First AidFirst Aid

Dr. Rania MohsenDr. Rania Mohsen

First aid is the initial care given First aid is the initial care given to an injured person.to an injured person.

It must start It must start immediately immediately when when the injury or illness occurs and the injury or illness occurs and continue continue until medical help until medical help arrivesarrives or or the casualty recovers. the casualty recovers.

It consists of It consists of life-saving life-saving techniquestechniques that are performed that are performed with with minimal equipment.minimal equipment.

The First aiderThe First aider

First aid is based on First aid is based on knowledge, training and skill.knowledge, training and skill.

If you're present at the scene If you're present at the scene

of an accident, or during a of an accident, or during a medical emergency, you will medical emergency, you will be the be the First Aider First Aider

Assess the situationAssess the situation

Take control of your feelings, Take control of your feelings, don't act impulsively. don't act impulsively.

Look for continuing danger, to Look for continuing danger, to the casualties and to yourself. the casualties and to yourself.

Decide rapidly whether to call Decide rapidly whether to call for for emergency helpemergency help..

Assess the casualtiesAssess the casualties

A A quiet casualtyquiet casualty may be an indication may be an indication that the person is that the person is unconsciousunconscious. Quiet . Quiet casualties should always be your casualties should always be your first first priority.priority.

Treatment of casualties is according Treatment of casualties is according to to severity of injuryseverity of injury. .

Check response by asking casualties Check response by asking casualties whether they are all right. whether they are all right.

Check airway and breathing Check airway and breathing

If a casualty isn't breathing, ask If a casualty isn't breathing, ask somebody to call the emergency somebody to call the emergency immediately and give immediately and give 30 chest 30 chest compressions followed by two compressions followed by two rescue breaths.rescue breaths.

Continue this sequence until Continue this sequence until

emergency help arrives or the emergency help arrives or the casualty starts to show some casualty starts to show some response (V)response (V)

Further assistance to casualtiesFurther assistance to casualties Aim to give all casualties Aim to give all casualties early and early and

effective help. effective help. Arrange for casualties to be taken to Arrange for casualties to be taken to

hospital where necessary. hospital where necessary. Remain with casualty Remain with casualty until help arrivesuntil help arrives Prevent cross-infection between Prevent cross-infection between

yourself and the casualty yourself and the casualty Take care of Take care of casualty's possessionscasualty's possessions

and ensure they accompany the and ensure they accompany the casualty to hospital casualty to hospital

The quickest way of obtaining The quickest way of obtaining emergency medical treatment is emergency medical treatment is to take to take the person by car to the nearest hospitalthe person by car to the nearest hospital

BUT DO NOTBUT DO NOT attempt to move the victim attempt to move the victim if,if,

The person has The person has a suspected back injurya suspected back injury or any injury that necessitates moving or any injury that necessitates moving on a stretcher.on a stretcher.

If you are alone and the person needs If you are alone and the person needs supervision because supervision because he is very he is very distressed or unconscious.distressed or unconscious.

In general the main goals of first aid are:In general the main goals of first aid are:Life preservation, Prevention of more Life preservation, Prevention of more deterioration , Promotion of recoverydeterioration , Promotion of recovery

AccidentsAccidents

Examination Of The Field:Examination Of The Field:A general look on the field may give you A general look on the field may give you

a rapid and clear diagnosis.a rapid and clear diagnosis. – A person lying below a high tree or A person lying below a high tree or

a building may suffer from a building may suffer from fracturesfractures or internal bleeding or internal bleeding due due to falling from a high altitude.to falling from a high altitude.

– A person A person lying crushed on the roadlying crushed on the road may indicate may indicate a traffic accident.a traffic accident.

– An accident in An accident in a factory or a factory or laboratorylaboratory may be due to may be due to suffocation, poisoning, burning or suffocation, poisoning, burning or electric injuries.electric injuries.

– At fields, At fields, deserts or campsdeserts or camps may be may be due to due to animals' biteanimals' bite..

History Taking:History Taking:A brief history can be taken from A brief history can be taken from the the

victimvictim himself if he is conscious and himself if he is conscious and talking will not worsen his conditiontalking will not worsen his condition. .

BystandersBystanders can also give beneficial can also give beneficial information concerning the cause of information concerning the cause of the accident.the accident.

