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First aid
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This article is about the provision of immediate care. For the Transformers character, see
First Aid (Transformers).Wikibooks has a book on the topic of
First Aid
First Aid symbol
First aid is the provision of initial care for an illness orinjury. It is usually performed by a
lay person to a sick or injured casualtyuntil definitive medical treatment can be accessed.
Certain self-limiting illnesses or minor injuries may not require further medical care past the
first aid intervention. It generally consists of a series of simple and, in some cases,
potentially life-saving techniques that an individual can be trained to perform with minimal
equipment.
While first aid can also be performed on animals, the term generally refers to care of human
patients.
[edit] History
The instances of recorded first aid were provided by religious knights, such as the Knights
Hospitaller, formed in the 11th century, providing care to pilgrims and knights, and training
other knights in how to treat common battlefield injuries.[1] The practice of first aid fell
largely in to disuse during the High Middle Ages, and organized societies were not seen
again until in 1859 Henry Dunant organized local villagers to help victims of the Battle of
Solferino, including the provision of first aid. Four years later, four nations met inGeneva
and formed the organization which has grown into the Red Cross, with a key stated aim of
"aid to sick and wounded soldiers in the field".[1] This was followed by the formation ofSt.
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John Ambulancein 1877, based on the principles of the Knights Hospitaller, to teach first
aid, and numerous other organization joined them, with the term first aid first coined in
1878 as civilian ambulance services spread as a combination of 'first treatment' and 'national
aid'[1] in large railway centres and mining districts as well as with police forces. First aid
training began to spread through the empire through organisations such as St John, often
starting, as in the UK, with high risk activities such as ports and railways.[2]
Many developments in first aid and many other medical techniques have been driven by
wars, such as in the case of the American Civil War, which prompted Clara Barton to
organize the American Red Cross.[3]Today, there are several groups that promote first aid,
such as the military and the Scouting movement. New techniques and equipment have
helped make todays first aid simple and effective.
[edit] Aims
The key aims of first aid can be summarised in three key points:[4]
Preserve life - the overriding aim of all medical care, including first aid, is to save
lives
Prevent further harm - also sometimes called prevent the condition fromworsening, this covers both external factors, such as moving a patient away from
any cause of harm, and applying first aid techniques to prevent worsening of the
condition, such as applying pressure to stop a bleed becoming dangerous.
Promote recovery - first aid also involves trying to start the recovery process from
the illness or injury, and in some cases might involve completing a treatment, such
as in the case of applying a plaster to a small wound.
First aid training also involves the prevention of initial injury and responder safety, and the
treatment phases.
[edit] Key skills
In case of tongue fallen backwards, blocking the airway, it is necessary to hyperextend thehead and pull up the chin, so that the tongue lifts and clears the airway.
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Certain skills are considered essential to the provision of first aid and are taught
ubiquitously. Particularly, the "ABC"s of first aid, which focus on critical life-saving
intervention, must be rendered before treatment of less serious injuries. ABC stands for
Airway,Breathing, and Circulation. The same mnemonic is used by allemergency healthprofessionals. Attention must first be brought to the airway to ensure it is clear. Obstruction
(choking) is a life-threatening emergency. Following evaluation of the airway, a first aid
attendant would determine adequacy ofbreathing and provide rescue breathing if necessary.
Assessment ofcirculationis now not usually carried out for patients who are not breathing,
with first aiders now trained to go straight to chest compressions (and thus providing
artificial circulation) butpulse checks may be done on less serious patients.
Some organizations add a fourth step of "D" forDeadly bleedingorDefibrillation, while
others consider this as part of the Circulation step. Variations on techniques to evaluate andmaintain the ABCs depend on the skill level of the first aider. Once the ABCs are secured,
first aiders can begin additional treatments, as required. Some organizations teach the same
order of priority using the "3Bs":Breathing,Bleeding, andBones (or "4Bs":Breathing,
Bleeding,Brain, andBones). While the ABCs and 3Bs are taught to be performed
sequentially, certain conditions may require the consideration of two steps simultaneously.
