fine sediment management at hydropower schemes considering … · 2020-07-02 · fine sediment...

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Fine sediment management at hydropower schemes considering turbine erosion Dr. D. Felix, Dr. I. Albayrak, Prof. Dr. R. M. Boes SCCER-SoE Annual Conference Birmensdorf, 15.09.2017 Felix (2017) (LCH 2005) Reservoir Turtmangne HPP Fieschertal

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Page 1: Fine sediment management at hydropower schemes considering … · 2020-07-02 · Fine sediment management at hydropower schemes considering turbine erosion Dr. D. Felix, Dr. I. Albayrak,

Fine sediment management at hydropower

schemes considering turbine erosion

Dr. D. Felix, Dr. I. Albayrak, Prof. Dr. R. M. Boes

SCCER-SoE Annual Conference

Birmensdorf, 15.09.2017

Felix (2017)(LCH 2005)

Reservoir Turtmangne HPP Fieschertal

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2

Outline

• Sediment problems at hydropower plants

• Reducing the sediment load in the turbine water of

run-of-river HPPs by temporary shutdowns

• Increasing the fine sediment load in the turbine water of

storage HPPs to reduce reservoir sedimentation

• Estimating erosion in Pelton turbines

• Conclusions

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3

VAW (04.07.2017)

Wysswasser (downstream

of Fieschergletscher)

Variability of sediment transport

VAW (08.08.2013)

M. Holzer

(29.07.2017)

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4

Gutierrez (2015)

Sediment problems at HPPs

Felix (2017)

(LCH 2005)Turtmangne

FieschertalHPP Chevez, Peru

HPP Fieschertal, Glingelwasser gkw (2017)

Blockage of intakes, outlets, etc. Reservoir sedimentation

Erosion on hydraulic machineryErosion on hydraulic structures

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5

• Sediment problems at hydropower plants

• Reducing the sediment load in the turbine water of

run-of-river HPPs by temporary shutdowns

• Increasing the fine sediment load in the turbine water of

storage HPPs to reduce reservoir sedimentation

• Estimating turbine erosion

• Conclusions

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6

Longitudinal profile of HPP Fieschertal

Vertical

intake Flushing

outlet

Storage tunnel Valve

chamber

Gravel and

sand traps

Power house

2 x 32 MW

Pelton turbines

Gross head 520 m

Design discharge 15 m3/s

modified from Felix et al. (2016)

Instruments for

real-time monitoring of

sediment concentration

and sizes

Page 7: Fine sediment management at hydropower schemes considering … · 2020-07-02 · Fine sediment management at hydropower schemes considering turbine erosion Dr. D. Felix, Dr. I. Albayrak,

Sediment concentration during a flood

00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 00:00 06:00 12:000

10

20

30

40

50

Time

SS

C [

g/l

]

July 2, 2012 July 3, 2012

Felix et al. (2016)

Average SSC = 0.53 g/l (2012 to 2014)

Flood peak

return period ≈ 20 years

Page 8: Fine sediment management at hydropower schemes considering … · 2020-07-02 · Fine sediment management at hydropower schemes considering turbine erosion Dr. D. Felix, Dr. I. Albayrak,

Shutdown scenario during flood

00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 00:00 06:00 12:000

10

20

30

40

50

Time

SS

C [

g/l

]

July 2, 2012 July 3, 2012

Resume operation

if SSC < 5 g/l

and considering

the weather

16 h

13'000 t

12 % of SSL in 2012 or

25 % of SSL in 2013-2014

− 50 000 CHF Production loss due to standstill (2 turbines)

+ 200 000 CHF Avoided repair costs (rough estimate)

+ 50 000 CHF Avoided future production losses (estimate)

+ 200 000 CHF Net benefit corresponding to 2.7% of annual revenue

Felix et al. (2016)

Stop turbine operation

if SSC ≥ 10 g/l during 15 Min.

and considering the weather

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9

• Sediment problems at hydropower plants

• Reducing the sediment load in the turbine water of

run-of-river HPPs by temporary shutdowns

• Increasing the fine sediment load in the turbine water of

storage HPPs to reduce reservoir sedimentation

• Estimating turbine erosion

• Conclusions

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10

Reservoir sedimentation

High sediment trap efficiency

Lack of

sediment

Reservoir

sedimentation

Page 11: Fine sediment management at hydropower schemes considering … · 2020-07-02 · Fine sediment management at hydropower schemes considering turbine erosion Dr. D. Felix, Dr. I. Albayrak,

Sumi (2015) in VAW (2015)

Options to reduce reservoir sedimentation

Transport via

power waterway

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12

Turbine

erosion

Fine sediment transport via power waterway

- Reduce settling (e.g. with jet-induced turbulence -> Demonstrator ‘Sedmix’)

- Sediment re-mobilisation by hydro-suction / air lift etc.

