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Songe, AliceVocational EducationAn Annotated bibliography ofSelected ieterences, 1917 -1960 (Felon College).Ottice of Education (DHEW) , Washington, D.C.OF-80046

44p.Superintendent ct Docorients, U.S. GovernmentPrinting (Alice, Washington, D.C. 20402(FS5.L80:80046, $.30)

EDRS Price ii17-$0.05 NC Not Available from 1.DFS.','Annotated Bibliographies, BooKs, Doctoral Thses,Periodicals, *Subject Index Terms, *VocationalEducation

This annotated bibliography, listing sources t:hichtrace the nistory of vocational education from the early 20th centuryto the close ct 1966, is divided into three parts: (1) books andmoncgraphs, (2) periodical articles, and (3) doctoral dissertations.Citations contained in each of the three parts are arrangedalpnareticallv and include raterials developed tron, 191/ trough1966. Individual entries include author, title, place of publication,year, page listing, vclun,e and issue number (tor periodicals) , and anannotation. Fmphasis is placed on vocational Education in general andthe teaching cf vocational and technical education, and is intendedfor use by teachers, researchers, and aCninistrators. A subject indexis included. (GEL)

V S DEPARTMENT Of HEALTH, EODCTIDN& WELFARE

'FF ICE OF EDU CH DONTN S -WENT HAS PEEN REPHODUCEDEXACT AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON ORORGANIZATION DRIG[NATING IT POTS OFVIEW OR OPINICNS STATED DO NOT FaCESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDUCATION 8051110N DR pD; ICY

VOCATIONAL

EDUCATIONN.An Annotated

Bibliography ofSelected References,

1917-1966 (Below College)

OE 80046

by Alice Songe

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE

John W. Gardner, Santa"?

OFFICE OF EDUCATION, Harold Howe II, Commiiiionfr

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing OfficeWashington, D.C. 20402 - Price 30 cents

Superintendent of Documents Catalog No. FS 5.280:80046

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICEWASHINGTON : 1967

r

CONTENTSPag:

Part I. BOOKS AND MONOG1APHS 1

Part II. PERIODICAL ARTICLES 19

Part III. UNPUBLISHED DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS 35

SUBJECT INDrX 39

FOREWORD

This bibliography lists and describes pertinent sources which trace the history ofvocc,tior r.t education in the United States from the early 20th century to the close of 1966.These reference3 were chosen so that the teacher, the researcher, and the administrator inthe field might gain an insight into the development of this form of education as it hasbeen taught in public schools, private technical institutes, industrial centers, and govern-ment sponsored programs. References to such programs as the Civilian ConservationCorps, the Job Corps, and the training of functional illiterates now receiving welfareassistance have been included.

It will he noted that many phases of this subject have not been included. Emphasisis placed on vocational education in general and the teaching of vocational and technicaleducation.

Acknowledgement is made of the valuable advice and guidance offered by manyspecialists in the Office of Education and elsewhere in the Department. Special thanksare due Mr. Howard K. Hogan who until his recent retirement from the Division of Voca-tional and Technical Education gave generously from his store of wisdom and knowledge.

WALTER M. ARNOLD,Assistant Commissioner and Director,Division of Vocational and Technical Education.

PREFACE

The publication of this work has one major purpose: to furnish pertinent altd avail-able sources of information for school personnel responsible for administering Federal,State, and local programs in vocational education below college level.

The annotation following each item attempts to give a brief summary of that work,and in some instances indicates what way one may beat use the publication. Particularsubjects in this bibliography may be located by using the subject index. Vocational edu-cation such as agricultural, home economics, distributive, and commercial training maybe found only in the general references. Alphabetically arranged by author, these refer-ences also provide a name list of people who have made valuable contributions in the fieldof vocational education. References to vocational guidance, vocational rehabilitation,and vocational teacher training are not included.

The periodical articles cover generally the last 11 years, 1955-66, in order to embracethe most current opinions. However, the books and doctoral dissertations go back to1900. Histories of vocational education legislation are to be found in many of the sourcesquoted. Those congressional documents believed to be vital as primary sources havebeen included. Annotations are not given for the doctoral dissertations since the titlesare explanatory in most cases.

In collecting the references the catalogs of both the Department library and theLibrary of Congress were examin:d. This bibliography was compiled by Slice H. Songe,education specialist, under the direction of Charles Gately, associate librarian for readersservices.

KANARDY L. TAYLOR,Department Librarian.

Part IBOOKS AND MONOGRAPHS

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOL ADMIN-

ISTRATORS. Educational administrationin a changing community. Thirty-seventh yearbook. Washington, TheAssociation, a department of the Na-tional Education Association, 1959.221 pp.

A summary of the research on com-munity structures and techniques. Aguide for studying the community as apreface to planning and operating effec-tive educational programs, including aneffective vocational education program.

AMERICAN ENTER} RISE INSTITUTE. Legis-lative analysis: the youth employmentbill, S. 1, H.R. 1890. Washington, 1963.21 pp. (88th Cong., 1st sees., AEI re-port, No. 2, Mar. 14, 1953.)

An analysis of the historical back-ground of this proposal. A summary ofthe bill's provisions and the kir wtanceof the issues concerning uner, ployedyouth.

BARLOW, MELVIN L. Principles of tradeand industrial education. Austin, theUniversity of Texas Press, 1963.150 pp.

A review of the philosophical basis ofindustrial education and a historical ac-count of such training during the 1906-17 period.

BAWDEN, WILLIAM T. Leaders in indus-trial education. Mil aukee, Wis., BrucePublishing Co., 1950. 196 pp.

Chapters are devoted to the work ofC. M. Woodward, C. R. Russell, F. G.Bonser, I. S. Griffith, J. I). Runkle, L. D.Harvey, J. H. Stout, W. E. Roberts, andF. T. Struck. A bibliography is included.

BECKER, JOSEPH M. In aid of the unem-ployed. Baltimore, John Hopkins Press,1965. 317 pp.

A history and current evaluation ofprograms to aid the unemployed in theUnited States. In chapter 2 (pp. 227-250), Gerald Somers reviews publictraining programs and assesses govern-ment and private retraining of the un-employed.

BENNETT, CHARLES A. History of manualand industrial education up to 1870.Peoria, Ill., Manual Arts Press, 1926.461 pp.

General historical development oflabor and learning, beginning with theGreeks and their attitudes toward themechanical arts. Covers the develop-ment of industrial education and schoolsin Europe and the transfer of theseideas and movements to America. In-cludes reprints of source material in thisfield.

History of manual and industrialeducation 1870-1917. Peoria, Ill.Manua/ Arts Press, 1987.

A continuation of the author's earliervolume. The last five chapters (pp. 310-552) are devoted to education in theUnited States, with emphasis on the de-velopment of shopwork training andmanual training in the elementary andsecondary school, teacher training, andthe vocational education movement.

BENNETT, GUY. Vocational education ofjunior college grade: Baltimore, War-wick and York, 1928. 244 pp.

The status of vocational training inthe junior college in the early 1920's.Useful as a source of statistics (takenfrom the 1920 census) on occupationspursued by junior college students ineach State and the types of training fur-nished by the institutions surveyed.

BIRCHILL, GEORGE W. Work study pro-grams for alienated youth. Chicago,

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Science Research Associates, Inc., 1962.265 pp.

A casebook describing nine work studyprograms for secondary students pro-vided by eight public school systems andone private group.

BORROW, HENRY, ed. Man in a world atwork. New York, Houghton Mifflin,1964. 606 pp.

The 50th anniversary of the NationalVocational Guidance Association wasmarked by the publication of this vol-ume. It represents "the profession'sbest thinking on the nature of vocationalguidance, the meaning of the humanwork experience, the relationship of theindividual to the labor force, and re-search and practice in vocational guid-ance." Contains papers of 24 contrib-utors ire the field.

BRICKMAN WILLIAM W., ed. Automation,education, and human values, edited byWilliam W. Brickman ar,ci StanleyLehrer. New York, School and Society,1966. 419 pp.

This work consists of essays by emi-nent educators and others or the effectsof technological change on the home,training received in school, government,the American economy, employment, anduse of leisure time.

BROACH, HOWELL H. and JULIA O'CONNORPARKER. The experience of labor withtrade and industrial education." Ap-pendix A. In Vocational Education byJohn Dale Russell and associates. StaffStudy No. 8. Prepared for the AdvisoryCommittee on Education. (

ton, U.S. Government Printing Office,1938) pp. 241-289.

A special report prepared for the Ad-visory Committee on Education. Con-tents : History of labor's attitude up tothe passage of the Smith-Hughes Act,changes in attitudes, reasons for dis-satisfaction; general criticism 'ay or-ganized labor of vocational education insecondary schools and in industrialplants, labor representation on advisoryboards of vocational educational institu-tions; recommendations; and summary.

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BROOKOVER, WILBUR S., and SIGMUNDNOSGW. "A sociological analysis ofvocational education in the UnitedStates." In Education for a ChangingWorld of Work. Report of the Panel ofConsultants on Vocational Education.Appendix III. (Washington, U.S. Gov-ernment Printing Office, 1963) pp. 21-52.

A discussion of the relationships be-tween vocational education and socialinstitutions. Topics covered: The so-cial setting of vocational education ; con-temporary vocational education in theUnited States ; and a conceptual ap-proach to the sociological analysis ofvocational education.

BRYAM, HAROLD M, and RALPH C. WEN-RICH. Vocational education and prac-tical arts in the community school. NewYork, Macmillan, 1956. 512 pp.

Written primarily as a college text,this book gives emphasis to the role ofthe community in ;ntroducing and main-taining vocational education programs inits schools. Attention is given to theFederal and State laws which enablevocational programs to exist and themeans to develop these aids in the com-munity.

CARTWRIGHT, MORSE ADAMS, ed. Unem-ployment and adult education, a sympo-sium on certain problems of re-educationarising from "permanent layoff"thedisplacement of men and women in in-dustry through the introduction ofmachinery and other laborsaving devicessometimes known as technological un-employment . . . New York, AmericanAssociation for Adult Education, 1931.63 pp.

Papers and excerpts from the proceed-ings of this symposium held under theauspices of the American Association forAdult Education in New York, December18, 1930.

CLARK, HAROLD F. The economic and so-cial background of vocational educationin the United States." /n Education fora Changing World of Work. Report ofthe Panel of Consultants on VocationalEducation. Appendix III. (Washing-

ton, U.S. Government Printing Office,1963) pp. 1-17.