This includes the provision of both artificial respiration and chest compressions to someone
who is not breathing and has no pulse, and the consideration ofcervical spine injuries whenensuring an open airway.
.
[edit] Training
First aid scenario training in progress
Much of first aid is common sense. Basic principles, such as knowing to use an adhesivebandage or applying direct pressure on a bleed, are often acquired passively through life
experiences. However, to provide effective, life-saving first aid interventions requires
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instruction and practical training. This is especially true where it relates to potentially fatal
illnesses and injuries, such as those that requirecardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR); these
procedures may be invasive, and carry a risk of further injury to the patient and the
provider. As with any training, it is more useful if it occurs before an actual emergency, andin many countries, emergency ambulance dispatchers may give basic first aid instructions
over the phone while the ambulance is on the way.
[edit] Specific disciplines
There are several types of first aid (and first aider) which require specific additional
training. These are usually undertaken to fulfill the demands of the work or activity
undertaken.
Aquatic/Marine first aid - Usually practiced by professionals such as lifeguards,
professional mariners or in diver rescue, and covers the specific problems which
may be faced after water-based rescue and/or delayed MedEvac.
Battlefield first aid - This takes in to account the specific needs of treating
wounded combatants and non-combatants during armed conflict.
Hyperbaric first aid - Which may be practiced by SCUBA diving professionals,
who need to treat conditions such as the bends. Oxygen first aid - Providing oxygen to casualties who suffer from conditions
resulting inhypoxia.
Wilderness first aid is the provision of first aid under conditions where the arrival
of emergency responders or the evacuation of an injured person may be delayed due
to constraints of terrain, weather, and available persons or equipment. It may be
necessary to care for an injured person for several hours or days.
[edit] Symbols
For more details on this topic, seeEmblems of the Red Cross#Use of the emblems.
Although commonly associated with first aid, the symbol of a red cross is an official
protective symbol of the Red Cross. According to theGeneva Conventions and other
international laws, the use of this and similar symbols is reserved for official agencies of the
International Red Cross and Red Crescent, and as a protective emblem for medical
personnel and facilities in combat situations. Use by any other person or organization is
illegal, and may lead to prosecution.
The internationally accepted symbol for first aid is the white cross on a green background
shown at the start of the page.
Some organizations may make use of theStar of Life, although this is usually reserved foruse by ambulance services, or may use symbols such as the Maltese Cross, like the Order of
Malta Ambulance Corps andSt John Ambulance. Other symbols may also be used.
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ISO First Aid Symbol
Symbol of the Red Cross
Maltese or Amalfi CrossStar of life
[edit] Conditions that often require first aid
Also see medical emergency.
Altitude sickness, which can begin in susceptible people at altitudes as low as 5,000
feet, can cause potentially fatal swelling of the brain orlungs.[5]
Anaphylaxis, a life-threatening condition in which the airway can become
constricted and the patient may go into shock. The reaction can be caused by a
systemic allergic reaction to allergens such as insect bites or peanuts. Anaphylaxis is
initially treated with injection ofepinephrine.
Battlefield first aid - This protocol refers to treating shrapnel, gunshot wounds,
burns, bone fractures, etc. as seen either in the traditional battlefield setting or in
an area subject to damage by large scale weaponry, such as abomb blast or other
terroristactivity.
Bone fracture, a break in a bone initially treated by stabilizing the fracture with a
splint.
Burns, which can result in damage to tissues and loss of body fluids through the
burn site.
Choking, blockage of the airway which can quickly result in death due to lack of
oxygen if the patients trachea is not cleared, for example by the Heimlich
Maneuver. Childbirth.
Cramps in muscles due to lactic acid build up caused either by inadequate
oxygenation of muscle or lack of water or salt.
