First Aid and Safety

What is First Aid?

What is First Aid?

• First Aid is the immediate and temporary care given to an injured or suddenly ill person.

• DOES NOT take the place of proper medical treatment.

-seizure in health class -injury in PE class -car accident with friendWould you help?????

Topics we will cover

• Shock• Cardiac emergencies (Hands only CPR)• Breathing emergencies• Bleeding emergencies (bandaging wounds)• Injuries to Muscles, Bones, Joints• Heat & Cold Emergencies• Concussions• Burns• Poisoning/Alcohol Poisoning• Fire safety• Personal Safety

Barriers to act…

• Feelings and questions a person may have that could prevent them from responding to an emergency

• Think-pair-share…– What are 3 of the biggest barriers to act?

Barriers to act

• Panic/overwhelmed• Fear of doing something wrong• Assuming someone else will take action• Fear of catching a disease• Fear of being sued• Unsure of what to do or what type of injury it is

Legal Considerations

• Always ask permission• Implied Consent involves an unresponsive

victim in a life threating condition. • It is assumed or “implied” that an unresponsive

victim would consent to lifesaving help. • IMPORTANT: Only perform first aid for what you

have been trained!

Good Samaritan Law

• Protect citizens who act in a way that is “reasonable and prudent” when giving care– Move the person only if their life is in danger– Ask a conscious person for permission (consent

before care) – Call 911– Continue to give care until a more trained person

arrives– Document what you did

• http://con1.classes.redcross.org/learningcontent/PHSS/PHSS/Flanker/flanker_p6/lesson1/good_samaritan_laws.html

(40 seconds)

PA Good Samaritan Law

http://www.redcross.org/images/MEDIA_CustomProductCatalog/m18105116_Central_PA_Good_Sam.pdf

Help! Emergency!

•Minutes could make a

difference

© Business & Legal Reports, Inc. 1110

Check-Call-Care

• CHECK• First assess the scene by evaluating:

– Is the scene safe?– What happened?– How many injured people are there?– Are there bystanders who can help?

• When providing care, begin by checking the person for life-threatening conditions.

CALL

• If you encounter one of the following types of emergencies, call 9-1-1:– Unconsciousness– No signs of life– Trouble breathing– Persistent chest pain or pressure

• When in doubt, always call 9-1-1.

Call

• When calling 9-1-1, provide the following information to the dispatcher:

• Your name and the number you are calling from– A description of what happened– Your exact location– The number of injured people– The condition of the person(s)– What help is being given

Care

• CARE for the victim– Make sure to get Consent

• Reassure the person• Monitor the person's ABC’s• Help the person rest in the most comfortable

position Prevent the person from getting either chilled or overheated– http://con1.classes.redcross.org/learningcontent/

PHSS/PHSS/Flanker/flanker_p6/lesson1/consent.html

Shock

• Shock: Circulatory system failure when insufficient amounts of oxygenated blood are provided to every body part.

• Signs: – Altered mental state– Pale, cold, and clammy skin, lips and nail beds– Nausea and vomiting– Rapid breathing and pulse– Can be unresponsive

Shock…What to do?

• Lay the victim on his/her back• Raise legs 8-12” to allow blood to drain from

legs back to the heart• Keep the victim warm. Cover with

blankets/coats

Electrical Shock

Don’t touch!

Turn power off

Call 911

Remove person from live wire

Check for breathing

© Business & Legal Reports, Inc. 1110

Anaphylactic Shock

– Give the victim medication

– Call for help ASAP– Start CPR if necessary

© Business & Legal Reports, Inc. 1110

Video Segments & Practice

• What would you do? • Checking an unconscious adult and child• Shock• Assisting with Epi Pen (if time)

Do Now:

Discuss with the person next to you: 1) What are the 3 C’s of First Aid and describe

what you do for each of them? 2) What are two things you do for someone in

shock?

Video: Shock, unconscious adult

Scenario #1

You walk into the library and see that a person is non-responsive at a table….what do you do?

Scenario #2

You and your friend were just in a car accident. Luckily, everyone is ok and you are waiting for the police to arrive, but your friend starts acting odd…their breathing is fast, their hands are cold and their answers to your questions don’t make sense. What do you do?