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13

SSC

low

high

Turbine

erosion

Fine sediment transport via power waterway

Reservoir

sedimentation

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14

• Sediment problems at hydropower plants

• Reducing the sediment load in the turbine water of

run-of-river HPPs by temporary shutdowns

• Increasing the fine sediment load in the turbine water of

storage HPPs to reduce reservoir sedimentation

• Estimating turbine erosion

• Conclusions

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15

Estimating turbine erosion

Splitter width

Increase of splitter width Δs of the runners

of turbine 1 and 2 (empty and full markers)

of HPP Fieschertal

in 2012 (□), 2013 () und 2014 (○)

s

Modified from IEC 62364 (2013)

0 25 50 75

Δs

[mm

]

6

Δs

/B[%

]

0 5 10 15

Suspended sediment load SSL [103 t]

0.3

0.6

0.0

0.9

Particle Load per bucket PLb [h·g/l]

Felix (2017)

s 3f,s m bΔ =  ( ) )  (K K w PLt t

Bucket of a Pelton runner

(fully coated at the beginnings

of the seasons)

Felix et al. (2016), Felix (2017), VAW-Mitteilung 238

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Conclusions

• At medium- and high-head run-of-river HPPs: temporary

closing of intakes and turbine shutdowns (at high SSCs)

• Various options to cope with sediment at HPPs

• Site-specific optimizations based on monitoring data and

economic analysis

• At storage HPPs if no other option is suitable: fine

sediment transport through turbines (with low SSCs)

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17

[email protected]

Thank

you for your

attention

FieschergletscherVAW (2011)

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Page 19: Fine sediment management at hydropower schemes considering … · 2020-07-02 · Fine sediment management at hydropower schemes considering turbine erosion Dr. D. Felix, Dr. I. Albayrak,

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z

PL t tC k kz

SS ksize shape ha0

b

2

rdness( ) = d

d PLt tK K w 3e f,s m bΔ =    ( ) ( )

Relative velocity [m/s]

Relative erosion resistance of the eroded material [-]

Suspended sediment concentration [g/l]

𝒘 = 0.5 2 𝑔 𝒉𝒏

Number of buckets [-]

Number of jets (nozzles in operation) [-]

According to a guideline of the International Electrotechnical Commission

IEC 62364 (2013), adapted for erosion in Pelton buckets

Model for hydro-abrasive erosion in turbines

Effects of the “flow field” (impact angle) and the bucket size […]

“Particle Load” per bucket [h · g/l]

Factors for particle

properties [-]

Based on a comprehensive literature review (e.g. Meng & Ludema 1995)

Time [h]

Erosion

depth

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20

z

PL t tC k kz

SS ksize shape ha0

b

2

rdness( ) = d

d PLt tK K w 3e f,s m bΔ =    ( ) ( )

Relative velocity [m/s]

Suspended sediment concentration [g/l]

𝒘 = 0.5 2 𝑔 𝒉𝒏

Number of buckets [-]

Number of jets (nozzles in operation) [-]

Model for hydro-abrasive erosion in turbines

“Particle Load” per bucket [h · g/l]

Factors for particle

properties [-]Time [h]

Erosion

depth

Measurements (variable in time)

Measurements (constant)Properties of the HPP

Operation data

?

Relative erosion resistance of the eroded material [-]

Effects of the “flow field” (impact angle) and the bucket size […]

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21

c) Zulässige Erhöhungen der Schwebstoffkonzentration (SSC) in

Abhängigkeit der SSCus im Fluss oberstrom der Wasserrückgabe:

0 für SSCus ≤ 0.05 g/l

0.2 g/l für 0.05 g/l < SSCus < 0.2 g/l

1.5 * SSCus für SSCus ≥ 0.2 g/l

(II) Feinsedimente lösen, fördern und durchleiten Fallbeispiel Walgauwerk, Österreich

Randbedingungen:

a) Sedimentrückgabe

von April bis

September

b) Keine Rückgabe von

Sandfraktionen

Verwendung als

Baustoff

Quelle: nach Sollerer & Matt (2013)

Q [m

3/s

]

SS

C [

mg

/l]

Jahr 1 Jahr 2

Abfluss Q in der Ill

SSC im KW-Auslauf

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(II) Feinsedimente lösen, fördern und durchleiten Übersicht zu praktizierten Fallbeispielen an Speicherkraftwerken

Quelle: nach Felix et al. (2016)mit Francisturbinen

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23

Vor-/Nachteile der Feinsedimentableitung

+ Wegen Verdünnungseffekt mit grossen Wasservolumina relativ

geringe SSC im Unterwasser

+ Naturnahe SSC im Unterwasser («dynamische» Dotierung möglich)