Diving disorders,drowning orasphyxiation.[6]
Gender-specific conditions, such as dysmenorrhea and testicular torsion.
Heart attack, or inadequate blood flow to the blood vessels supplying the heart
muscle.
Heat stroke, also known as sunstroke orhyperthermia, which tends to occur during
heavy exercise in high humidity, or with inadequate water, though it may occur
spontaneously in some chronically ill persons. Sunstroke, especially when the victim
has been unconscious, often causes major damage to body systems such as brain,kidney, liver, gastric tract. Unconsciousness for more than two hours usually leads
to permanent disability. Emergency treatment involves rapid cooling of the patient.
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Heat syncope, another stage in the same process as heat stroke, occurs under similar
conditions as heat stroke and is not distinguished from the latter by some authorities.
Heavy bleeding, treated by applying pressure (manually and later with apressure
bandage) to the wound site and elevating the limb if possible.
Hyperglycemia (diabetic coma) andHypoglycemia (insulin shock).
Hypothermia, or Exposure, occurs when a persons core body temperature falls
below 33.7C (92.6F). First aid for a mildly hypothermic patient includes
rewarming, but rewarming a severely hypothermic person could result in a fatal
arrhythmia, an irregular heart rhythm.
Insect and animalbites and stings.
Joint dislocation.
Poisoning, which can occur by injection, inhalation, absorption, or ingestion.
Seizures, or a malfunction in the electrical activity in the brain. Three types of
seizures include a grand mal (which usually features convulsions as well as
temporary respiratory abnormalities, change in skin complexion, etc) and petit mal
(which usually features twitching, rapid blinking, and/or fidgeting as well as altered
consciousness and temporary respiratory abnormalities).
Muscle strains and Sprains, a temporary dislocation of ajoint that immediately
reduces automatically but may result in ligament damage.
Stroke, a temporary loss of blood supply to the brain. Toothache, which can result in severe pain and loss of the tooth but is rarely life
threatening, unless over time the infection spreads into the bone of the jaw and starts
osteomyelitis.
Wounds andbleeding, including lacerations, incisions and abrasions,
Gastrointestinal bleeding,avulsions and Sucking chest wounds, treated with an
occlusive dressing to let air out but not in.
Emergency bleeding controlFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Minor traumatic bleeding from the head
Emergency bleeding control describes the steps or actions taken to controlbleeding from a
patient who has suffered a traumatic injuryor who has a medical condition which has led to
bleeding. Many bleeding control techniques are taught as part offirst aid throughout the
world,[1]although some more advanced techniques such as tourniquets, are often taught as
being reserved for use byhealth professionals, or as an absolute last resort, in order to
mitigate the risks associated with them, such as potential loss of limbs.[2] In order to manage
bleeding effectively, it is important to be able to readily identify both types of wounds and
types of bleeding.
[edit] Types of wounds
Main article: Wound
Wounds are normally described in a variety of ways. These may deal with a description of
wound size (length) and thickness, or also with the plainly visible wound characteristics.
Wounds may be categorized as open or closed, or as either acute or chronic in origin. [3]The
most common descriptors of wounds are these:
Incisions: Straight edges to the wound margins, as if sliced with a knife. These canvary in size, and may be caused by a variety of objects, including a scalpel, a knife,
any piece of straight, sharp metal, or a piece of glass. Tissue is rarely missing from
the wound site, and the margins of the wound may be easily matched from one side
of the wound to the other for the purposes of closure.[4]
Laceration: Jagged edges to the wound margins, more closely resembling a tear thana slice. The wounded tissue is random rather than straight in direction, and may have
multiple branches.[5] Most often caused by an object with a broken orserrated edge,
such as a piece of broken glass or metal, but may also be caused by a blow from a
blunt object to tissue with bone immediately behind it.