During history taking you MUST NOT:During history taking you MUST NOT: Push the victim to do additional effort.Push the victim to do additional effort. Let the bystanders to describe Let the bystanders to describe

unnecessary details that may confuse unnecessary details that may confuse you and waste time.you and waste time.

Ask about unnecessary personal Ask about unnecessary personal details and keep the secrecy of the details and keep the secrecy of the victim.victim.

3- General Examination:3- General Examination: First of all you must respect the First of all you must respect the

victim's humanityvictim's humanity and consider and consider the general ethical rules and the general ethical rules and social traditions.social traditions.

Uncovering the victim must not Uncovering the victim must not be in front of the audience be in front of the audience specially if the victim is a female. specially if the victim is a female.

Clothing is first removed from the Clothing is first removed from the sound arm or leg and then very sound arm or leg and then very carefully from the injured one. carefully from the injured one.

First Aid ABCsFirst Aid ABCs If a victim is If a victim is unconsciousunconscious, ,

your first priority is to check your first priority is to check that their that their Airway (A)Airway (A) is open, is open, that they are that they are Breathing (B),Breathing (B), and that they have a pulse and that they have a pulse or other signs of or other signs of Circulation Circulation (C),(C), such as movement, such as movement, crying, or coughing crying, or coughing

Check Airway:Check Airway: 1- If victim is facedown, gently 1- If victim is facedown, gently

roll victim onto their backroll victim onto their back::

Place one hand on the back of Place one hand on the back of victim's neck and other on hip, and victim's neck and other on hip, and gently roll victim over onto back. gently roll victim over onto back.

If back or neck injuries suspected, If back or neck injuries suspected, ask aid of others to keep victim's ask aid of others to keep victim's head, neck, and back aligned as head, neck, and back aligned as you roll victim over. you roll victim over.

1 2

2- 2- Open victim's airway using head-Open victim's airway using head-tilt (even if you suspect back or tilt (even if you suspect back or neck injury):neck injury):

Keep airway opened Keep airway opened using the using the “head“head tilt-chin lift” technique.tilt-chin lift” technique. As in the As in the unconscious person, tongue will unconscious person, tongue will fall back and obstruct the airway. fall back and obstruct the airway.

Put your palm on the person's Put your palm on the person's forehead and gently push down. forehead and gently push down. Then with the other hand, gently Then with the other hand, gently lift the chin forward to open the lift the chin forward to open the airway. [ V]airway. [ V]

3- 3- Check for Breathing and Check for Breathing and Circulation:Circulation:

With victim's airway open, With victim's airway open, look, look, listen, and feellisten, and feel for breathing for 5- for breathing for 5-10 seconds by placing your cheek 10 seconds by placing your cheek near victim's mouth and watching near victim's mouth and watching for chest to rise and fall. for chest to rise and fall.

Check for signs of circulation, such as Check for signs of circulation, such as movement, groaning, or coughing. movement, groaning, or coughing.

If victim is not breathing but has If victim is not breathing but has signs of circulation, go to signs of circulation, go to rescue rescue breathing.breathing.

If victim is not breathing and has no If victim is not breathing and has no signs of circulation, go to signs of circulation, go to CPR CPR ((Cardio-Pulmonary-ResuscitationCardio-Pulmonary-Resuscitation) ) . .

Rescue BreathingRescue Breathing

If adult stops breathing but still If adult stops breathing but still has signs of circulation,has signs of circulation,

Call for medical help, Call for medical help, Then begin rescue breathing. If Then begin rescue breathing. If

child or infant stops breathing child or infant stops breathing but has signs of circulation, but has signs of circulation, perform perform rescue breathing for 2 rescue breathing for 2 minutesminutes before calling for before calling for medical help then resume medical help then resume rescue breathing.rescue breathing.

A- In Infants:A- In Infants: Place your mouth over Place your mouth over

infant's nose and mouthinfant's nose and mouth & give & give 2 gentle puffs2 gentle puffs. .

If no exchange of air, If no exchange of air, reposition infant's head reposition infant's head and retryand retry. Look, listen, . Look, listen, and feel for breathing and feel for breathing and circulation for no and circulation for no more than 10 seconds. more than 10 seconds.