Generalizations on various aspects ofvocational training as it exists today inthe United States. Partial contents:Vocational training by schools, businessand industry, the military, and by vari-ous agencies and vocational educationand training needed by various parts ofthe population. Six recommendationsare given by the author.

CLARK, HAROLD F., r. nd HAROLD S. SLOAN.Classrooms in the factories. Ruther-ford, N.J., Fairleigh Dickinson Uni-versity, Institute of Research, 1958.139 pp.

The subtitle of this report is : "An ac-count of educational activities conductedby American industry." Confined toapproximately 500 of the largest Ameri-can industrial corporations, the study de-scribes the various courses offered andthe means used in judging the achieve-ments of those participating in theclasses.

COLORADO DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION.Southwestern States developmentalproject relating to educational needs ofadult agricdltural migrants. CalvinRaymond Orr, Project Director. Den-ver, 1965. 83 pp. (Cooperative re-search report No. K-005)

A description of the developmentalproject to assist the adult migrantworker. It was conducted through thecooperation of the chief State school offi-cers of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico,and Texas and the colleges of educationof Arizona State University, Universityof New Mexico, University of Texas, andAdams State Co lege.

COMMITTEE FOR ECCNOMIC DEVELOPMENT.Raising low incomes through improvededucation ; a statement on national policyby the Research and Policy Committeeof the Committee for Economic Develop-ment. New York, 1965. 51 pp.

A description of some of the improve-ments and extensions of educational pro-grams to raise the level of productivityand the incomes of many Americans.

21n kin 0- 67 - 2

CONFERENCE ON UNEMPLOYED OUT-OF-SCHOOL YOUTH IN URBAN AREAS. So-cial dynamite. (Washington) NationalCommittee for Children and Youth.1961. 265 pp.

This report includes a listing of theservices, programs, and projects in effectthat deal with the problems of unem-ployed youth and a bibliography, ofreferences.

I)EARBORN, NED H. Once in a lifetime; aguide to the CCC camp. New York,Charles E. Merrill Co., 1936. 308 pp.

Prepared for the CCC camp enrollee,this guidebook offers a detailed accountof the organization of the camps, coursesoffered, and tl,e approach used in moti-vating the students to greater achieve-ments.

DICKINSON, WILLIAM B., Jr. Retrainingfor new jobs. Washington, EditorialResearch Reports, 1962. 775-792 pp.(Edkorial research reports, 1962, v. 2,No. 16, Oct. 31, 1962)

Contents: Need to retrain displacedworkers; State and Federal retrainingplans; retraining provisions of trade ex-pansion act,; obstacles to effective train-ing; and foreign experience with re-training.

"Education and Industry." In The Trans-formation of the School Ly Lawrence A.Cremin. (New York, Alfred Knopf,1961) pp. 23-57.

The historical movement in vocationaleducation is described up to and includ-ing the passage of the Smith-Hughes Actof 1917.

EDUCATIONAL POLICIES COMMISSION.Manpower and education. Washington,National Eduction Association, 1956.128 pp.

This report is devoted to facts concern-ing the Nation's manpower situation andrecommendations for education concern-ing shortages and underused potentialsin American manpower.

EELLS, WALTER C. Present status of jun-ior college terminal education. Wash-ington, American Associction of Junior

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Colleges, 1941. 340 pp. (Terminaleducation monograph No. 2)

A report prepared for the Commissionon Junior College Terminal Education ofthe American Association of Junior Col-leges. This book describes the eightparts of the vocational curricula predom-inant the 610 junior colleges under ex-amination and methods used in creatingeffective training.

EMERSON, LYNN A. "Technical trainingin the United States." In Education fora chlriging world of work : Report of thePanel of Consultants on Vocational Edu-c a t i o n. Appendix 1. (Washington,U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993.)170 pp.

This report is devoted to technical edu-cation on semiprofessional levels and itsrole in providing trained workers for in-dustry, including methods in whichworkers are prepared to fill jobs avail-able. A survey of the current needs fortechnicians is given, how these needs arebeing met, and recommendations formeeting future needs.

EVANS, LUTHER H. and GEORGE E. ARN-STEIN, eds. Automation and the chal-lenge to education. Washington, Na-tional Education Association, 1962. 190pp.

Proceedings of a symposium held inWashington, D.C., January 17-19, 1962,sponsored by the Project on the Educa-Com] Implications of Automation ofthe National Education Association.Twelve representatives of education,economics, political science, labor, andmanagement submitted papers on howeducation can best answer the challengeof automation.

FERN, GEORGE H. What is vocational edu-cation? A series of discourses on vari-ous aspects of vocational education.Chicago, American Technical Society,1944. 159 pp.

Written mainly for the "general edu-cator" to show how vocational educationfits into the general curriculum, its pur-poses, and philosophy.

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GARDNER, JOHN W. "From high school tojob." In Annual Report, Carnegie Cor-poration of New York, 1959-60. (NewYork, 1960) pp. 11-20.

What should be done, and what couldbe done, for that segment of Americanyouth whose formal schooling ends withhigh school. The discussion includessuggestions for effective "transition?/experiences" from high school to job.The work-study program is includedamong the examples.

GINZBERG, ELI, and others, Occupationalchoice ; an approach to a general theory.New York, Columl da University Press,1951. 271 pp.

The data reported in this book is basedon 91 interviews with students from thesixth grade to graduate school. It hasvalue for those determining vocationalsubjects to be taught and provides in-formation on the process involved by thestudent in making the choice for his life'swork.

GRANEY, MAURICE R. The technical insti-tute. New York, The Center for Ap-plied Research in Education, Inc., 1964.111 pp.

A study of the technical institute inAmerican higher education and its rolein providing trained manpower. Di-vided into five chapters, this book pre-sents an historical background of thetechnical institute, its relationship topresent day technology, and its organi-zation, administration, curricula, andfaculty. The last chapter is devoted tothe technical institute student's place inindustry and society.

HAMLIN, HERBERT M. "Adult occupa-tional education." In Handbook ofAdult Education in the United States,edited by Malcolm S. Knowles. (Chi-cago, Adult Education Association of theU.S.A., 1960) pp. 542-550.

Brief summary and bibliography onadult vocational education now in theUnited States and the public policy forits training, prospects, and current.

needs.

HARRY, SAMUEL FARKAS. A study of edu-cation in the Civilian ConservationCorps camps of the Second Corps area,April 1933March 1937. Ann Arbor,Mich., Edwards Brothers, Inc., 1938.264 pp.

Originally written as a doctoral dis-sertation at Columbia University. Thisstudy seeks to find out what educationalopportunities were offered to the enrol-lees, the extent and nature of the enrol-lees' response to his form of vocationaleducation, and how well the programsfulfilled their aims in training unem-ployed youth.

HARRIS, NORMAN C. "Skilled manpowerand the community college." In HigherEducation in an Age of Revolution,edited by G. Kerry Smith. (Washing-ton, Association for Higher Education,1962) pp. 110-113.

One of the papers presented at the17th annual National Conference onHigher Education. It briefly and con-cisely states the reasons why the juniorcollege is able to "provide education forthe world of work."

HAWK/NS, LAYTON S., and others. Devel-opment of Federal legislation for voca-tional education. Compiled from "De-velopment of Vocational Education,"U.S. Department of Health, Education,and Welfare. Chic ago, American Tech -nical Society, 1962. 110 pp.

Selection of material from the 1951work "Development of Vocational Edu-cation" by L. S. Hawkins, C. A. Prosser,an J. C. Wright. Brought up to datewith additional material covering legis-lation from 1917 to the passage of theManpower Development and TrainingAct of 1962.

. Development of vocational edu-cation. Chicago, A ierican TechnicalSociety, 1951. 656 pp.

The social, economic, and educationalfactors which have influenced vocationaleducation from the beginnirg. Eachchapter contains references to sourcematerial. Appendix contains the text

of Federal laws on vocational educationup to 1947 and financial data on theamounts given to the States for 1951.

HENNIGER, G. Ross. The technical insti-tute in America. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1959. 276 pp.

Findings of the 1957-58 NationalSurvey of Technical Institute Educationconducted under the auspices of theAmerican Society for Engineering Edu-cation. This study bridges the 30 yearsfrom the original 1928-29 study made byASEE, known then as the Society for thePromotion of Engineering Education.

HILL, DAVID S. Introduction to vocationaleducation ; a statement of facts and prin-ciples related to the vocational aspects ofeducation below college grade. NewYork, Macmillan, 1932. 483 pp.

Useful as an his.oric study on voca-tional education in the public high schoolin the post-World War I period. Con-thins courses of study for variousbranches of vocational training then inexistence.

HILL, FRANK ERNEST. Tne School in thecamps; the educational program of theCivilian Conservation Corps. NewYork, American Association for AdultEducation, 1935. 84 pp.

A valuable reference written while thecamps were in existence and full opera-tion.

HOLLAND, KENFETH, and FRANK E. HILL.Youth in the CCC camp. Washington,American Council on Education, 1942.263 pp.

This book was the result of a 6-yearstudy sponsored by the American YouthCommission. It includes a survey andevaluation of the social and educationalwork of the CCC and a report on an ex-perimental program in 10 selectedcamps.

HUNTER, WILLIAM L., and EVERETT G. LIv-INGSTON A guide to magazine articleson industrial arts education and voca-tional industrial education. Ames,Iowa, Iowa State College, Industrial ArtsDept., 1934. 75 pp.

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A list of the major articles on indus-trial education appearing between Janu-ary 1, 1920, and January 1, 1934. Hasauthor and subject index.

ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE OF EDUCA-TION. Curricula content for technicaleducation. William John Schill, Princi-pal Investigator. Urbana, 1964. 139pp. (Cooperative research report No.2048)

A sample survey interviewing tech-nicians in 500 manufacturing establish-ments "to find out what a technician doesand what knowledges are related to hisjob." The resulting data should proveuseful to those determining the curricu-lum content of technical vocationalcourses.

"Industrial Education in the UnitedStates." In History of Manual and In-dustrial School Education by LewisFlint Anderson. (New York, Appleton,1926). pp. 135-251.

This history of industrial education inthe United States is part II of this work.It covers developments from the periodpreceding the Civil War to 1925. Use-ful as a history of industrial educationinstitutions for Negroes.

INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE. Automa-tion and other technological develop-ments. Report of the Director General.Geneva, Switzerland, The Office, 1957.105 pp. (Report Ipart I)

A review of technological changes inmodern society, the impact of thesechanges upon the education and train-ing of youth and adults. Informationapplicable to and typical of what is foundin the United States.