Day 2: Cardiac Emergencies

Video: The Heart’s Electrical System

Cardiac Arrest

• Heart attacks– Usually occur when one of the coronary arteries is

blocked by obstruction or spasm

• Signs & Symptoms– Pressure in chest (squeezing, fullness, can go away

and come back)– Pain spreads to shoulders/arms– Lightheadedness, fainting, sweating, nausea,

shortness of breath.

Cardiac Chain of Survival• Early Recognition & Access• Early CPR• Early Defibrillation (AED) • Early Advanced Medical Care

http://con1.classes.redcross.org/learningcontent/PHSS/PHSS/Flanker/flanker_p6/lesson2/cardiac_chain_of_survival_video.html

Heart Attack– Make victim

comfortable– Loosen tight clothing– Check for medication– Keep victim still– Don’t give stimulants

Unresponsive Victim

• Check ABC’s• Start CPR/AED• Continue CPR until help arrives. • Each minute CPR/AED is delayed the rate of

survival decreases by 10%• http

://con1.classes.redcross.org/learningcontent/PHSS/PHSS/Flanker/flanker_p6/lesson2/cpr_when_to_stop.html

AED Steps

• Turn on the AED• Wipe the chest dry• Attach pads to bare chest• Plug in the connector, if necessary• Make sure no one, including you, is touching the

person.

Tell everyone to "STAND CLEAR!" • Push the analyze button if necessary, let the AED

analyze heart rhythm

• If AED advises you to shock the person:

• Make sure no one, including you, is touching the person.

• Tell everyone to "STAND CLEAR!"• Push the "shock" button, if necessary.

Video Segments & Practice

• Hands only CPR• Recognizing and Caring for Cardiac

Emergencies• Putting it all together: CPR Adult

Wrap Up Questions

• What are the signs of a heart attack• When do you stop CPR? • What are the steps in the Cardiac Chain of

Survival?

Emergency Simulation Use your ipad to go through simulation

• www.heartrescuenow.com

Do Now• Decide who is Partner 1 and Partner 2• Scenario 1: Partner 1 is the “Prompter” and

will read through the scenario. giviGive Partner 2, the “Responder,” a chance to answer before reading the written response

• Scenario 2: Switch roles.

Day 3 Breathing Emergencies

Signs of Breathing Emergencies

• Fast or slow breathing• Having trouble with every breath• Noisy breathing• Can only make sounds or a few words

• Partial vs complete airway obstruction

Types of breathing emergencies

• http://con1.classes.redcross.org/learningcontent/PHSS/PHSS/Flanker/flanker_p6/lesson4/causes_of_breathing_emergency.html

What to do for Breathing Emergencies

• Check if the person is conscious• If the victim is responsive:

– Ask them what injuries/difficulties they are experiencing

– Ask for permission to help and provide first aid• If the victim is not responsive

– Check for obvious signs of injury (from head to toe)– ABC’s– Provide first aid/CPR

ABC’s

A = Airway (Open? Tilt chin)

B = Breathing (Look, listen and feel)

C = Circulation (signs of pulse/heartbeat)

Breathing Emergencies

• Rescue Breathing-certified only• HANDS only CPRhttp://heart.org/HEARTORG/CPRAndECC/HandsOnlyCPR/DemosandVideos/Demos-and-Videos_UCM_440561_Article.jsp

– Call 911– Push hard and fast in the center of the chest until

help arrives. – Push at a rate of 100 beats per minute

Help a Choking Adult (Conscious)

• Ask “Are you choking?” and ask to help. • 5 back blows

– One arm diagonal across chest, lean person over

• 5 abdominal thrusts– Use two fingers to find navel, place fist

directly above navel, quick upward thrusts. • Give thrusts until the object is forced

out. http://con1.classes.redcross.org/learningcontent/PHSS/PHSS/Flanker/flanker_p6/lesson4/video_conscious_choking_adult.html

• Obese person, pregnant woman, child, self?

What if the person becomes unconscious?