Puncture: Sharp object penetrates the tissue, and travels internally, but does notmove laterally in any direction from the point of entry. [6] Such wounds can be
misleading, as they may appear quite small on surface examination, but extend quite
deeply into the body; even damaging nerves, blood vessels, or internal organs. They
may cause substantial internal bleeding or secondary injuries, such as a collapsed
lung, which may not be readily evident during primary assessment. Occasionally,
the object causing the injury will remain in the wound as an impaled object. A stab
wound from a knife or other sharp object, or a bullet wound would be examples of
this type of injury. Medical professionals usually refer to this type of wound as
penetrating trauma.
Abrasion: A scraping or scratching. Generally quite superficial, and affecting only
the surface layers of the epidermis.
[7]
No internalorgans,nerves, orblood vesselsother thancapillaries, are affected. This may be the result of a fall, or of sliding
(friction) against rough surfaces. The road rash often suffered by fallingmotorcyclists is an example of this type of wound.
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Contusion: Simplebruising. In this type of injury, the capillaries in the epidermis
anddermisare damaged, without breaking the skin.[8] Blood oozes out of these
vessels into the spaces between cells orinterstitial space, causing swelling and
discoloration. Blood loss is generally limited, and not of serious consequence. It
may, however, act as a signpost, pointing to more serious injuries.
Avulsion: A full thickness laceration-type wound, often semi-circular in shape. This
creates aflap which, when lifted, exposes the deeper tissues to view, or extrudesthem from the wound itself.[9] Avulsions often occur in mechanical accidents
involving fingers (sometimes referred to as degloving), and on a more serious note,
may affect the orbit of the eye or theabdominal cavity, exposing the internal viscera.
Avulsions are difficult to repair, and no avulsion should ever be considered a minor
injury.
Types of wounds
LacerationAbrasion on the palm of the hand Contusion
[edit] Blood vessels affected
External bleeding is generally described in terms of the origin of the blood flow by vessel
type. The basic categories of externalbleeding are:
Arterial bleeding: As the name suggests, blood flow originating in an artery. Withthis type of bleeding, the blood is typically bright red in colour, due to the high
degree ofoxygenation. Blood typically exits the wound in spurts, rather than in a
steady flow. The amount of blood loss can be copious, and can occur very rapidly.[10]
Venous bleeding: This blood is flowing from a damaged vein. As a result, it will be
a darker red to burgundy in colour (due to the lack of oxygen being transported) and
will flow in a steady manner. Caution is still indicated; while the blood loss may not
be arterial, it can still be quite substantial, and can occur with surprising speed
without intervention.
[11]
Capillary bleeding: Capillary bleeding usually occurs in superficial wounds, such as
abrasions. The colour of the blood may vary somewhat (distal portion of circulation
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with oxygenated and unoxygenated blood mixing), and will generally ooze in small
amounts, as opposed to flowing or spurting.[12]
[edit] External wound management
The type of wound (incision,laceration, puncture etc.) will have a major effect on the way a
wound is managed, as will the area of the body affected and the presence of any foreign
objects in the wound. The key principles of wound management are:[13]
[edit] Elevation
Keeping the wound above the level of the heart will decrease the pressure at the point of
injury, and will reduce the bleeding. This mainly applies to limbs and the head, as it is
impractical (and in some cases damaging) to attempt to move the torso around to achieve
this. Most protocols also do not use elevation on limbs which are broken, as this may
exacerbate the injury.
[edit] Direct pressure
Placing pressure on the wound will constrict the blood vessels manually, helping to stemany blood flow. When applying pressure, the type and direction of the wound may have an
effect, for instance, a cut lengthways on the hand would be opened up by closing the hand
in to a fist, whilst a cut across the hand would be sealed by making a fist. A patient can
apply pressure directly to their own wound, if theirconsciousness level allows. Ideally a
barrier, such as sterile, low-adherent gauze should be used between the pressure supplier
and the wound, to help reduce chances ofinfection and help the wound to seal. Third parties
assisting a patient are always advised to use protectivelatex ornitrilemedical gloves to
reduce risk of infection or contamination passing either way. Direct pressure can be used
with some foreign objects protruding from a wound, and to achieve this, padding is applied
from either side of the object to push in and seal the wound - objects are never removed.