. Vocational training of adults inthe United States. Geneva, Switzer-land, the Author, 1948. 223 pp. (ItsVocational Training Monograph, No, 3)

Contents: General introduction ; theFederal-State vocational education pro-gram; apprentice training (includingFederal financial aid) ; in-plant trainingconducted by private undertaking;training within industry for supervi-

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sors; training conducted by trade un-ions; and provision for special trainingneeds.

ITASCA CONFERENCE ON TliE CONTINUINGEDUCATION OF WOMEN. ITASCA STATEPARK, MINNESOTA, 1962. Educationand a woman's life. Proceedings.Edited by Lawrence E. Dennis. Wash-ington, American Council on Education,1963. 153 pp.

Sponsored by the American Council onEducation, with assistance from theCarnegie Corporation of New York andthe University of Minnesota this con-ference discussed the theory and prac-tice of continuing education for womenand describes the pilot projects in voca-tional training in the area.

JOHNSON, PALMER 0., and 0. L. HARVEY.The National Youth Administration.Washington, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, 1938. 121 pp.

This report is useful in its discussionof the means used to train unemployedyouth and the types of work-study pro-grams used as a relief measure.

JOHNSTONE, JOHN W. Volunteers for/earning: a study of the educational pur-suits of American adults. Chicago, Na-tional Opinion Research Center, 1963.148 1, 12 pp. (NORC report No. 89)

The first of a series of studies aboutthe nature of adult education in Amer-ica. Points out governmental activityin twc phases: vocations and home andfamily life.

JOHNSTONE, JOHN W., and RAMON J.RIVERA. Volunteers for ]earning; astudy of the educational pursuits ofAmerican adults. Chicago, Aldine Pub-lishing Co., 1965. 624 pp.

Research conducted by the NationalOpinion Research Center on the nai:reof adult education in America. Infor-mation on vocational training of adultsis mainly found in the chapter : "WhyPeople Take Courses and What They GetFrom Them." (pp. 142-162)

KAHLER, ALFRED, and ERNEST HAMBURGER.

Education for an industrial age. Ithaca,

N.Y., Cornell University Press, 1948.334 pp.

This book was published for the In-stitute of World Affairs and is an evalu-ation of vocational education and train-ipg in the United States as they relate tothe mobility of the labor force and em-ployment stability. As a comparison,investigations into apprenticeship andother types of in-service training weremade for selected foreign countries.Germany, Great Britain, Switzerland,and the Soviet Union were chosen, eachcountry representing a special kind oftraining.

KANDEL, ISAAC LEON. Federal aid forvocational education ; a report to theCarnegie Foundation for the Advance-ment of Teaching. New York, 1917.127 pp. (The Carnegie Foundation forthe Advancement of Teaching. BulletinNo. 10)

Contents : The legislative history ofFederal aid for vocational education;constitutional and educational prece-dents, and subsequent developments ofthe Morrill Act.

KELLER, FRANKLIN J. The double-purposehigh school: closing the gap betweenvocational and academic preparation.New York, Harper, 1953. 207 pp.

A book primarily for those responsiblefor providing courses in occupationaltraining along with preparation for col-lege entrance.

. Principles of vocational educa-tion ; the primacy of the person. Bos-ton, D.C. Heath, 1948. 402 pp.

Philosophical principles underlyingvocational education and a discussion ofthe aims and objectives of the ideal pro-gram.

LAND, SAMUEL L. Trade associations :their services to education ; a study of thefunction of the National Trade Associa-tion in the promotion of training In in-dustry, New York, Heating and Pip-ing Contractors National Association,1931. 141 pp.

Useful as a historical source of infor-mation concerning the efforts of tradeassociations to establish and maintaineducational training programs for work-ers. Describes also the relationships ofthese organizations to Federal, State,and local boards for vocational educa-tion.

LATHROP, F. W. "The organization ofvocational education for youth andadu'As." In The National Society forthe Study of Education, 44th Yearbook:American education in the postwar pe-riod, part II : Structural reorganization.(Chicago, University of Chicago Press,1945) pp. 84-96.

Contents: Vocational education priorto the war; wartime expansion of vo-cational education ; liberal and culturalcontent in vocational curriculums; andsome recent changes in vocational or re-lated fields.

LEAKE, ALBERT H. The vocational educa-tion of girls and women. New York,Macmillan, 1918. 430 pp.

A study done at the time when voca-tional training for women was in itsinitial stages. Part I is devoted tr. homeeconomics training, and part II discuss,?s"women in industry outside, the home,"the problems of the unskilled s omanwho must work to support herself andfamily and the types of vocationalschools then in existence for women.

LEE, EDWIN A. Objectives and problemsof vocational education. New York,McGraw, 1928. 451 pp.

An evaluation of the Smith-HughesAct, 10 years after its passage and enact-ment by leading educators written in in-dividual essays.

LEVITAN. SAR A. Vocational educationand Federal policy. Kalamazoo, Mich-igan, W. E. Upjohn Institute for Em-ployment Research, 1963. 29 pp.

Partial contents : Development or FLd-eral aid for vocational education ; scopeof federally supported vocational educa-tion ; and the role of the Federal Con -ernment in improving vocational edu-cation.

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LILES, PARKER. "Retraining for newjobs." In Recent and Projected Devel-opments Affecting Business Education.National business education yearbook,v. 2, 1964. (Washington, NationalBusiness Education Association [NEA],1964) pp. 51-71.

A discussion of the problem and causeof unemployment and a comprehensivereview of the Area Redevelopment Actof 1961 and the Manpower DevelopmentTraining Act, 1962, with emphasis onthe latter. The responsibilities on theState and local levels in implementingthe training program under this law arealso included.

LONG, CLOYD DARL. School-leaving youthand employment; some factors associ-ated with the duration of early employ-ment of youth whose formal educationended at high school graduation or ear-lier. New York, Teachers College, Co-lumbia University, 1941. 84 pp.

An earlier study of a new commonproblemthe "school dropout." Thisresearch centered around six schools lo-cated in Connecticut and New Jersey.It contains the findings of what theschools and communities did to help outof school youth from a period of 1934-38, and what became of the young peoplewho had dropped out of school.

MCCARTHY, JOHN A. Vocational educa-tion:America's greatest resource. CM-cago, American Technical Society, 1951.397 pp.

At the time of the publication of thisbook, the author was assistant commis-sioner of education, Department of Edu-cation in New Jersey. In addition toan historical account of Federal voca-tional education legislation, material onthe philosophy and organization of voca-tional programs is given.

MAYS, ARTHUR B. The concept of vooa-tional education in the thinking of 0,r,general educator, 1845 to 1945. Univer-sity Illinois, 1946. 107 pp. (Uni-versity of Illinois, Tiftreau of Educa-tional Research. Bulletin No. 62)

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Contents: Background ideas preced-ing 1845; schools for farmers and mech-anics, 1845-1875; curriculum reformand general vocational education, 1875to 1885; manual training as vocationaleducation, 1885-1900; specific vocation-al education in secondary schools, 1900to 1920; and emergence of the conceptsof vocational education for all youth asa public school responsibility, 1920 to1945.

. Principles and practices of vo-cational education. New York, Mc-Graw-Hill, 1948. 303 pp.

A college text useful for Its coverageof the history of vocatiunal training inthe United States and for the bibliog-raphies on the various types of voca-tional programs. It is also the revisededition of the author's earlier work "AnIntroduction to Vocational Education"published in 1930. (New York, Cen-tury Co., 1930. 323 pp.)

MEDSKER, LELAND L. The junior colleges .progress and prospect. New York, Mc-Graw-Hill, 1960. 367 pp.

A study of 76 public 2-year collegesin 16 States, including treatment of theterminal and vocational training offeredby these institutions.

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY. COLLEGE

OF EDUCATION. Vocational education ina robot revolution, edited by George L.Brandon. East Lansing, the College,1957. 37 pp.

The socioeconomic changes and thegrowth of automation, and the effect ofthese factors on vocational education.This report. also presents the challengesof automation to the leaders in the fieldof vocational training.

. EDUCATIONAL RF-SEJ:' CH SERIES. Vocational education:Its effects 'n career patterns of highschool graduates. East Lansing, 1963.182 pp. (He ER series No. 18)

"A career pattern study of 116 metro -politer. Lansing public and parochialhigh school graduates who have been onthe labor market from June 1956 to De-cember 1962a 78-month work period."

. Vocationaleducation : Philosophy and objectives.East Lansing, 1962. 32 pp. (Its ERseries No. 6)

Report of Task Force No. 1 in the over-all Michigan Vocational Education Eval-uation Project. It defines the objectivesdesirable in teaching vocational ech'ea-tion in Michigan secondary schools.

. Vocationalcurricula in Michigan by SigmundNosow. East Lansing, 1963. 50 pp.(Its ER series No 17)

A study of the work force and unem-ployment in Michigan and how the fac-tors of each relate to vocational trainingoffered in the schools.

MILLER, REX, and LEE H. SMALLEY, eds.Selected readings for industrial arts.Bloomington, McKnight and McKnightPublishing Co., 1963. 360 pp.

A selection of 34 articles representingessential readings for members, of theindustrial arts teaching profession.Contents are arranged under these head-ings: "History," "Content and Organi-zation," "Teaching Techniques," "TheFuture."

MOORE, BERNICE MILBURN. "The case foreducation for home and family living."In Education for a changing world ofwork. Report of the Panel of Consul-tants on Vocational Education. Ap-pendix III. (Washington, U.S. Govern-ment Printing Office, 1963) pp. 53 -71.

A report of the Texas CooperativeYouth Stud:, in which 13,000 high schoolyouths from 185 Texas high schools ex-pressed their feelings and attitudes ofpersonal worth, social competence, andother factors of their family life. Onesalient point brought out: ". . . youthfrom culturally handicapped parents dohave a more diffi'iult time remaining inschool." Since the youths of this gen-eration will be parents of the next, it isnecessary to provide them with sufficienteducation in home ai,d family living toinsure a greater measure of success intheir role as parents.

NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON THEJUNIOR COLLEGE. A national resourcefor occupational education. Washing-ton, American Association of Junior Col-leges, 1964. 9 pp.

A policy statement on the role of thejunior college and its possible respon-sibilities in providing occupational edu-cation to meet America's manpowerneeds.

NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION. U.S.DEPARTMENT OF RURAL EDUCATION.Vocational education for rural America.Edited by Gordon I. Swanson. Wash-ington, 1959. 354 pp. (Its Yearbook195849)

A discussion of the social and economicforces influencing vocational educationfor youth in rural and small urban areas,and of what should be done to change thecontents of their educational programsin the field of vocational training.