• Gently lower them to the ground• Hands only CPR• If you see and object you can sweep it out

with your finger. • STOP AND PRACTICE

Video segment & Practice

• Breathing Emergencies– Conscious choking Adult and child– Unconscious choking Adult and child

Scenario #1

Do Now:

1) When helping a victim, what are the ABC’s that you need to check?

2) What steps do you follow when helping a choking and conscious adult?

Day 4 Bleeding Emergencies

• Video Segment: Recognizing Sudden Illness

Bleeding Emergencies

Wound: a break in the skin’s surface that results in external bleeding. It may allow bacteria to enter and cause infection.

What are the types of wounds?

Abrasion

• The top layer of skin is removed with little or no blood loss

• A scrape

Laceration

• A cut skin with jagged, irregular edges caused by forceful tearing away of skin tissue

Incision

• Smooth edges, resembles a surgical or paper cut

Puncture

• Deep, narrow wound in skin and underlying organs

• Stab from a nail or knife

Avulsion

• Flap of skin is torn loose and is either hanging from the body or completely removed

Amputation

• Cutting or tearing off of a body part such as a finger, toe, hand, foot, arm or leg

• Treat victim for shock• Recover the amputated body part and put it

on a bed ice if possible. (Cold but not frozen)

Treating Bleeding Emergencies• Check-Call-Care• Use gloves• Cover wound with sterile dressing or clean

cloth• Apply pressure• Use roller bandage (start from end farthest

from the heart)• Overlap several times to cover the dressing,

tape or tie off

• Keep pressure on the wound• Do not remove bandages, do not attempt to

clean severely bleeding wound• First priority is to control the bleeding. • If there is an object embedded do not remove the object.

Internal BleedingSigns: - Bruises or contusions of the skin- Painful, tender, rigid- Vomiting or coughing up blood

Treatment: Same as shock but you ice area you think may be bleeding

• http://con1.classes.redcross.org/learningcontent/PHSS/PHSS/Flanker/flanker_p6/lesson7/video_controlling_external_bleeding.html

Video Segment & Practice

• Playground Pandemonium• Controlling External Bleeding

• Practice bandaging a wound• Wound Scenario worksheet

Day 5 Burns, Bones & Muscles

Burns

First Degree Burns

• Superficial; Only the skin’s outer layer (epidermis) is damaged

• Symptoms: Redness, mild swelling, tenderness and pain.

• What to do: Immerse in cold water 10-45 minutes or use cold, wet cloths

• Cold stops burn progression• Can heal without scarring

Second degree burns

• First and second layer of skin (Epidermis and dermis) are damaged

• Symptoms: Blisters, swelling, leaking of fluids, severe pain

• What to do: – Immerse in cold water/wet pack– Do not break blisters– Possibly seek medical attention

Third degree burns

• Severe burns that penetrate all the skin layers into the underlying fat and muscle

• Symptoms: Burned area appears gray/white, cherry red or black, no initial pain because nerve endings are destroyed

• What to do: – Apply sterile, non-stick dressings– Check ABC’s and treat for shock– Get medical help– Not necessary to apply cold, don’t apply ointment

Burn Activity

• Using your ipad, go to my webpage and click on the burn activity, see how well you do on the questions

• http://con1.classes.redcross.org/learningcontent/PHSS/PHSS/Flanker/flanker_p6/lesson7/activity_burn_care_fact_fiction.html

Injuries to Muscles, Bones, Joints

• Signals: – Cannot use body part– Snap, pop or grating of bones– Loss of feeling– Bone fragments, swelling and deformity– Incident caused severe injury

RICE

• R = Rest– Do not move or straighten injured area

• I = Immobilize– Stabilize injured part in the position it was found,

minimize movement• C = Cold

– Apply icepack (thin barrier) for 20 minutes• E = Elevate

– Do not elevate if it causes more pain

Fractures

• Two main types: – Closed (simple)

• Skin is not broken, no visible wound near the fracture site

– Open• Skin over fracture has

been damaged or broken• Bone may be protruding

through the skin

Treatment of a Fracture

• http://con1.classes.redcross.org/learningcontent/PHSS/PHSS/Flanker/flanker_p6/lesson8/video_injuries_to_muscles_bones_joints.html

Video

• Injuries to Muscles, Bones & Joints

Ticket out the Door

• How is a first or second degree burn treated? How is this different than a third degree burn?