[edit] Pressure points
In situations where direct pressure and elevation are either not possible or proving
ineffective, and there is a risk ofexsanguination, some training protocols advocate the use
of pressure points to constrict the major artery which feeds the point of the bleed. This is
usually performed at a place where apulse can be found, such as in the femoral artery.[14]
There are significant risks involved in performing pressure point constriction, including
necrosis of the area below the constriction, and most protocols give a maximum time for
constriction (often around 10 minutes). There is particularly high danger if constricting the
carotid artery in the neck, as the brain is sensitive to hypoxia and brain damage can resultwithin minutes of application of pressure. Pressure on the carotid artery can also cause
vagal tone induced bradycardia, which can eventually stop the heart.Other dangers in use of
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a constricting method includerhabdomyolysis, which is a build up of toxins below the
pressure point, which if released back in to the main bloodstream may causerenal failure
[edit]Epistaxis
Epistaxisor a nosebleed is a special case, where almost all first aid providers train
the use of pressure points. The appropriate point here is on the soft fleshy part of the
nose, which should constrict thecapillaries sufficiently to stop bleeding, although
obviously, this will not stop bleeding which originates in the nasopharynx or the tear
ducts
] Clotting agents
Main article: Hemostatic agent
Some protocols call for the use of clotting accelerating agents, which can either by
externally applied as a powder, gel or pre-dosed in a dressing, or as an intravenous
injection. These may be particularly useful in situations where the wound is not clotting,
which can be due to external factors, such as size of wound, or medical factors such as
haemophilia.[16]
First Aid Equipment
First aid kit
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation,search
For other uses, seeFirst aid kit (disambiguation).This article does notcite any references or sources. Please helpimprove this
article by adding citations toreliable sources. Unsourced material may be
challenged and removed.(February 2008)
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First-aid kit of the French Army.
A first aid kit is a collection of supplies and equipment for use in giving first aid.[1]First aid
kits may be made up of different contents dependant on who has assembled the kit and for
what purpose. It may also vary by region due to varying advice or legislation between
governments or organisations.
Common contents include items to help controlbleeding, such asbandages,breathing
barriers for performing CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation), and may contain some
medicines.
[edit] Format
First aid kits can be assembled in almost any type of container, and this will depend on
whether they are commercialy produced or assembled by an individual. Standard kits often
come in durable plastic boxes, fabric pouches or in wall mounted cabinets. The type of
container will vary depending on purpose, and they range in size from wallet sized throughto large rucksacks.
It is recommended that all kits are in a clean,waterproof container to keep the contents safe
andaseptic.[2] Kits should also be checked regularly and restocked if any items are damaged
or out of date.
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[edit] Contents
Adhesive bandages are one of the most commonly used items in a first aid kit.
Plastic Tweezers
Disposable gloves are often found in modern first-aid kits.
Commercially available first aid kits available via normal retail routes have traditionally
been intended for treatment of minor injuries only. Typical contents include adhesive
bandages, regular strength pain medication, gauze and low grade disinfectant.
Specialized first aid kits are available for various regions, vehicles or activities, which may
focus on specific risks or concerns related to the activity. For example, first aid kits soldthrough marine supply stores for use in watercraft may contain seasickness remedies.
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[edit] Airway, Breathing and Circulation
First aid treats theABCs as the foundation of good treatment. For this reason, most modern
commercial first aid kits (although not necessarily those assembled at home) will contain a
suitable infection barrier for performing artificial respiration as part ofcardiopulmonary
resuscitation, examples include:
Pocket mask
Face shield
Advanced first aid kits may also contain items such as:
Oropharyngeal airway
Nasopharyngeal airway
Bag valve mask
Manual aspirator or suction unit
[edit] Trauma injuries
Trauma injuries, such as bleeding, bone fractures or burns, are usually the main focus of
most first aid kits, with items such as bandages and dressings being found in the vast
majority of all kits.