NATIONAL MANPOWER COUNCIL. Educa-tion and manpower. Edited by HenryDavid. New York, Columbia Uriver-sity Press, 1960. 326 pp.

A selection of chapters and articlesfrom the publications of the NationalManpower Council. Those chaptersdealing directly with the relationship ofmanpower and vocational training are"Issues in vocational education" (pp.127-1V) and "Types of vocationalschooling" (pp. 148-177)

. Improving the work skills of theNation ; proceedings of a conference onskilled manpower, held April 27-May 1,1955 at Arden House, Han imon Campusof Columbia University, New York, Co-lombia University Press, 1956. 203 pp.

Ten papers by various educators, busi-nessmen, and others discussing policyobjectives and other subjects to improv-ing the Nation's supply of skilled work-ers mainly through the cooperation ofthe school, the community, and industry.

- A policy for skilled manpower ;a statement by the Council with factsand figures prepared by the research

9

staff. New York, Columbia UniversityPress, 1954. 299 pp.

See part II (pp. 37-299) on "Factsand Issues about Skilled Manpower," in-cluding types of vocational training of-fered in industry, educational institu-tions, and the Armed Forces.

NATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE PROMOTIONOF INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION. Principlesand policies that should underlie Statelegislation for a State system of voca-tional education. A tenthtive statementof principles and policies formulated ata meeting of a committee . in annualconvention, at Philadelphia, December1912 . . Philadelphia (?), the Author,1913. 6 pp.

A list of 31 guidelines for the estab-lishment of State departments or voca-tional education.

NATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF ED-UCATION. Twenty-third yearbook. PartII: Vocational guidance and vocationaleducation for the industries, prepared byA. H. Edgerton . Edited by Guy M.Whipple. Bloomington, Ill., PublicSchool Pablishing Cc., 1924. 435 pp.

Partial contents : Guidance problemsin large cities. guidance activities insmall city systems; day and evening in-dustrial courses in smaller cities; andtraining foremen and other leaders inindustry.

. Forty-second yearbook, 1943.Part I: Vocational education. Chicago,University of Chicago Press, 1943. 494pp.

Partial contents: Legislative commit-ments affecting vocational education;vocational education through no n schoolgovernmental agencies; and vocationalprograms in different educational insti-tutions.

. Sixty-fourth yearbook, 1965.Part I: Vocational education, edited byMelvin Barlow, Chicago, University ofChicago Press, 1965. 301 pp.

Developed during the period of voca-tional education changes, the yearbook'sproduction was interrupted by the pas-

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sage of the Vocational Education Actof 1963. Each of the 13 chapters aredevoted to different phases of vocationaleducatior. in the United States. Inchapter 8, for example, the impact ofFederal legislation and policies is dis-cussed by Major Mobley and MelvinBarlaw, and much information is givenabout the period between the passage ofthe Smith-Hughes law to the enactmentof the Vocational Education Act of 1963.

NATIONAL SOCIETY FOR VOCATIONAL EDU-CATION. Bulletin No. 1-36. NewYork, 1907-23.

Valuable source material for tracingthe development of vocational educationin America. These bulletins also con-tain the proceedings of the annual meet-ings held by this organization. Firstorganized at Cooper Union, New York,November 16, 1906, 1-,y prominent busi-nessmen and educators tne organizationwas first known as the Society for thePromotion of Industrial Education. In1917, with the passage of the Smith-Hughes Act, it became known as the Na-tional Society for Vocational Education.Merging with other groups, this organi-zation became a part of the AmericanVocational Association in 1925.

NORTON, THOMAS LOWELL. Public educa-tion and econom/c trends. Cambridge,Mass., Harvard University, GraduateSchool of Education, 1939. 196 pp.

A group of seven lectures delivered atthe Harvard Graduate Sacra of Educa-tion in April and May of 19::.k9 on therelationship of education to the changingcharacter of the American economy andthe demands of the labor market.

PALLONE, NATHANIEL J. No longer super-fluous ; the educational rehabilitation ofthe hard-core unemployed. SouthBend, Ind., South Bend CommunitySchool Corporation, 1965. 60 pp.

This report was prepared through theresearch program of the U.S. Office ofManpower, Automation, and Trainingand describes a project sponsored byMDTA funds. The information here iscentered on the learning outcomes of the

trainees, their experiences with the cur-riculum offered, and the reorientationof their attitudes.

PATTERSON, WILLIAM F. Educating forindustry; policies and procedures of anational apprenticeship system. NewYork, Prentice-Hall, 1946. 229 pp.

A survey of the apprenticeship systemin the United States, including the roleplayed by the Federal Government in in-troducing the national apprenticeshipsystem. An extensive bibliography onthe subject is to be found on pp. 155-184.

PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSIT I. DE-PARTMENT OF VOCATIONAL EDUCATION.Pennsylvania meets the challenge of re-training; case studies of a three prongedattack. By Carl J. Schaefer and JohnM. Shemick. University Park, Penn-sylvania, the Author, 1964. 85 pp.

The final report of a research projectsponsored in part by the Ford Founda-tion. Centered upon three areas ofWilkes-Barre, Pottsville, and Phoenix-ville, these case studies furnish in-formation on the programs used, thedevelopment of the curriculum, theteachers employed, and the types oftrainees attending. The final chapteris titled : "Employment and SocietalEffects of Retraining Programs."

PROSSER, CHARLES ALLEN. Evening in-dustrial schools, by Charles s Prosser,with the collaboration of M. R. Lass.Rev. ed. Chicago, American TechnicalSociety, 1951. 372 pp.

Although designed as a textl)ook forstudents 1f vocational education, thiswork provides a history of the forms ofvocational training given to workers inthe past, how demands of technologicalchange have brought about changes alsoin the structure, and purpose of addi-tional training for workers alreadyemployed.

PROSSER, CHARLES A., and CHARLES R.ALLEN. Vocational education in ademocracy. New York, Century Co.,1925. 580 pp.

A discussion of the principles under-lying vocational education of secondary

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grade, the policies which should beadopted to make this form of trainingF u ccessf u 1 , and suggestions for methodsin carrying out these policies.

PROSSER, CHARLES ALLEN, and THOMAS H.GUIGLEY. Vocational education in ademocracy. Chicago, American Tech-nical Society, 1949. 575 pp.

revision of a work first published in1925 by C. A. Prosser and C. R. Allen.It updates this earlier work, describingthe development of vocational educationand subsequent Federal legislation inthis field since 1925.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY. DIVISION OF EDU-CATION. STUDIES IN EDUCATION. Vo-cational education in public schools asrelated to social, economic, and technicaltrends. Part I: The analysis of trendsand concepts. By F. J. 1Voerdehoff andothers. Lafayette, Ind., 1960. 116 pp.

The initial phase of this study. It isconcerned with "the identification of so-cial, economic, and technical trends re-lated to vocational education and theranking of the trends in terms of ... inplanning programs of vocational educa-tion."

. Vocational ed-ucation in public schools as related tosocial, economic and technical trends.Part II: The appraisal of drograms ofvocational agriculture and industrialeducation. Frank J. Woerdehoff, Nor-bert J. Nelson, and John K. Coster,Project Directors. Lafayette, Ind., 1960.489 pp., 91 (Cooperative research pro:-ect No. 385)

Results of a study of a sample of In-diana high schools "to identify factorsrelated to the desirable characteristics"of agricultural and industrial vocationaleducation.

RAKESTRAW, CLARENCE EDWARD. Train-ing high school youth for employment,Chicago, American Technical Society,1947. 217 pp.

Although somewhat dated, this workis still of value. The author, a staffmember of the U.S. Office of Educationat the time this was written, describes

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the book as "a plan under which voca-tional training on a cooperative part-time basis can be offered in high schools."

RAYNER, PEARL (COOPER) , Training ma-ture women for employment, the storyof 23 local programs. Prepared in theDivision of Research of the Women'sBureau by Pearl C. Rayner with the as-sistance of Jean A. Wells and Annie Lef-kowitz. Washington, U.S. Departmentof Labor, Women's Bureau, 1955. 46pp. (U.S. Women's Bureau. BulletinNo. 256.)

"This report provides examples ofprojects established by community or-ganizations to meet the training needs ofwomen ranging in economic standingfrom those receiving public assistance tothose able to pay tuition fees at privateschools."

RESEARCH COUNCIL OF THE GREAT CITIESPROGRAM FOR SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT.New programs in vocational education.Chicago, The Author, 1964. 45 pp.

Statement describing vocational edu-cation programs developed by the mem-ber Great Cities since 1962. Thesecities are: Baltimore, Boston, Chicago,Cleveland, Detroit, Houston, Los An-geles, Milwaukee, New York City, Phil-adelphia, Pittsburgh, St. Louis, andWashington, D.C.

. Report submitted to the Panel ofConsultants on Vocational Education inthe large cities of America. Chicago,The Author, 1962. 102 pp.

"This document . . . is a status studyof vocational education in the membercities. It includes a statement of policywith regard to vocational education, asummary of current practices, and in-for,ration relating to enrollment and areview of basic probloms."

ROBERTS, ROY W. Vocational and practi-cal arts education. New York, Harper,1957. 637 pp.

A study of vocational and practicalarts education in the public secondaryschools an their relationship to otherareas of the curriculum. Includes ac-

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counts of the development of federallyaided programs.

Vocational and practical arts ed-ucation; historical development andprinciples. 2d ed. New York, Harper,1965. 569 pp.

An updated edition of the 1957 work.ROBISON, EMILY, comp. Vocational edu-

cation. Second and revised edition byJulia E. Johnson. New York, H. W.Wilson Co., 1920. 359 pp.

First published in 1917, this bookoffers a valuable compilation of earlysource material on vocational educationin the United States. In this revised edi-tion, a bibliography of some 300 refer-ences has been added.

RUSSELL, JOHN DALE and associates. Vo-cational education. Staff study number8. Prepared for the Advisory Commit-tee on Education. Washington, U.S.Government Printing Office, 1938. 325pp.

This monograph was originally pre-pared as a staff study for the AdvisoryCommittee on Education appointed byPresident Franklin Delano Roosevelt onSeptember 19, 1936. Under its originalassignment, the Committee was knownas the President's Committee on Voca-tional Education. In the introductionthe authors state the scope and purposeof this work: "This study undcrtal.esto survey in a fairly broad way the wholeplan of organization for the federaliy re-imbursed program of vocational educa-tion, the outcomes of this service, theneeds of the country for occupationalpreparcticn, and the manner in whichthese needs may best be met."