• What does RICE stand for?

Day 6 Heat, Cold, Concussion

Heat & Cold Related Emergencies

• http://con1.classes.redcross.org/learningcontent/PHSS/PHSS/Flanker/flanker_p6/lesson6/heat_related_illnesses.html

Heat Cramps

• Painful muscle spasms most often in the calves, arms, stomach and back

• Signs include muscle cramps, sweating and headache

• What to do? – Rest and cool off– Drink something that contains sugar and

electrolytes

Heat Exhaustion

– Signs: Sweating, nausea, dizziness, vomiting, cramps, feeling faint and fatigue

– Move to cool place– Lay victim down– Elevate feet– Loosen clothing– Give fluids– Apply cool compresses

© Business & Legal Reports, Inc. 1110

Heatstroke

–Immediately call 911–Cool the person down–Monitor the victim

© Business & Legal Reports, Inc. 1110

Signs: Very hot and dry skin, extreme tiredness, and confusion.

Cold Related Emergencies• Frostbite: Freezing of a body part exposed to

the cold – Numbness or lack of feeling

• Skin appears waxy, cold to the touch or is discolored (flushed, black, white, yellow or blue).

• Blisters may form in more serious cases; affected part may turn black and show signs of deep tissue damage.

Frostbite

Cold Related Emergencies• Hypothermia: Body’s

core temperature is lowered, ability to function becomes impaired

• Shivering.• Numbness.• Glassy stare.• Indifference.• Loss of consciousness.

Hypothermia

Fainting– Check for breathing– Administer CPR if

necessary– Call 911 if more than

a few minutes– If conscious, lay the

victim down with feet elevated

Concussion

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sno_0Jd8GuA&safe=active

• Confusion that lasts from moments to several minutes• Headache• Repeated questioning about what happened• Temporary memory loss, especially for periods

immediately before and after the injury• Brief loss of consciousness• Nausea and vomiting• Speech problems that include the person being

unable to answer questions or obey simple commands

• Blurred vision or sensitivity to light

Signs of a Concussion

Grade 1 concussion: symptoms last for less than 15 minutes, no loss of

consciousness.Grade 2 concussion: No loss of

consciousness but symptoms last longer than 15 minutes.

Grade 3 concussion: Person loses consciousness, sometimes just for a

few seconds.

Concussion & Spinal Injuries• http://con1.classes.redcross.org/learningco

ntent/PHSS/PHSS/Flanker/flanker_p6/lesson8/recognizing_concussion.html

Day 7 Poisons & Refreshers

Poison Emergencies

Poison becomes a life threatening emergency when it can cause breathing to stop.

What examples can you think of where this could happen??

Alcohol Poison• PA Law• (f) Exception for person seeking medical attention for another.--A person shall be

immune from prosecution for consumption or possession under subsection (a) if he can establish the following:

• (1) The only way law enforcement officers became aware of the person's violation of subsection (a) is because the person placed a 911 call, or a call to campus safety, police or emergency services, in good faith, based on a reasonable belief and reported that another person was in need of immediate medical attention to prevent death or serious injury.

• (2) The person reasonably believed he was the first person to make a 911 call or a call to campus safety, police or emergency services, and report that a person needed immediate medical attention to prevent death or serious injury.

• (3) The person provided his own name to the 911 operator or equivalent campus safety, police or emergency officer.

• (4) The person remained with the person needing medical assistance until emergency health care providers arrived and the need for his presence had ended.

http://www.legis.state.pa.us/WU01/LI/LI/CT/HTM/18/00.063.008.000..HTM

First Aid for Alcohol Poison

Call 911 if any of the following symptoms are present :• Mental confusion or unconsciousness• Repeated vomiting• Seizures• Slow or irregular breathing• Low body temperature• Pale, clammy, or bluish skinWHAT SHOULD YOU DO IF YOU ARE NOT SURE???