If victim remains If victim remains unconscious and if unconscious and if there there are signs of circulation are signs of circulation but no breathing,but no breathing, continue giving continue giving 1 breath 1 breath every every 3 seconds. 3 seconds.

If there is no breathing If there is no breathing or signs of circulation, or signs of circulation, go to go to CPRCPR. (V). (V)

In Children or Adults (mouth-to- mouth In Children or Adults (mouth-to- mouth breathing):breathing):

Pinch victim's nose closed with your Pinch victim's nose closed with your fingers, and place your mouth over their fingers, and place your mouth over their mouth.mouth.

Give 2 full, slow breaths, each lasting 1 to Give 2 full, slow breaths, each lasting 1 to 1.5 seconds. After each breath, pull your 1.5 seconds. After each breath, pull your mouth away and allow victim's lungs to mouth away and allow victim's lungs to deflate. deflate.

If no exchange of air, reposition victim's If no exchange of air, reposition victim's head and retry. Look, listen, and feel for head and retry. Look, listen, and feel for breathing and circulation for no more than breathing and circulation for no more than 10 seconds. 10 seconds.

If victim remains unconscious and if there If victim remains unconscious and if there are signs of circulation but no breathing are signs of circulation but no breathing continue giving one breathe every seconds continue giving one breathe every seconds for adult. If there is no breathing or signs of for adult. If there is no breathing or signs of circulation, go to CPR. (V)circulation, go to CPR. (V)

CPR (Cardio-Pulmonary-CPR (Cardio-Pulmonary-Resuscitation):Resuscitation):

If the victim is not breathing and has no If the victim is not breathing and has no signs of circulation, then begin CPR.signs of circulation, then begin CPR.

In Infants:In Infants: Place two of your fingers on the Place two of your fingers on the

breastbone just below the nipple line.breastbone just below the nipple line. Your other hand on the infant's Your other hand on the infant's

forehead to keep the head tilted back forehead to keep the head tilted back and the airway open .and the airway open .

Using your two fingers, give Using your two fingers, give 30 chest 30 chest compressions, compressing the chest compressions, compressing the chest about 5-1 inch each timeabout 5-1 inch each time. [V]. [V]

With the infant's head tilted back, With the infant's head tilted back, cover the infant's cover the infant's mouth and nose mouth and nose with your mouth and give two with your mouth and give two gentle breaths.gentle breaths.

Repeat these Steps about four more Repeat these Steps about four more times, which should take about 2 times, which should take about 2 minutes. minutes.

Recheck for signs of circulation and Recheck for signs of circulation and breathing. If infant does not have breathing. If infant does not have signs of circulation and does not signs of circulation and does not begin breathing, continue CPR until begin breathing, continue CPR until medical help arrives. medical help arrives.

In Child or Adult:In Child or Adult: . [v]. [v] Place your hand on the Place your hand on the breastbone breastbone

midway between the nipples.midway between the nipples. Use the heelUse the heel of just one hand for of just one hand for a a

childchild, and place other hand on , and place other hand on child's forehead. child's forehead. For adultFor adult, place , place other other hand on top of handhand on top of hand that is that is positioned on breastbone.positioned on breastbone.

Align your shoulder(s) above your Align your shoulder(s) above your hand(s) and straighten your hand(s) and straighten your elbow(s), using the weight of your elbow(s), using the weight of your upper body to do chest compressionupper body to do chest compression

Perform Perform 30 compressions30 compressions. Count . Count aloud at a steady and fast pace to aloud at a steady and fast pace to achieve this rate.achieve this rate.

With victim's With victim's head tilted backhead tilted back, pinch , pinch victim's nose, place your mouth over victim's nose, place your mouth over victim's mouth, and victim's mouth, and give 2 breathsgive 2 breaths for an for an adult or child.adult or child.

Repeat Steps 4-5 five times. This should Repeat Steps 4-5 five times. This should take about 2 minutes.take about 2 minutes.

Recheck for signs of Recheck for signs of circulation and circulation and breathing. breathing.

If victim does not have signs of circulation If victim does not have signs of circulation and does not begin breathing, and does not begin breathing, continue continue CPRCPR until the victim's signs of circulation until the victim's signs of circulation and breathing return or and breathing return or until medical help until medical help arrivesarrives

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