SEARS, WILLIAM P., Jr. The roots of vo-cr.tional education ; a survey of the ori-gins of trade and industrial educationfound in industry, education, legislation,and social progress. New York, JohnWiley & Sons, 1931. 310 pp.

This comprehensive study is dividedinto three parts. Part I is a summary ofthe social forces that created the needsfor vocational education, beginning witha social history of England and the

founding of the American Colonies ex-tending to the /ate 1920's. in Part IItitled "The Educational Evolution," theauthor traces the growth of industrialvocational education in industry andeducational institutions. Part III isdevoted to the contributions of socialagencies and educators to vocational edu-cation in the United States.

SHAFFER, HELEN B. Jobs for young people.Washington, Editorial Research Re-ports, 1961. pp. 501-517. (Editorialresearch reports, 1961, v. 2, No. 2, July12, 1961)

Contents: Changed outlook for youngjob-hunters; job handicaps of undered-ucated youths; and programs to prepareyouths for work.

SMITH, HAROLD T. Education and train-ing for the world of work; a vocationaleducation program for the State ofMichigan. Kalamazoo, W. E. UpjohnInstitute for Employment Research,1963. 165 pp.

A study of "what should be expectedof vocational and technical education inour present-day society, . . . what in-stitutions, what administrative organi-zation and what financial structure areneeded in Michigan before these expec-tations can be fulfilled."

SNEDDEN, DAVID S. American high schoolsand vocational schools in 1960. NewYork Teachers College, Columbia Uni-versity, 1931. 122 pp.

An essay written from a Utopian pointof view as to what could be expected ofAmerican secondary school organiza+ionand vocational training in a 30-yearperiod. The author uses a mythical"Chinese National Board of Education"report for his forecasts. Useful as a"Brave New World" study in the fieldof education. Title on cover: "Second-ary Schools, 1960."

. Vocational education. New York.Macmillan, 1920. 687 pp.

A discussion of what was considered"current problems in vocational educa-tion" when that type of training was just

beginning. It includes all forms of vo-cational educational programs withchapters also on the administration ofvocational education and the training ofteachers for vocational schools. Ap-pendix A (pp. 515-533) has statisticstaken from the 1910 census on the num-ber of workers engaged in specifiedgainful occupations, occupations thathave long since been displaced byautomation.

and others. Vocational education ;its theory, administration and practice.Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1912. pp. 85,207, 75.

A collection of three monographs onthe status of vocational education in theearly part of the 20th century. Con-tents: "The problem of vocational edu-cation" by David Snedden ; "The people'sschools: a study in vocational training"by Ruth Mary Weeks; and "The im-provement of rural schools" by EllwoodP. Cubberly.

SOCIETY FOR THE PROMOTION OF ENGINEER-ING EDUCATION. A study of technicalinstitutes ; a collateral project to the in-vestigation of engineering education.Lancaster, Pa., Lancaster Press, Inc.,1931. 281 pp.

A 1928-1929 national survey made ofpostsecondary technical training schoolsin the United States, their historical de-velopment and status for that period oftime. This study also includes informa-tion on technical schools in France,Great Britain, and Germany.

STOMBAUGH, RAY. A survey of the move-ments culminating in industrial arts td-ucation in secondary schools. New York,Teachers College, Columbia University,1936. 102 pp.

This study covers the period from1871, with the establishment of the Bos-ton Whittling School, up to 1936. Eight"trends" or movements are discussed.

STRUCK, F. THEODORE. Vocational educa-tion for a changing world. New York,John Wiley & Sons, 1945. 550 pp.

Although a textbook, this work, pre-pared by a former head of the Depart-

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ment of Industrial Education at Penn-sylvania State College, covers the historyand development of vocational educationof less than college grade. It also in-cludes the policies of labor and manage-ment as they relate to vocational educa-tion and the attitude of many trade andeducational associations toward educa-tion for work. Each chapter containsexcellent bibliographies related to thetopics discussed.

Terminal education in higher institutionswith special reference to the readjust-ment of higher education to meet currentnational needs. Proceedings of the In-stitute for Administrative Officers ofHigher Institutions, 1992. Vol. 14.Edited by John Dale Russell. Chicago,University of Chicago Press, 1942. 198pp.

A collection of 18 papers presented atthe 19th session of the Institute for Ad-ministrative Officers of Higher Institu-tions. Contributions consist of an over -alt view of terminal education in variousvocational fields, particularly at thejunior college level and the readjust-ments of higher education to meet na-tional manpower needs, with emphasison the country's war effort.

THOMAS, LAWRENCE G. The occupationalstructure and education. EnglewoodCliffs, Prentice Hall, 1956. 502 pp.

A study of the relationship of Ameri-can vocational training and the occupa-tional structure in our economy. This"occupational structure" is discussed inregard to income, prestige, and job satis-faction, qualifications demanded by em-ployers, and the contribution of voca-tional schools to it.

TRICHE, ANDREW. A comparative studyof vocational education in the 48 States.State College, Pennsylvania, School ofEducation, Pennsylvania State College,1935. 47 pp. (Penn Stets studies ineducation. No. 15)

Originally written as a doctoral dis-sertation. Contains 1930 statistics per-tinent to vocational education, arranged

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by State. Includes enrollment figures,expenditures, etc.

U.S. ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION.Report of the Advisory Committee onEducation. Message from the Presidentof the United States, transmitting theReport of the Advisory Committee onEducation appointed in September 1936to study the experience under the exist-ing program of Federal aid for vocation-al education. Washington, U.S. Gov-ernment Printing Office, 1938. 148 pp.(85th Cong. 3c1 sess. House. Doc. No.529) Issued also without documentnote under title: "Report of the Com-mittee."

Message from President F. D. Roose-velt on the relation of vocational educa-tion to existing economic and social con-ditions and the need to expand theprogram.

Report of the Committee, Feb-ruary 1938. Washington, U.S. Govern-ment Printing Office, 1938. 243 pp.

Official report of the Committee toPresident F. D. Roosevelt. Containsa general summary of education in ournational life and a recommended pro-gram, mainly in vocational training.

.U.S. COMMISSION ON NATIONAL AID TOVOCATIONAL EDUCATION. Vocationaleducation. Report . . . together withthe Hearings held on the subject madepursu _Alt to the provisions of Public Res-olution No. 16, 63rd Congress. (S.J.Res. 5). In two volumes. Washington,U.S. Government Printing Office, 1914.292 pp. (63d Cong., 2d sess. HouseDoc. No. 1004)

A report of the statu3 of vocational ed-ucation in the United States in 1914, andthe reasons for Federal participation inthis kind of training. Volume II givesthe testimony of prominent educators, in-dustrialists, and members of the ArmedForces on vocational programs in exist-enc( at the time and the demand forexpansion.

U.S. CONGRESS. HOUSE. COMMITTEE ONEDUCATION. Development of vocational

education in the several States. Hearing. . before the Committee on Educa-tion on H.R. 9201 (H.R. 12241), a billto provide for further development ofvocational education in the severalStates. February 7, March 20 and 21,1928. Washington, U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office, 1928. 87 pp. (70thCong., 1st sess.)

Contains testimony and statements byleading educators and others on theneeds of vocational education at thetime and reasons for expanding it.

. SENATE. REPUBLICAN POLICYCOMMITTEE. The forgotten youth. Re-marks in the Senate. Congressional rec-ord (daily ed.), v. 109, March 1963:3965-3967 (Part I included in Senatehearings on Youth Employment Act[S. 1] )

A study of vocational education in theUnited States, what it has contributed,and the problems involved.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. OFFICE OFTHE SECRETARY. Report of the Secre-tary of Labor to the Congress on researchand training activities in accordancewith section 309 of the Manpower De-velopment and Training Act. A reportand evaluation of research, trainees,training programs, and training activi-ties. Washington, U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office, 1963.

Issued annually. Title varies. Re-ports for 1964 and 1965 entitled "Man-power Research and Training under theManpower Development and TrainingAct of 1962."

U.S. FEDERAL BOARD FOR VOCATIONAL EDU-

CATION. Annual report, 1917/18-1932/33. Washington, U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office, 1917-33.

First report contains initial develop-ment of Smith-Hughes Act and its im-plementation in the various States. Con-tinuing reports are cn the progress madein the States in the development of vo-cational education under this legislationand its amendments.

. Bulletin No. 1-171. Washing-ton, U.S. Government Printing Office,1917-93.

Statement of Policies issued as Bulle-tin No. 1, 1917, May 1922 (rev. ed.) andDecember 1926.

U.S. OFFICE OF EDUCATION. Art and in-dustry. Education in the industrial andfine arts in the United States. By IsaacEdwards Clarke. Washington, U.S.Government Printing Office, 1885-98. 4vols. in 5. (Printed also as 46th Cong.2d sess. Senate. Ex. Doc. No. 209, pt.1-4)

Contents: Part IDrawing in publicschools ; Part IIIndustrial and manualtraining in public schools; Part IIIIndustrial and technical training in vol-untary associations and endowed insti-tutions; Part IVIndustrial and tech-nical training in schools of technologyand in U.S. land-grant colleges.

. Digest of annual reports of StateBoards for Vocational Education to theOffice of Education, Division of Voca-tional Education. Washington, U.S.Government Printing Office, 1933.

Supersedes the annual reports of theU.S Federal Board for Vocational Edu-cation published from 1917 to 1932.Contains condensed versions of theannual reports winch the States arerequired to make on the past year'saccomplishments, receipts, and expendi-tures.

. Educationally deficient adults;their education and training needs.Washington, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, 1965. 60 pp.

The reprint of a survey conducted bythe Information and Training Sei vices,a Division of McGraw-Hill, Inc., NewYork, and authorized by the Divisionof Vocational and Technical Education,U.S. Office of Education. Dealing main-ly with the educational and trainingneeds of educationally deficient adult.9,this report also furnishes guidelines fora plan to meet these needs and the ma-terials that might be used in providingvocational training for jobs.

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U.S. OFFICE OF EDUCATION. Industrialeducation in the United States. A spe-cial report prepared by the U.S. Bureauof Education. Washington, U.S. Gov-ernment Printing Office, 1883. 319 pp.(Printed also as 47th Cong., 2d sess.,Senate. Ex. Doe. No. 25)

The first part of this detailed report,prepared in response to a Senate resolu.tion of December 15, 1882, gives an over -alt summary of the status of industrialeducation in the land-grant colleges, pri-vate institutions, and in elementary andsecondary schools. Part II (appen-dixes) is devoted to the individual land-grant colleges, giving a brief history ofeach courses of study, and statistics onenrollments and expenditures. Includesillustrations also of the. schools and thefloor plans of the main buildings.

