final grammar book
TRANSCRIPT
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GRAMMATICAL CONCEPTS BOOKElisa JonesPeriodo 3Honors Spanish 3
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Table of Contents
Preterite Preterite Trigger
Words Car-Gar-Zar Spock Verbs Cucaracha Verbs Snake/Snakey Verbs Imperfect Imperfect Trigger
Words Imperfect Irregular Preterite vs. Imperfect Ser vs. Estar
Verbs Like Gustar Comparatives/
Superlatives Connecting Words Future Future Trigger Future Irregular Por Para Demonstrative
adjectives Demonstrative
pronouns
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Preterite
actions that are completed to express the beginning or end of a past
action to narrate a series of past actions/events
-AR -ER/IR
yo -é -í
tú -aste -iste
él/ella/ud. -ó -ió
nosotros -amos -imos
ellos/ellas/uds. -aron -ieron
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Preterite Trigger Words
el dia anterior ayer la semana pasada en fin de semana
pasada el mes pasado el otro dia anoche
the day before yesterday last week last weekend last month the other day last night
En Español En Inglés
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Car-Gar-ZarVerbs ending in..
-car change the c to: -qu
-gar change the g to: -gu
-zar change the z to: -c
ONLY IN ‘YO’ FORM!
yo jugué (I played)yo busqué (I looked)yo almorcé (I ate lunch)
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Spock Verbs
ver (to see)/ dar (to give): use the same endings in the preterite
ser (to be)/ ir (to go): have same conjugation in the preterite
hacer (to do)
fui fuiste fue fuimos fueron
vi viste vio vimos vieron
di diste dio dimos dieron
hice hiciste hizo hicimos hieron
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Cucaracha Verbs
Verb 1st Person
Andar Anduve
Conducir*
Conduje
Decir* Dije
Estar Estuve
Verb 1st Person
Hacer Hice
Poner Puse
Poder Pude
Querer Quise
Verb 1st Person
Saber Supe
Tener Tuve
Traer* Traje
Venir Vine
-e -iste -o -imos -e -iste -o -imos -ieron-ieron
all share same endings!
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Snake/Snakey Verbs
only changes in 3rd person
e>i: venir, servir, preferir, pedir.
o>u: dormir, morir.
only changes in 3rd person
i>y: oir e>y: leer, creer
snake snakey
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Imperfect
actions that are not completed to express habitual past actions to describe physical/emotional states or
characteristics.
-AR -ER/-IR
(yo) aba (yo) ía
(tú) abas (tú) ías
(él/ella/ud.) aba (él/ella/ud.) ía
(nosotros) abamos (nosotros) íamos
(ellos/ellas/uds.) aban (ellos/ellas/uds.) ían
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Imperfect Trigger Words
todos los dias siempre nunca a veces a menudo casi siempre todo el tiempo
every day always never sometimes often almost always all the time
En español En Inglés
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Imperfect Irregular Verbs
IR (to go) SER (to be) VER (to see)
yo iba era veía
tú ibas eras veías
él/ella/ud. iba era veía
nosotros íbamos éramos veíamos
ellos/ellas/uds. iban eran veían
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Preterite vs. Imperfect
Preterite: perfect action in the past
Imperfect: unperfected action in the past
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Ser vs. Estar
description origin characteristics time occupation relationships possession event date
health emotion
s location
s present
condition
i n g
ser (to be) estar (to be)
•present participles
-ar: -ando
-er/ir: -iendo or -yendo
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Verbs Like Gustar
hacer
faltar
soprender
disgustar
doler
apetecer
preocupar
interesar
encantar
fascinar
example of gustar: “Me gusta mi perro.” the subject pronoun is placed in front of
the verb, which is subjugated according to the direct object (singular or plural). example: “Te amo” literally translated
means “you I love.”
me te le nos les
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Comparatives/Superlatives
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Connecting Words
aunque también mientras pero por lo tanto a pesar de sin embargo/no
obstante
even though also while but therefore in spite of nevertheless
en español en inglés
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Future Tense
I, you, he/she, we, they WILL. same endings for -ar, -er, & -ir
yo + infinitive + é tú + infinitive + ás él/ella/ud. + infinitive + á nosotros + infinitive + emos ellos/ellas/uds. + infinitive + án
comer
yo comeré
tú comerás
él comerá
nos
comeremos
ellos
comerán
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Future Trigger Words
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Future Irregular Tense
decir dir hacer har poder podr poner
pondr querer
querr saber sabr salir saldr tener tendr valer valdr venir vendr
all still keep the same future tense endings!
all still keep the same future tense endings!
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Por
passing through general rather than
specific how long something
lasts cause of something an exchange doing something in
place of someone else means of
transportation
portal portugal porever porpuse import/export por someone else transportation
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Para
for whom something is done
destination purpose for which
something is done to express opinion contrast/compare to express deadline
paraty paraguay parasites paradon me… compara paramedic!