+ Keine Erhöhung der SSC in der Restwasserstrecke

+ Keine Entwässerung und Deponierung der Sedimente erforderlich

+ Keine Spülwasserverluste

Erhöhter Verschleiss und Unterhalt an elektro-mechanischen

Anlagenteilen (Laufräder, Düsen, Dichtungen, …)

Reduktion des Absetzens der Feinsedimente benötigt Strömungs-

turbulenz (z.B. mittels Blasenschleier oder Wasserstrahlen;

«Abflusskanal» in kleineren Speichern)

ggf. Remobilisierung von bereits abgesetzten Feinsedimenten (in der

Regel kohäsiv) mittels Saugbagger bzw. Pumpen erforderlich

Erfordert ggf. Anpassungen am Einlaufbauwerk und im Maschinenhaus

(z.B. Turbinenbeschichtungen, Anpassung des Kühlwassersystems)

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24

Quelle: Jenzer Althaus et al. (2008)

Erzeugung von Turbulenz mittels Wasserstrahlen

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25

Quelle: Jenzer Althaus et al. (2008)

Erzeugung von Turbulenz mittels WasserstrahlenMögliche Anordnung und Betriebsdauer (Fallbeispiel Mauvoisin)

Quelle: Jenzer Althaus (2011)

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26

Quelle: Andritz Hydro, HydroNews 05-2011

• Hartbeschichtung (Wolframkarbid-

partikel in Kobalt-Chrom-Matrix)

mittels Hochgeschwindigkeits-

flammspritzen (HVOF) aufgetragen

• Legierungen (z.B. «Stellite»)

und Kombinationen mit

Hartbeschichtungen

Foto: VAW

• Weichbeschichtungen (Polymere) • Hartschichten schweissen

• Andere Stahlgüten

Begrenzung der Turbinenabrasion

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27

Schlussfolgerungen

Feinsedimentableitung über den Triebwasserweg als

interessante Massnahmen gegen Stauraumverlandung,

besonders unter folgenden Voraussetzungen:

• Verlandung im Wesentlichen durch Feinsedimente

(ist in vielen Speichern der Fall)

• Niedrige bis mittlere Fallhöhen und somit nicht zu hohe

Fliessgeschwindigkeiten in den Turbinen;

• Relativ kleine Sedimentpartikel, DWA (2006) erwähnt Ton-

bis Mittelsilt mit d ≤ 20 µm als geeignet;

• Geringe bis mittlere Härte der Sedimentpartikel

(z.B. Sedimentgesteine);

• Geeignete Turbinenauslegung (siehe z.B. IEC 62364)

betriebswirtschaftliche Optimierung je nach Anlage

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28 modified from Boes & Hagmann (2015)

Massnahmen gegen Stauraumverlandung

(I)(II)

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29

(modified from ICOLD 1989,

Boes and Hagmann 2005, Schleiss et al. 2016)

Measures against reservoir sedimentation

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30

Setup for suspended sediment monitoring

In the valve chamber

Acoustic discharge

measurement

installation (ADM)

(4 paths)

Felix et al. (2017)

Sampling

pipe

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31

Setup for suspended sediment monitoring

In the valve chamber

Coriolis

Flow-

and

Density

Meter

(CFDM)

Turbidi-

meters

Laser Diffractometer

(LISST)

Water

sampler

Felix et al. (2016)

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32

TIWAG

WKA Kaunertal (500 MW), Österreich

KWO

WKA Handeck 2 (136 MW)

Erhöhte SSC im Triebwasser infolge ausserordentlichen Seespiegelabsenkungen

Studien zu Schwebstoffen und Turbinenabrasion

Quelle: Fernandes et al. (2016)

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33

StauraumverlandungEntwicklung des Speichervolumens weltweit

Nutz

volu

men [

km

3]

Spezifis

ches N

utz

volu

men [

m3/P

ers

on]

JahrQuelle: nach Annandale (2013)

1981 1998 2016

Nutzvolumen

Nutzvolumen pro Person

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34

Auswirkungen von Stauraumverlandung

1 Geschiebe, Grobsediment

2 Feinsediment

3 Fortschreitendes Verlandungsdelta

4 Grundablass

Quelle: ewz

Beeinträchtigungen von Betrieb und ggf. Talsperrensicherheit

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35

Stauraumverlandung

Sedimentablagerungen im Räterichsbodensee (BE) während der

Entleerung aufgrund von Bauarbeiten

(Quelle: Stamm et al. 2016)

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36

Auswirkungen von Stauraumverlandung

Verlust der Speicherfunktion Laufwasserkraftwerk

Beispiel Maigrauge (FR)