Technological advances andskilled manpower; implications fortrade and industrial education. An an-notated selected bibliography. Wash-ington, U.S. Government Printing Office,1956. 67 pp. (Its Misc. 3509 Rev. Nov.1, 1956)

Compiled by Mr. Howard K. Hogan,Consultant in the Division of VocationalEducation, this bibliography lists itemsrepresenting' the views, primarily, ofmanagement, labor, and education onthe subject of vocational education as itrelates to the production of skilled man-power.

Training the hard-core unem-ployed: a demonstration-research proj-ect at Virginia State College, NorfolkDivision. (An interim report.) Wash-ington, U.S. Government Printing Office,1964, 101 pp. Ws Cooperative Re-search Monograph No. 13)

A report on the demonstration-re-search project conducted at the NorfolkDivision of Virginia State College tofind methods of training both the semi-literate and the literate unskilled worker.

. Vocational division bulletin, No., Washington, U.S. Government Print-ing Office, 1934-

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Continues the numbering of the bul:e-tin formerly- issued by the U.S. FederalBoard for Vocational Education.

. Vocational education and chang-ing conditions; changing economic andsocial conditions and their effect uponvocational education. By Charles AllenProsser. Washington, U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office, 1934. (Its VocationalEducation Bulletin No. 174. Genera!Series No. 5)

A survey made by the Federal Boardfor Vocational Education in the U.S.Office of Education and its outcome isdescribed thus: "The economic and so-cial trends which appear to be of sig-nificance for vocational education havebeen identified, listed, and classified . . .

as they bear on different types of voca-tional training. . . ."

. Vocational education in the nextdecade. Washington, U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office, 19E1. 197 pp.

National needs and objectives in vo-cational education are defined in thisreport and from these definitions guide-lines may be obtained in evaluating Stateor local programs of vocational educa-tion.

Vocational education in the yearsahead; a report of a Committee to StudyPostwar Problems in Vocational Educa-tion. Wasp :ngton, U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office, 1945. 329 pp. (Its Vo-cational Bulletin No. 234)

Report of a committee appointed byU.S. Commissioner of Education, JohnW. Studebaker. Divided into nine chap-ters and an appendix, the report coversall phases of vocational training up to1945.

. Vocational-technical educationfor American industry. By Lynn A.Emerson. Washington, U.S. Govern-ment Printing Office, 1958. 25 pp. (Itscircular No. 630, 1958)

Contents: Vocational-technical occu-pations (definition and classification) ;education for vocational-technical occu-pations (growth of, institutions provid-ing training) ; bibliography (selEcted

references, annotated references) ; organizations interested in technical educa-tion (list of 19 organizations with briefdescription of each).

. Work experience education pro-grams in American secondary schools,by DeWitt Hunt. Washington, U.S.Government Printing Office, 1957. 94pp. (Its Bulletin 1957, No. 5)

Partial contenth: Significant publica-tions on work experience education; thedevelopment of work experience as apart of secondary education in Americanschools; types of work experience pro-grams.

U.S. OFFICE OF MANPOWER, AUTOMATIONAND TRAINING. Developing human re-sources through occupational training.A report of occupational training underthe Area Redevelopment Act for the fis-cal year ending June 30, 1964. (Wash-ington, U.S. Government Printing Office,1964) 35 pp.

Contents; Putting the program in per-spective; the training program in opera-tion; investing in human resources;training in action; program appraist 1,emphasis, and direction; statistical ap-pendix.

. Manpower and automation re-search sponsored by the Office ofManpower, Automation and Trainingthrough June 30, 1965. Washington,U.S. Government Printing Office, 1965.133 pp.

Research projects listed include thoseon vocational education, vocationalschool grathiates, the impact of techno-logical change on vocational training,and the problems encountered in train-ing unemployed youth.

. Teaining disadvantaged groupsun ter the Manpower Development andTraining Act. By Chester W. Heplerand others. Washington, U.S. Depal,ment of Labor. 1963. 24 pp. (Its Man-power Evaluation Report Nu. 1)

"This report evaluates the extent towhich training programs establishedunder the act are meeting the need for

U

U.

marketable skills among disadvantagedgroupspersons who, becauso of cer-tain personal characteristics or lack ofsuitable work skills, are markedly dis-advantaged in the competition for avail-able jobs."

Unemployment and retraining;an annotated bibliography of research.Washington, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, 1965. 31 pp.

A brief but welt - annotated bibliogra-phy relating to "social psychologicalfactors in job training and hard-coreunemployment."

Young workers: their specialtraining needs by Lloyd Feldman andMichael R. Peevey. Washington, U.S.Government Printing Office, 1963. 19pp. (Its Manpower Research BulletinNu. 3)

A review of the training needs and thestatus of training for young persons 14-19 years old who will be entering thelabor market with a high school educa-tion or less.

.S. PANEL OF CONSULTANTS ON VOCATION-AL EDUCATION. Education for a chang-ing world of work. Report of the Panelof Consultants on Vocational Education.Washington, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, 1963. 296 pp.

This is the ma'n body of the reportmade by the Panel of Consultants onVocational Education, Benjamin. C.Willis, chairman. Encompassing theentire field of vocational education inthe United States, the report includesthe historic development of this form ofeducation and the programs now in ex-istence. It also points out the possiblegains that can be made by furnishingvocational training to youths Ind adultswith particular needssuch as the cul-turally disadvantaged, the school drop-out, the Linctionally illiterate. This re-port also contains an excellent bibliogra-phy, pp. 269-279.S. PRESIDENT. Manpower report of thePresident and a report on manpowerrequirements, resources, utilization, and

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training. By the U.S. Department ofLabor. Transmitted to the Congress ...Washington, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, 1963-

Report issued annually in March ofeach year.

U.S. PRESIDENT'S COMMITTEE ON YOUTHEMPLOYMENT. The challenge of joblessyouth. Washington, U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office, 1963. 20 pp.

Fourteen recommendations for a pro-gram to develop policies for educationand training, guidance, and employmentopportunities for jobless youth.

VENN, GRANT. Man, education, and -ork ;postsecondary vocational and technicaleducation. Washington, Amer i c a nCouncil or Education, 1964. 184 pp.

This report was the result of a con-ference called by the American Voca-tional Association in Washington, D.C.,during September 1962. Partial con-tents: The development of vocationaland technical education ; vocational andtechnical education in secondary andhigher education ; the Federal Govern-ment and vocational and technical educa-

18

tion; major issues in vocational andtechnical education.

WENRICH, RALPH C. "Vocational educa-tion." In Encyclopedia of EducationalResearch." 3d ed. Edited by Chester W.Harris. (New York, Macmillan, 1960.)pp. 1555-1564.

Reviews and lists 55 sources about vo-cational education in the United Statesand its development up until 1958.

WOODWARD, C. M. Manual training in ed-ucation. New York, Scott, 1890. 310pp.

This 'ork was prepared for Englishreaders. It gives additional material inindustrial training not given in his 1881work. The author reports on the suc-cess of manual training graduates andthe mental a ad physical benefits to begained from this type of education.

The manual training school. NewYork, Heath, 1387. 366 pp.

A hi.3tory of the Manual TrainingSchool of Washington University of St.Louis, including a discussion of its aims,methods and results. Addresses by C.M. Woodward on manual training arealso a part of this book.

Part 11--PERIODICAL ARTICLES

Adult education in East St. Louis. Publicaid in Illinois, v. 32, May 1965:

A description of the Adult EducationSchool at 3105 Missouri Avenue in EastSt. Louis, operating on a full-time basisto pro"ide training for welfare and pub-lic aid recipients in order that they mayacquire basic education and job skills.Information on courses and schedulesare included as well as some encouragingresults.

ALDEN, VERNON R., and JOHN A. HODGES.When classrooms fail. Teachers collegerecord, v. 66, January 1965: 305-309.

The purpose and objectiv °s of the JobCorps established by the Economic Op-portunity Act, a brief summary of thecurricuium of the Job Corps camps, andthe "challenge" to schoolmen are thetopics discusFM in this article.

ARNOLD, WALTim M. All-age, all-job pro-gram. A ntericaa education, v. 1, Decem-ber 1964-January 1965: 8-11.

An official of the U.S. Office of Educa-tion discusses what he believes a "bal-anced program of vocational education"should be and cites instances of suchprograms now in existence in NorthCarolina, Pennsylvania, and otherStates.. Area vocational education pro-grams. School life, v. 42, January1960: 16-21.

"The nature and activities of the pro-grams receiving Federal aid under titleVIII of the National Defense EducationAct."

. Changing patterns in vocationaleducation. Education, v. 85, December1964: 206-10.

A discussion of "the aims, provisions,and results of the Manpower Develop-

ment and Training Act of 1962 and ofthe Vocational Education Act of 1963 inrelation to current needs."

Meeting manpower needs throughtechnical education. American voca-tional journal, v. 37, December 1962:8-11.

A report on the technical training pro-grams made possible through the pro-visions of title VIII of the National De-fense Education Act.

. Vocational educationits roletoday. Theory ir`i practice, v.3, Decem-ber 1964 : 163-166.

Tl.2. Assistant Commissioner of Edu-cation for Vocational and Technical Ed-ucation, U.S. Office of Education, citessome of the urgent needs for vocationaleducation today and discusses "six sa-lient features" of the Vocational Educa-tion Act of 1963.

. What the Vocational EducationAct implies for local school agencies.Industrial arts and vocational education,v. 54, May 196E.. 23-25.

Pertinent information for educatorsat "the grass-roots level" by the Assist-ant Commissioner for Vocational andTechnical Education, U.S. Office of Ed-ucation.

ARNSTEIN, GEORGE E. Vocational educaLion. National Association of Second-ary-School Principals bulletin, v. 48, No-vember 1964: 56-72.

The author believes "vocational edu-cation, by design, budget, and legisla-tion, hps been separated frcm the maincurrent of American education." Indiscussing means of making vocationaleducation more effective, Mr. Arnsteinalso includes remarks on the Report ofthe Panel of Consultants on VocationalEducation. (See entry U.S. Panel of

19

Consultants on Vocational Education."Education for a changing world ofwork." Report of the Panel of Consul-tants on Vocational Education. Wash-ington, U.S. Government Printing Of-fice, 1963.)

Asti, L. C. Trade and industrial educa-tion; an effective program. Education, v. 85, December 1964: 211-216.

"The significant role that trade andindustrial education plays in preparingpotential dropouts for various kinds ofuseful and satisfying vocations in theyears ahead."