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Demonstrative Adjectives
always are in the front of the verb always agree in gender & number
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Demonstrative Pronouns
Singular masculine éste (this) ése (that) aquél (that)
Plural masculine éstos (these) ésos (those) aquéllos (those)
Singular feminine ésta (this) ésa (that) aquélla (that)
Plural feminine éstas (these) ésas (those) aquéllas (those)
Singular neuter esto (this) eso (that) aquello (that)
same as demonstrative adjectives, except these stand in for the noun instead of modifying it.
same as demonstrative adjectives, except these stand in for the noun instead of modifying it.
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Elisa Jones 3rd Period
Grammar Book: 2nd Semester
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Conditional y Irregulares
What would happen under certain conditions.
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Present Perfect Tense
using the word ‘have’ or ‘has’ with a past participle.
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Present Perfect Irregulars
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Past Perfect Tense
Using the word ‘had’ with a past participle.
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Subjunctive Perfect Tense
The subjunctive is a mood. Tense refers when an action takes place (past, present, future), while mood merely reflects how the speaker feels about the action.
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Tanto y Tan
Nouns & Adverbs Tanto (a/as/os) +
(noun/adv) + como
Sancho tiene tanto comida como Raquel.
Adjectives & Adverbs
Tan + (Adj/adv) + como
Ava es tan alta como Juan.
Tanto Tan
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Impersonal ‘se’
To form the impersonal se, verbs are always 3rd person singular and are commonly followed by a direct object. Impersonal ‘se’ is used when the verb is not referring to anyone in particular/everyone.
Se habla español aquí.
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Saber vs. Conocer
To express knowledge or ignorance of a fact or information about something
Juan sabe donde está María.
To say that one is or is not acquainted with a person, a place, or an object
Alberto y Alfredo conocen Madrid.
Saber Conocer
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Informal Commands
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Formal Commands
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Nosotros Commands + -mono verbs
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Subjunctive
Used for attitudes, uncertainity, hypothetical, emotion, doubt, disbelief, denial, indefiniteness and non-existence.
Put in ‘yo’ form, then subjunctive ending DudoDudo queque usted usted vayavaya al Hawaii en mayo. al Hawaii en mayo. (use of
doubt)
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Subjunctive Irregular
-car, -gar, -zar (only in TVDISHES
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Subjunctive Trigger Phrases
to doub
t
Dudar Dudar que…que…
to prefer Preferir Preferir que…que…
unless A menos A menos que…que…
It’s important
Es importante Es importante que…que…
to need
Necesitar Necesitar que…que…
to desire Desear Desear que…que…
so that Para que…Para que… It’s difficult Es difícil que…Es difícil que…
to hope
Esperar Esperar que…que…
to insist on Insistir en Insistir en que…que…
I or we hope
Ojalá Ojalá (que)…(que)…
It’s necessary
Es necesario Es necesario que…que…
to ask
Pedir Pedir que…que…
to like Gustar Gustar que…que…
Without Sin que…Sin que… It’s possible Es posible Es posible que…que…
to think
No pensar No pensar que…que…
to tell Decir Decir que…que…
Before Antes Antes que…que…
Maybe Tal vez…Tal vez…
to want
Querer Querer que…que…
not to believe
No creer No creer que…que…
Provided that
Con tal de Con tal de que…que…
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Subjunctive Impersonal Expressions conviene queconviene que............ it is advisable that es aconsejable quees aconsejable que.... it is advisable that es bueno quees bueno que............ it’s good that es difícil quees difícil que.............. it’s unlikely that es dudoso quees dudoso que.......... it’s doubtful that es fácil quees fácil que................ it’s likely that es fantástico quees fantástico que....... it’s fantastic that es importante quees importante que..... it’s important that es imposible quees imposible que....... it’s impossible that es improbable quees improbable que.... it’s unlikely that es incierto quees incierto que.......... it’s uncertain that es increíble quees increíble que......... it’s incredible that es (una) lástima quees (una) lástima que.. it’s a shame that
es malo quees malo que.............. it’s bad that es mejor quees mejor que............. it’s better that es menester quees menester que........ it’s necessary that es necesario quees necesario que....... it’s necessary that es posible quees posible que........... it’s possible that es preciso quees preciso que........... it’s necessary that es preferible quees preferible que....... it’s preferable that es probable quees probable que........ it’s likely that es raro quees raro que................ it’s rare that es ridículo quees ridículo que........... it’s ridiculous that es terrible quees terrible que........... it’s terrible that más vale quemás vale que............. it’s better that ojalá queojalá que................... if only he would puede ser quepuede ser que........... it could be that
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Expressions of emotion & conjunctions of time
sentir que alegarse que temer que esparar que
así que cuando despues de que en cuanto hasta que luego que tan pronto como
Emotion Time