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37

Quelle: nach Sollerer & Matt (2013)

(II) Feinsedimente lösen, fördern und durchleiten Fallbeispiel Walgauwerk, Österreich

Systemübersicht mit Lage der Messstellen

SSCus

KW

Ausgleichsbecken

Rodund

von Rodundwerk I und II

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38

Wasser von mehreren

Speichern mit verglet-

scherten Einzugsgebieten

+ Flusswasserfassung

Saugbagger mit Sediment-

Förderkapazität von 200 m3/h,

d.h. ≤ 4800 m3 /Tag

im Triebwasser ≤ 1.4 g/l bei

Ausbauwassermenge

2 Francis, total 86 MW,

H = 162 m, Qd = 68 m3/s

Ausgleichsbecken im

Nebenschluss mit VNutz =

1.8 hm3 (ehemals 2.1 hm3)

(II) Feinsedimente lösen, fördern und durchleiten Fallbeispiel Walgauwerk, Österreich

Quelle: nach Sollerer & Matt (2013)

Ausgleichsbecken

Rodund

Vorarlberger Illwerke

Page 39: Fine sediment management at hydropower schemes considering … · 2020-07-02 · Fine sediment management at hydropower schemes considering turbine erosion Dr. D. Felix, Dr. I. Albayrak,

Sollerer & Matt (2013)

Several upstream storage HPPs

from glaciated catchments

+ intake from the river

Floating hydrosuction unit

(capacity 200 m3 sediment / h)

2 Francis, 86 MW, 162 m head,

design discharge 68 m3/s

Additional SSC in power water:

0 if SSCus ≤ 0.05 g/l

0.2 g/l if 0.05 g/l < SSCus < 0.2 g/l

1.5 * SSCus if SSCus ≥ 0.2 g/l

≤ 4800 m3 /day

Off-stream reservoirs with

active storage 1.8 Mio m3

(originally 2.1 Mio m3)

Sediment conveyance through power waterwayCompensation basins Rodund of HPP Walgauwerk, Austria

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40

Page 41: Fine sediment management at hydropower schemes considering … · 2020-07-02 · Fine sediment management at hydropower schemes considering turbine erosion Dr. D. Felix, Dr. I. Albayrak,

41

Quelle: Detering (2011)

Quelle: www.sedicon.no

Saugbaggerung (Hydro-suction)

Quelle: www.sedicon.no

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Sediment conveyance through power waterway

Bolgenach river d/s of the HPP

Reservoir Bolgenach

6.5 Mio m3 (originally 8.4 Mio m3)Hydrosuction unit

2 Francis, 74 MW, 280 m head,

design discharge 32 m3/s

Additional SSC in power water

0.02 to 0.2 g/l (below admissible values)

www.illwerkevkw-welten.at

≤ 500 t/day (80 000 t/year)

google maps

Vigl & Pürer (1996) in VAW (1996)

Reservoir Bolgenach of HPP Langenegg, Austria

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43

V1964 = 309 hm3, V2011 = 215 hm3 −30% bzw. − 0.64%/Jahr

Quelle:

Lai et al.

(2015)

(I) Feinsedimente über Triebwasserweg durchleitenFallbeispiel Shihmen Reservoir, Taiwan

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44

Quelle: Lai et al. (2015)

(I) Feinsedimente über Triebwasserweg durchleitenFallbeispiel Shihmen Reservoir, Taiwan

Typhoon Soulik, 2013:

25% der eingetragenen Sedimente

über modifizierten Triebwasserweg

ins Unterwasser weitergeleitet

Umgebauter

Triebwas-

serweg

Quelle: Wikipedia

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45

Effect of particle size on turbine erosion

Page 46: Fine sediment management at hydropower schemes considering … · 2020-07-02 · Fine sediment management at hydropower schemes considering turbine erosion Dr. D. Felix, Dr. I. Albayrak,

~ 200’000 € Net benefit

Scenario of flood event in July 2012 at HPP Fieschertal (2 turbines)

+ 30’000 € Avoided generation loss because of less reduced efficiency

(estimate)

− 50’000 € Generation loss during 16 h downtime (during abundant inflow)

(2 * 32 MW * 16 h ≈ 1 GWh with an assumed price of 50 €/MWh)

corresponds to 0.6 % of the annual electricity generation

+ 30’000 € Avoided generation loss because of no runner change required

(one turbine at full load, 17 h )

+ 200’000 € Avoided repair costs (rough estimate)

− …. Potential penalty for deviation from the production schedule

(or no penalty considering force majeure)

In this constellation, a turbine switch-off during the flood would have

been clearly profitable

Economic potential of temporary turbine switch-offs