Adhesive bandages (band-aids, sticking plasters) - can include ones shaped for
particula body parts, such as knuckles
o Moleskin for blister treatment and prevention
Dressings (sterile, applied directly to wound)
o Sterileeyepads
o Sterile gauze pads
o Sterile non-adherent pads, containing a non-stickteflon layer
o Petrolatum guaze pads, used a an occlusive(air-tight) dressing for sucking
chest wounds, as well as a non-stick dressing
Bandages (for securing dressings, not necessarily sterile)
o Gauze roller bandages - absorbent, breathable, and often elastic
o Elastic bandages - used for sprains, and pressure bandages
o Adhesive, elastic roller bandages(commonly called 'Vet wrap') - very
effective pressure bandages or durable, waterproof bandaging
o Triangular bandages - used as slings, tourniquets, to tie splints, and many
other uses Butterfly closure strips - used like stitches to close wounds, usually only included
for higher level response as can seal in infection in uncleaned wounds.
Saline for cleaning wounds or washing out foreign bodies from eyes
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_aid_kit&action=edit§ion=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_respirationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket_maskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_shieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oropharyngeal_airwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_airwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bag_valve_maskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspiratorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_aid_kit&action=edit§ion=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesive_bandagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticking_plasterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleskinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dressing_(medical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterilization_(microbiology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teflonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teflonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrolatumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly_closure_stripshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saline_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_aid_kit&action=edit§ion=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_respirationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket_maskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_shieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oropharyngeal_airwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_airwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bag_valve_maskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspiratorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_aid_kit&action=edit§ion=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesive_bandagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticking_plasterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleskinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dressing_(medical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterilization_(microbiology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teflonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrolatumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly_closure_stripshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saline_(medicine) -
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soap - used with water to clean superficial wounds once bleeding is stopped
Antiseptic wipes or sprays for reducing the risk of infection in abrasions or around
wounds. Dirty wounds must still be cleaned for antiseptics to be effective.
Burn dressing, which is usually a sterile pad soaked in a cooling gel
Adhesive tape,hypoallergenic
Hemostatic agents may be included in first aid kits, especially military or tactical
kits, to promote clotting for severe bleeding.
[edit] Personal protective equipment
The use ofpersonal protective equipmentor PPE will vary by kit, depending on its use and
anticipated risk of infection. The adjuncts to artificial respiration are covered above, but
other common infection control PPE includes:
Gloves which are single use and disposable to prevent cross infection
Goggles or other eye protection
Surgical maskor N95 mask to reduce possibility of airborne infection transmission
(sometimes placed on patient instead of caregivers. For this purpose the mask should
not have an exhale valve)
Apron
[edit] Instruments and equipment
Trauma shears, for cutting clothing and general use
Scissors are less useful but often included instead
Tweezers
Lighter, for sterilizing tweezers or pliers etc
alcoholpads for sterilizing equipment, or unbroken skin. This is sometimes used to
debride wounds, however some training authorities advise against this as it may kill
cells which bacteria can then feed on
Irrigationsyringe - with catheter tip for cleaning wounds with sterile water, saline
solution, or a weak iodine solution. The stream of liquid flushes out particles of dirt
and debris.
