grammar book final jp
TRANSCRIPT
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By: Juan Pablo Pollack
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1. Nationalities 2. Stem Changing Verbs 3.Para 4. Pronoun Placement 5. Indirect Object Pronouns 6. Gustar 7. Affirmative/Negative Words 8. Superlatives 9. Reflexives 10. Affirmative tú Commands 11. Negative tú Commands 12. Sequencing events 13. Preterite 14.Trigger Words 15. –Car, -Gar, -Zar 16. Deber + Infinitive 17. Modal Verbs 18. Present Progressive 19. Adverbs
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A stem change can occur in the Yo form, Tu form, El/Ella/Usted form, and Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes form.
Nosotros and Vosotros do not stem change. Example using Poder, to be able to. u-ue, o-ue, e-ei, e-i.
Puedo Podemos
Puedes Podéis
Puede Pueden
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Para is used in the Spanish language as for is used in the English language.
Ex: Yo cocino la cena para mis padres.
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Indirect Objects are nouns that tell to whom or for whom.
To determine which pronoun to use, refer to the indirect object. Le, Te, Me, Nos, Os, Les.
IOP’s are placed: Before conjugated verb, attached to an infinitive, or attached to a gerrund.
Example: El hombre le vende el carro a mi padre. You would choose le because it refers to mi padre
which is él.
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1. Attached to the pronoun to the infinitive. 2. Attach the pronoun to a progressive tense
verb or “ing” verb. 3. Attach the pronoun to an affirmative
command. 4. Place the pronoun before a conjugated verb.
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If you want to talk about the things people like, change the form of gustar to match the singular or plural nouns for those things.
Ex: Me gusta la idea, nos gusta la idea Ex: Le gustan las personas, les gustan las personas.
Me Nos
Te Les
Le Les
Pronouns
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When talking about an indefinite or negative situation, you should use a negative or affirmative.
Alguno and Ninguno drop of the O to show masculine singular nouns.
Algo Something
Alguien Someone
Algun/alguno Same
Siempre Always
Tambien Also
Nada Nothing
Nadie No one
Ningun/ninguno None
Nunca Never
Tampoco Neither/either
Affirmative Negative
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Superlatives are used to express extreme adjectives by dropping the final vowel and adding “isimo(a)”.
The adjective must agree in gender and number of the noun it modifies.
Ex: La comida es riquisimo. Ex: La limonada es muy refrequisimo!
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To describe people doing something themselves, use a reflexive verb.
Ex: Me lavo la cabeza. When there is not a reflexive verb, the person
doing the action is not receiving the action.Me Nos
Te Os
Se Se
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Affirmative commands give instructions or commands to someone.
Ex: Camina en el parque! When using a pronoun with an affirmative
command, the pronoun attaches to the command.
Ex: Ponte otra camisa!
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When telling someone what not to do, use a negative command.
Formed by taking the form of the present tense, dropping the O, and add the opposite ending in tu form.
Vengas Tengas Pongas Salgas
Hagas Digas Vayas Seas
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Primero- First Entonces- Then/Therefore Luego/Despues- Later/After Por Fin- Finally Antes de/ Despues de- Before/After Por la mañana/tarde/noche-In the
morning/afternoon/night Los Lunes- On Monday
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The preterite is in the past tense.
é í
Aste Iste
ó Ió
Amos Imos
Aron Ieron
Esto Es El Preterito
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Preteito trigger words from preterito
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Tocar Jugar Comenzar
Toqué Jugué Comencé
Tocaste Jugaste Comenzaste
Tocó Jugó Comenzó
Tocamos Jugamos Comenzaron
Tocaron Jugaron comenzaron
Verbs that end in -gar change g to gu.Verbs that end in -car change c to qu.Verbs that end in -zar change z to c.
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The verb deber means “should” or “ought to”. To say what people should do, conjugate
deber, and use another verb in its infinitive form.
Ex: Yo debo comer antes voy al tenís.
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Modal verbs are when the first verb is conjugated, and then the verb immediately after it stays in it’s infinitive form.
Ex: Yo voy comer a la cafetería. (I go eat at the cafeteria)
Ex: Él debe limpiar la cocina. (He should clean the kitchen)
Ex: Nosotros queremos jugar el fútbol Americano. (We want to play football)
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When you use pronouns in the present progressive, you can put them before the conjugated verb estar, or attach it to the end of the present participle.
For an –ar verb, use ando at the end. (Jugando) For an ir/er verb, use iendo at the end. (Comiendo) For Ir or a verb that has three consecutive vowels, use yendo.
(Leyendo) E-I stem changing verbs have a vowel chagne in the stem. Ex: Servir----SirviendoEx: Preferir---- Prefiriendo
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To describe how something is done, use adverbs. When an adjective ends in E, I, or Z, add -mente to the end. Ex: Frecuente----Frecuentemente Ex: Facil----Facilmente Ex: Feliz----Felizmente For adjectives ending in and A or O, add -mente to the feminine form. Ex: Rápido----Rápidamente Ex: Trabajadoro----Trabajadoramente When you use two adverbs, drop the –mente from the first one. Ex: Lenta y Traquilamente.