Automation and youth. The Americanchild, v. 42, March 1960. 24 pp.

A collection of articles by Jerome Ro-sow, Walter Reuther, and others on theeffects of automation on the training andthe employment of youth in this decade.

Automation: outlook for youth. TheAmerican child, v. 44, November 1962.16 PP.

Four brief but pertinent articles areincluded in this issue : View from Wash-ington by Seymeur Wolfbein; Automa-tion: training for what? by LouiseKnapp; The school story by T. StanleyWarburton; The controversy ahead byWilliam Gomterg.

AVEITCH, RICHARD T. Vocational educa-tion: a continuing problem. Journal ofeducation, v. 148, October 1965: 35-42.

"'the author attempts a critical analy-sis of the Vocational Education Act of1963 . . . traces the history of voca-tional education, exposes various nega-cke attitudes toward it."

BACHMURA, FRANK T. The ManpowerDevelopment and Training Act of1962its significance for rural areas.Journal of farm economics, v. 46, Febru-ary 1963: 61-72.

A discussion of the magnitude of farmunemployment and the opportunity fororganized rural effort for communqiesand for individuals in rural areas.

BARLOW, MELVIN L. The enemy unseen.American vocational journal, v. 34, Jan-uary 1959: 10-13.

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A prominent vocational educator be-lieves that the first phase of vocationaleducation has been successful in that"making a living" type of training hasbeen achieved. However, this attitudehas within it the "enemy unseen," forvocational education of this kind has noresponsibility for, or relationship to, thegeneral goals of education. It biindsto the vast resources of the program,placing it in the "rut leading to ob-livion."

. Impact of a world of missiles,rockets, and satellites on vocational edu-cation. Teachers college journal, v. 31,Janua'y 1960 : 100-4.

The author believes that the real im-pact of technological change upon ourvocational education programs is to befound in the sociological problems thisimpact has created. One solution lies ineasing up "on the death grip we haveupon some of our earlier principles andconvictions . . . and permit ourselvesand our programs to be influenced byother environments."

BARNES, J. WARD. Continuation centerfor adult education in Eldorado. Publicaid it !llinois,v. 32, May 1965: 6-10.

How this center came into being andthe programs conducted for uneducatedand unemployed adult% in Eldorado, Ill.Those attending are receiving welfareaid.

BAXTER, J. D. Job retraining problemgrows; how should it be handled? Ironape. v. 189, February 1, 1962: 65-67.

A training specialist from the GeneralElectric Co. states the reasons why hebelieves that retraining is a job for in-dustry and points out what is needed toazcomplish this retraining.

BECHTEL, HELEN. A sampling of schooldropout projects in Texas. Texas jour-nal of secondary education, v. 18, spring1966 : 13-19.

Brief summary of projects carried outby various Texas school system% andcommunities for school dropouts. Theseprograms consist of special classes, VO-.

cational courses geared to local employ-ment needs, part-time jobs, and studycenters.

BOLGER, JAMES. New look in vocationaleducation. Business education world, v.45, September 1964: 13-16; October1964: 28-30 ; November 1964: 26-29;December 1964: 18-21.

The editor of Business EducationWorld has written four articles on voca-tional education "new look" with sub-titles as follows: "The first 100 years invocational education ;" "The forces thatdemand education for employability:""Provisions of the Vocational EducationAct of 1963;" ''Business education andthe Vocational Education Act of 1963."

BOWEN, C. R. The paradoxes of abun-dance. National Association of Second-ary-School Principals Bulletin, v. 48,November 1964: 3-15.

A reNiew of the technological revolu-tion upon the U.S. economy and employ-ment, where the "new jobs" will mostlikely come, and the possibilities thatmight be accomplished by providing theright kind of education for an abundantsociety with its great segments ofpoverty.

BRAllIEL, WILLIAM F. Basic education inmanpower retraining programs. Adultleadership, v. 13, November 1964: 145-146.

The author is the Director of GeneralEducation, Norfolk Division, VirginiaState College. In this article he de-scribes the retraining program in theNorfolk Division, a program designedto raiee the basic skill levels of youthsand adults.

BROOKS, L. B. Norfolk State College ex-periment in training the hard-core un-employed. Phi Delta Kappan, v. 43,November 1964: 111-116.

An account of a pi oject to retrain un-empbyed adults, financed by grantsfrom the U.S. Office of Education, Co-operative Research Division, and theOffice of Manpower, Automation andTraining of the U.S. Department of

Labor. Conclusion: ". . . that propertraining can work miracles in the livesof men formerly without hope!'

BROWNELL, S. M. School dropouts and un-employed youth. American journal ofpublic health, v. 52, September 1962:1401-1406.

Solving the problem of young peoplein rural areas who drop out of schooland have little chance of employment.

BURKETT, L. A., and others. Vocationaland technical education: issues, devel-opments, principals' views. NationalAssociation of Secondary-School Prin-cipals bulletin, v. 47, November 1963:150-160.

Three article by Lowell A. Burkett,Merle E. Strong, and Orlin D. Trapp onthe relationship o.. the public secondaryschool and vocational-technical educa-tion programs as they now exist.

BYERLY, CARL L. Vocational EducationAct 1963 holds unusual implications forlarge cities. School shop, v. 23, April1964:40-41.

The assistant superintendent of theDetroit public schools, Mr. Byer ly tellsin this article of the changes that can beexpected in the large cities' trainingprograms as a result of the VocationalEducation Act, 1963.

CARD:mut, V. R. Vocational education andFederal control. American school boardjournal, v. 150, April 1965: 30-32.

A discussion of the new State require-ments for implementing the VocationalEducation Act of 1963 by a former spe-cialist in the Vocational Education Divi-sion of the Office of Education.

CAVANAUGH, DONALD. Industry's needsand the vocational school. school shopv. 23, March 1964: 17-19.

An engineer from the mechanical in-dustries discusses the needs of his par-ticular field and what the vocationalschools are doing to supply the trained.nanpower to fill these needs.

CHI MBERLAIN, NEIL W. Job obsolescence:Challenge and opportunity. Educa-tional record, v. 44, January 1963: 2G-32.

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Contents: The casualties of automa-tion (the unskilled worker) ; the stulti-fying effects of technological unemploy-ment (the plight of the unskilled olderworker) ; continuing education as a mod-ern substitute for experience (new con-cepts of formal education are needed) ;company programs (what managementmust do for manpower training to ex-tend the working capacity of its person-nel.)

CHASE, EDWARD T. Learning to be unem-ployable. Harpers Magazine, v. 226,April 1963: 33-10.

An article critical of the vocational ed-ucation programs the author claims are"fantastically biased in favor of farm-ing and home economics" and teachingskills that are obsolete, including tradeand industrial education. We need tolaunch a program of practical trainingfor real jobs in a vast national effort" isone of the solutions proposed by Mr.Chase.

CHILDS, G. B. Is the work ethic realisticin an ege of automation? Phi Delta Kap-pan. v. 46, April 1962: 370-375.

In the age of automation the authorbelieves that "our educational systemmust prepare people to live in a worldin which work will not hold the centralposition it has hela in the past."

CLAGUE, EWAN. The occupational outlook.Na Association of Secondary-School Principals bulletin, v. 48, Novem-ber 1964: 37-44.

The author is Commissioner of theBureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Depart-ment of Labor. In this article, he out-lines the manpower requirements ofthese labor categories: the white-collarworker, the blue-collar worker, the serv-ice workers, and those in farm occupa-tions. His analysis indicates "the mostrapidly growing occupations are gener-ally those that require the most educa-tion and training."

Cot, B. D. Vocational education in thehigh school; area vocational schools andcenters. Theory into practice, v. 3, D.cember 1964: 171-174.

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Contents : The new demands for voca-tional education, "the typical student insecondary school vocational programs,the present vocational education pro-gram in the secondary school, with thecounty high schools of New Jersey asan example."

COLEMAN, JAMES S. A future withoutjobs. Nation, v. 196, May 25, 1963:440-443.

The author discusses various solutionsto the problem of unemployment, par-ticularly job training for out-of-schoolyouth, and changes in our etl:cationalstructure to keep more people in schoolfor a longer period of time.

The coming crisis: youth without work.The American federationist, v. 70, April1963: 8-15.

The economic outlook for the unem-ployed youth, and what dangers largescale unemployment of this segment ofthe population hold for American society.This article also discusses the problemsof job opportunities for young peoplewho have dropped out of school andwhat types of training and help theyneed.

CONANT, JAMES B. Vocational educationand the national need. American voca-tional journal, v. 35, January 1960: 15-19.

An address delivered at the AmericanVocational Association convention, De-cember 7, 1959, in Chicago, in which thepresent status of vocational educationprograms in the comprehensive highschool is discussed. Recommendationsfor more effective programs in the fu-ture are also given.

COREY, JOHN. North Carolina's new sys-tem of vocational and technical educa-tion. Phi Delta Kappan, v. 46, April1965 : 383-387.

An account of vocational-technicaleducation in North Carolina since 1957.Programs in the secondary school andthe community junior college arestressed.

DAWSON, KENNETH E., and LOWELL A.BURKETT. A conversation on industrialarts and vocational education. NEAJournal, v. 54, November 1965: 25-28.

Officials of the American IndustrialArts Association and the American Vo-cational Asisociation respectively answerquestions put to them by members of theNEA Journal staff. The significance ofindustrial arts and vocational technicaleducation is discussed.

DES MARAIS, PHILIP H. New develop-ments in occupational training and voca-tional education. Balance sheet, v. 46,September 1964: 21-23.

An official of the U.S. Department ofHealth, Education, and Welfare gives abrief review here of the Federal pro-grams which provide aid to vocationaltraining.

Dim ARTHUR A. The case for t'ko self-contained technical-vocational highschool. Industrial arts and vocationaleducation, v. 54, May 1965: 26-29.

A discussion of the merits cf the voca-tional-technical high school as opposedto the comprehensive high school offer-ing vocational education as one of itsmany courses.

DICKERMAN, H. E. Implication'. of auto-mation for vocational education. NEAJournal, v. 45, December 1956: 564-565.

An outline of the provisions that voca-tional education will have to make tokeep pace with the manpower needs ofour growing economy.

Disadvantaged children and the world ofwork. The American child, v. 40, No-vember 1958. 24 pp.

A presentation of the problems of agreat segment of American youth. Ar-ticles are devoted to the school dropout,the "uneducables," migrant chlIdren,elildren of low-income farm families,minority youth, and juvenile delinquents.

DONOVAN, JOHN C. Implications of man-power training for Americau education.Phi Delta Kappan, v. 46, April 1965:366-369.