First Aid for Alcohol Poison

How to help: • Put the person in the recovery position.• Make sure they're breathing and that their

mouth is empty.• Clear any vomit away from their mouth.• If they stop breathing, start CPR • Loosen any tight clothing that might restrict

their breathing.• Keep them warm - use blankets or a coat (but

not too warm).

• Don’t ignore someone who is unconscious or vomiting.

• Don’t give someone fluids, even water, if you think they're in shock or unconscious.

• Don’t leave someone alone, especially if they are unconscious.

• Alcohol poisoning video– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VHVd_ydoG8s

Poison Emergencies

Poison Control Phone Number1-800-222-1222Why is this number better than 911 for poison emergencies?

Go to: http://www.poison.org/actFast/1800.asp

1) Click on “Poisoning Info”Select 5 types of poisons to read about and

write a one paragraph summary or reaction2) Click on “Poisoning Stats” What stat surprised you the most & why? (1-2 sentences)

Key Points to Remember

•Medical emergencies can happen anytime.

•Act quickly, calmly, and correctly.

•Consider being certified in first aid and CPR.

First Aid Basic Rules

• Protect yourself• Keep calm• Get help-911• Do not move the victim• Reassure the victim• Determine what to do (breathing, bleeding)• Do it with confidence

Refreshers

• http://www.redcrossrefresher.com/q/first-aid-cpr-and-aed/first-aid/challenge/

• Also click on breathing and cardiac emergencies

First Aid Poster Presentation Day 8 & 9

• 2 class days – Day 1: work on your poster– Day 2: ½ period work on poster, ½ period present

• Each group will choose a different emergency.• 3-5 minute presentation on your emergency. • Make it colorful, at least one picture, neat and eye

catching, easy to read and include all important information.

Day 10Fire Safety & Vehicle Safety

Fire Safety

OCTOBER IS FIRE PREVENTION MONTHhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YciDm_cwPig

The most valuable piece of home fire prevention equipment is?

• School /Workplace vs Home safety• EDITHExit Drill in the HomeHW

Vehicle Safety

• Pay attention to- Road conditions- Other drivers- Your physical condition- Your emotional condition

• What laws are in place to help keep us safe?

Preventing Road Rage

• Avoid blocking right hand turn lane• Assume other drivers mistakes are not personal• Be polite and courteous even when the other

person is not• Avoid unnecessary us of high beam lights• Avoid all conflict if possible, if another driver

challenges you-take a deep breath and get out of the way.

Preventing Road Rage

• Why do you think people are more likely to feel and express intense anger in their cars?

• How can road rage be contagious?• What can you do as a driver or passenger to

reduce risks of road rage?

Impaired Driving

• http://www.cdc.gov/motorvehiclesafety/impaired_driving/impaired-drv_factsheet.html

NO CELL PHONE USE

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dht-Vy25jPs&safe=active

• Homework: Write a letter to your parents promising that you won’t text and drive. Include two facts you learned from class that impacted you.

Homework

Write a letter to your parents promising that you won’t text and drive. Include two facts you learned from class that impacted you.

Day 11 Personal Safety

Recreational and Outdoor Safety

• Know your abilities and limitations• Warm up and Cool down• Learn and practice safety rules specific to

activity– water skiing, hiking, swimming

Complete worksheet about specific safety p 748-753

Safety Plans

• List the Safety plans Penncrest High School has in place.

• Your thoughts on these plans?

Safety Plans

• Fire Drill• Lock Down Drill• Evacuation Plan• “Drug Dog”• Locked DoorsYour role when you see or hear something suspicious????????

Personal Safety• Preventative Behaviors to reduce risk of violence1. Give up personal property if that’s what attacker wants2. Avoid areas known to have high incidence of crime3. Avoid walking alone at night.4. Have car keys ready-check back seat5. Park in well lit area6. Don’t put wallet/purse in easy to grab area7. Stay alert to what is going on around you.8. Report suspicious license numbers to police9. Always make sure friend is in their house before you leave when giving

ride.10. Walk quickly, act assertively11. Consider a self-defense class.