Torch (also known as a flashlight)
Instant-acting chemical cold packs
Alcohol rub (hand sanitizer) orantiseptichand wipes
Thermometer
Space blanket (lightweight plastic foil blanket, also known as "emergency blanket")
Penlight
[edit] Medication
Medication can be a controversial addition to a first aid kit, especially if it is for use on
members of the public. It is, however, common for personal or family first aid kits to
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soaphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiseptichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesive_tapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoallergenichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoallergenichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemostatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_aid_kit&action=edit§ion=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_protective_equipmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_protective_equipmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infection_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_gloveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goggleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgical_maskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_aid_kit&action=edit§ion=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trauma_shearshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scissorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweezershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syringehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syringehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashlighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_rubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiseptichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hand_wipe&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_blankethttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_aid_kit&action=edit§ion=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soaphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiseptichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesive_tapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoallergenichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemostatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_aid_kit&action=edit§ion=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_protective_equipmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infection_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_gloveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goggleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgical_maskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_aid_kit&action=edit§ion=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trauma_shearshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scissorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweezershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syringehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashlighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_rubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiseptichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hand_wipe&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_blankethttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_aid_kit&action=edit§ion=8 -
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contain certain medications. Dependant on scope of practice, the main types of medicine are
life saving medications, which may be commonly found in first aid kits used by paid or
assigned first aiders for members of the public or employees, painkillers, which are often
found in personal kits, but may also be found in public provision and lastly symptomatic
relief medicines, which are generally only found in personal kits.
Life saving
Aspirin
[2]
primarily used for central medical chest pain as an anti-coagulant Epinephrine auto-injector(brand name Epipen) - often included in kits for
wilderness use and in places such as summer camps, to treat anaphylactic shock.
Pain killers
Paracetamol (also known as Acetaminophen) is one of the most common pain
killing medication, as either tablet or syrup
Anti-inflammatory painkillers such asIbuprofen,Naproxenor otherNSAIDs can be
used as part of treatingsprains and strains
Codeine which is both a painkiller and anti-diarrhoeal
Symptomatic relief
Antidiarrhea medication such as Loperamide- especially important in remote or
third world locations where dehydration caused by diarrhea as a leading killer of
children
Oral rehydration salts
Antihistamine, such as diphenhydramine
Poison treatments
o Absorption, such as activated charcoal
o Emetics to induce vomiting, such assyrup of ipecac although first aid
manuals now advise against inducing vomiting. Smelling Salts (ammonium carbonate)
Topical Medications
Antiseptic ointment, fluid, moist wipe or spray, includingbenzalkonium chloride,
Neomycin,Polymyxin B Sulfate orBacitracinZinc.
o povidone iodine is an antiseptic in the from of liquid, swabstick, or towlette
Aloe vera gel - used for a wide variety of skin problems, including burns, sunburns,
itching, and dry skin; used as a substitute for triple-antibiotic gel to keep a wound
moist and prevent bandages from sticking
Burn gel - a water-based gel that acts as a cooling agent and often includes a mild
anesthetic such as lidocaineand, sometimes, an antiseptic such as tea tree oil
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_aid_kit#cite_note-tpm-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epinephrinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto-injectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto-injectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracetamolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibuprofenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibuprofenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naproxenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naproxenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSAIDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codeinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrheahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrheahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loperamidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loperamidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_rehydration_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihistamineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihistamineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphenhydraminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_charcoalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emetichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrup_of_ipecachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrup_of_ipecachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smelling_Saltshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_carbonatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzalkonium_chloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neomycinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neomycinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymyxin_Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacitracinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacitracinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povidone_iodinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_verahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidocainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidocainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_tree_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_aid_kit#cite_note-tpm-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epinephrinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto-injectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracetamolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibuprofenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naproxenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSAIDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codeinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrheahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loperamidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_rehydration_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihistamineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphenhydraminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_charcoalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emetichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrup_of_ipecachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smelling_Saltshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_carbonatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzalkonium_chloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neomycinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymyxin_Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacitracinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povidone_iodinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_verahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidocainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_tree_oil -
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Anti-itch ointment
o Hydrocortisone cream
o antihistamine cream containing diphenhydramine
o Calamine lotion
Anti-fungal cream
Tincture of benzoin - often in the form of an individually sealed swabstick, protects
the the skin and aids the adhesion of butterfly strips or adhesive bandages.
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