLrnrrics rulrDdLc u urld.Th c devel-op,r' , . . t-oi -; t* iu,t ;ons nr ldecis ionmaling proccsses flhe turopeanUnion dem-onsrrrtcs ha t nsti rut lons everare urtdal"'1s becotrc ' Ihus a diret^t trnslerofinsutlLt ionss es s rui t ful an dpossibLy l enhannl i l l ] . \ \1l i leapp]ylng eSsonseamlin F,uropcitn nlegmtion can be useful clservhere Arl importent caveat'nowever' lsi i r" fu",, f t", t l " A--oropcannion grew out of a strategic ommitment fthe pol i t ical;lit;s to prorrotc intcgration ln man)' divided societiessuch an integrationconsen-sus cannot be takcn for gtantcd'r.vevcrthcless.he EuropeanL'nronha s been conl 'ronled \i th varying dcgrees fcommitntcnt1o r ac k thcreol l touards th e intcgrationprLrcessmong-i tsmembersr.rt.j. ".utting in .unrplrab)e obsr:rc1,.-s.he mos-r ignilicant difJctenccbetween he

Lcsr(r6 antheEaoped Uni.' far Institutto al D.lign in Multinati.,rdlS'nr.rr285EuropeanUnion and dividcd societ iess thc formersavailabil ityof t ime. The inte-gration processhas been ablc 1cl ake its time and to cvolve over half a century asnon-integrationdid not pose an unsustainablestatus-quo. n order words, thc ternpoofintegralion hasbeen slower thaDmost sovcreigncountriesmight be able o afford.Despi tc he di f ference n the inrc 'avai lable or thc institulional volut ion, he ke ylesson rom lhe European nion rcmains he process-oricDledlproach o hc n5lr-tu(io al devciopment. lerc. ou. understanding l insl i lut ionaldesign n diridedsocict ics tands nly at he beginning.

BibLiographyBicbcr, ' l ! , .nan,lhc Chal leng. ' l ' lnsl i tut icnral iT inglhricilr in the Westem l i lk i l rs.(l :uroTon earbook f,{/rr,rrin .(ui .r.Vol . (2001 4i . ' IhcHirgue: luwer aw rrter'nalrc,nal .0{)5.Pp . 9- l )7Bog.Nrds,lal thrjs.Corsorr:rronrlnt,Jrpretat ionsftht ELrropcan,nion:A Cri t ic i t l pp -t^i$1,,1 uropean i rio' P,/r/ i .r Vol . . No . (2()01),.157 7(J.Brusis. aftn, Th eEufope.rnlnic,fan d ntefethnico$crshaang rrxngcncnls ' \c.cs-sionCountrics,(Jorl ralofL! l tnc ]t d l inori t ! l rsaasr; rrro2r'. o. . (2003).] \vaih-bl eat :wu'w.ccmi.de,emie.ClacsH de Vrecsc, usan . I laDduccj . ol l i A. Scrnctko.IaJoG. Boomgaardcn-lh eNews('overagcol the 200,1ELrropcan arliamentary ['crion Camprign n 25 Cc,un-trie\.

florian bieber, lessons from the european union for institutional design in multinational states

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