A summary of the aims, achievements,and potential of the manpower develop-ment and training program and relatedFederal efforts are given here by theformer manpower administrator in theU.S. Department of Labor.

Dropouts : number one challenge toAmerica's schools. The American child,v. 43, March 1961. 20 pp.

This issue of The American child ;,ellswhy (the dropout) is the number onechallenge facing our schools and reportson four experimental programs develop-ing techniques to meet the challenge."

DUDLEY, ARTHUR J. Automation and edu-cation. Industrial arts and vocationaleducation, v. 52, April 1963: 38-40, 55.

"A detailed analysis of automation andwhat it implies for education, generallyand industrial e:tucation, specifically."

DUNCANSON, D., editor. Educational pro-grams for non-college-bound youth.2 cichers college journal, v. 36, Novem-ber 1u64 : 61-76.

The subject "Educational programsfor non-college-bound youth" was theone adopted as the theme for the ThirdAnnual Educational Development Coun-cil Spring Workshop at Indiana StateCollege, April 2-3, 1964. This articlecontains four of the addresses deliveredat this meeting: Bynum, Alvis S., 'Toomany, too soon: a commentary on theproblems of youth, szhool, and work;"Beymer, Lawrence, "Nonsense andhorse sense about dropouts;" Frantz,Welby M., "Education and industry : mu-tual-aid program;" Kozelka, Robert F.,"Resolved: cooperative education isbest."

EDDY, L. W. Meeting the challenge fortechnical education at the high schoollevel. lndu.strial arts and vocationaleducation, April 1963: 18-19.

Some "guarding principles and oper-ating procedures" necessary for success-fully training technicians at the highschool level.

Education and automation: the comingworld of work and leisure. National As-

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socia tion of Secondary-School Principal3bulletin, v. 48, November 1964: 3-110.

Entire issue devoted to the relation-ship of education and automation. Per-tinent articles listed here are analyzedunder individual authors. General con-tents of issue: "The Nation, the economyand employment;" "Education, theschool and the student."

Education for work and family living.Review of educational research, v. 18,June 1947: 210-250.

A review of the literature for the 3-year period October 1944 to October1947, covering these topics: Educationfor work movement; home and familylife education ; industrial education;business education: agricultural educa-tion.

ELLINGTON, JOHN R. Jobs for youth: acritical problem for the 60s. State gov-ernment, v. 34, Spring 1961: 118-123.

The author believes that one of ourmost serious social problems is the un-employment of "ur youth, who are un-able to get jobs because of inadequatevocational training.

EVANS, RUPERT N. Industry and thecontent of industrial education. Schoolshop, v. 2 t, April 1962: 29-31,110.

Who shall determine the contents ofcourses for effectiv 1 vocational-indus-trial education? The author believesthat such decisions should be composedof a team, equally represented by thelocal school administration and indus-trial economists, psychologists, labor-management specialists, and others fromindustry.

FEIRER, ALBERT J. The future role of voca-tional-technical education in our society.Industrial arts and tocational education,v. 53, May 1964: 23-26,67-68,70.

An outline of the problems to be facedin vocational education for the 1960'8,the accomplishments of some States inpreparing for the new challenges aheadin training youth and adults for theworld of work.

FERNANDEZ, G. Project: Vocational edu-cation. Journal of secondary education,v. 40, February 1965: 65-68.

Description of the organization andaccomplishments of a "community class-room" vocational program designed forhigh school seniors in the CupertinoHigh School, Cupertino, Calif., duringthe 1964-65 academic year.

FINCH, B. Summaries of current voca-tional education acts. School shop, v.24, June 1965: 17-19.

A useful and timely summary of theeight vocational education acts now inoperation, giving appropriations forfiscal 1965, use of funds, administrativerequirements, etc.

FLEECE, URBAN IL Job trainingbyschools or industry? School and society,v. 90, summer 1962: 263-264.

Should the American public school beresponsible for job-preparation to easethe unemployment of youth and adults?The author favors on-the-job training byindustry, leaving for the schools the im-portant role of ecutcaoniz the mind, imag-ination, emotions, and creative impulsesof the human person.

FORKNER, HAMDEN L. Vocational busi-ness education under the VocationalEducation Act of 1963. Balance sheet,v. 45, February 1964 : 256-258.

An analysis of the Vocational Educa-tion Act of 1963 for those in the field ofbusiness education, giving specific in-formation as to how this legislation maybe utilized at State and local levels.

FREEDMAN, MARCIA. Vocational training.The American child, v. 42, November1960: 9-12.

The problems of high school youth un-able to go on to higher training are dis-cussed here. How can they become em-ployable, since much of the present highschool vocational education programsare "at a fairly low skill level?"

FULLER, EDGAR. Report from Washing-ton: Schools assigned responsibilitiesand funds in Manpower Development

and Training Act. Nation's schools, v.69, May 1962: 106, 108.

iIow the provisions of the ManpowerDevelopment and Training Act of 19C2will effect vocational education, what isexpected by way of reducing unemploy-ment resulting from automation andtechnological changes.

GREENE, BERT I. A new concept of thehigh school. School shop, v. 24, April1965: 46-98, 108.

The author believes that the presentconcept of the high school is outmoded,and he gives his reasons for this beliefand states ". . . we are about to entera new phase of education and that theVocational Education Act of 1963 willshow us the way." He proves this argu-ment by an examination of the provisionsof the act, and the possibilities it has forreconstructing th American high school.

HAMLIN, H. M. All students benefit fromeducation for work. Nation's schools, v.64, August 959: 47-49.

The author is professor of agricul-tural education, University of Illinois.In this article he discusses the means bywhich all school activities and subjectscan contribute to vocational education,and help students "face up to vocationalalternatives" in choosing a life's work.

. New designs in vocational andpractical arts education. Part I: TheSouth. Anurican vocational journal, v.39, December 1964: 12-15.

This report is the first section of anational report on new designs in "oca-tional, technical and practical arts edu-cation, and vocational guidance, beingprepared by a subcommittee of the Pub -1k Information Committee of the Amer-ican Vocational Association,

HARRINGTON, GORDON M. Vocational edu-cation moving in diverse directions. Na-tion's schools, v. 60, July 1957: 45-48.

The observations made here summar-ize the results of a survey made in 1953of the State director of vocational edu-cation in each State and Territory. .

Inferrences about trends are based on

the opinions of the State level officialswho are respor.sible for vocational pro-grams in the schools."

HARRIS, NORMAN C. Redoubled efforts anddimly seen goals. Phi Delta Kappan, v.46, April 1965: 360-365.

The author is professor of the Tech-nical Education Center for the Studyof Higher Education, University ofMichigan. He states what he believesare the "hard questions" to be asked inadministering the "fivefold expansion invocational education funds" so that theprogram may prove successful.

HELLER, WALTER W. Men, money and ma-terials. Educational record, v. 44, Jan-uary 1963: 12-16.

This noted economist outlines the ad-vantages to be reaped in investing"money and materials" on education toprovide skilled manpower. He also listseight "policy guides" for further invest-ments in education and training to in-sure the achievement of greater skillsfrom workers.

HINES, J. J. Industry needs high schoolgraduates. American school board jour-nal, v. 149, October 1964: 13-14.

Results of a survey made by three vo-cational education teachers in an Illinoiscommunity of 40,000 population. Theseteachers interviewed the personnel man-agers of 20 companies "to determinewhat terminal high school graduatesshould be taking to qualify for employ-ment."

HORN, FRANCIS H. Liberal education re-examined. Harvard educational revieiv,v. 26, No. 4, 1956 : 303-314.

Originally given as a speech at theAndiron Club of New York City, De-cember 16, 1955, this article by Dr. Hornof the Pratt Institute states three com-plaints against the attitude of the spokes-men for liberal education. One (f thesecomplaints is their failure to recognizethe importance of both liberal and vo-cational education in our present daysociety.

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HOWE, HAROLD, 2D. The human side of vo-cational education. School shop, v. 25,April 1966: 2.

A guest editorial by the U.S. Com-missioner of Education in which hepoints out the "interesting changes inprogram and facilities" of the Voca-tional Education Act of 19g3.

HURT, MARY L. Educating for the worldof work : a team approach. Educationalleadership, v.22, January 1965: 221-225.

An outline of ways and means to ex-pand academic and vocational educationprograms under the Vocational Educa-tion Act of 1963.

Imperative needs of youth. National As-sociation of Secondary-School Principalsbulletin, v. 31, March 1947: 3-144.

A discussion of 10 needs of youth, allof which have Laplications for industrialtraining. Emphasis is particularlyplaced on the need for developing salableskills.

IVERSEN, Roam W. Peace Corps train-ing: lessons of the first year. Educa-tional record, v. 44, January 1963: 17-25.

A description of the Peace Corps ed-ucational training for particular skillsthat might be applied to other types ofvocational education. Among the "les-sons" learned from this system: ". . .

Highly motivated students can absorba great deal in a relatively short time.Some training programs have, in fact,compressed the equivalent of a year ofcollege into 12 weeks."

JACOBSON, PAUL B., ed. Youth at work; amanual containing descriptions of a num-ber of selected National Youth Adminis-tration projects for in-and-out-of-schoolyouth. National Association of Second-ary-School Principals bulletin, v. 25,May 1941: 3-197.

An entire issue devoted to the workprograms under the NYA. Includes in-formation on programs for out-of-schoolyouth which enabled them to work andstill receive training through the schoolsto make them more productive on thejob.

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3. 1

JOHNSON, B. LAMAR. Guideline and trendsin postsecondary vocational-technical ed-ucation. Phi Delta Kappa, v. 46, April1965: 376-380.

Eight trends in junior college orga-nization and education are discussed topoint out the value of the junior collegeas an effective institudon for vocational-technical training.

JONES, PAUL 0. We train dropouts. In-dustrial arts and vocational education, v.54, June 1965: 26,43-44.

The author is the Assistant Superin-tendent of Vocational Education andTraining, U.S. Bureau of Prisons. Hedescribes here the training programgiven school dropouts ;n Federal correc-tional institutions.

KEMP, BARBARA H. The youth we haven'tserved. American vocational journal, v.40, October 1965: 24-26.

"What can vocational educators do tocompensate for long years of neglect?"This article suggests eight fines of ac-tion.

KEPPEL, FRANCIS. Bigcity school : prob-lems and prospects; new vigor in the ur-ban high schools. PTA magazine, v.59, March 1965: 4-6.

The former U.S. Commissioner ofEducation presents an "agenda for re-form" in revitalizing the high schools inour big cities On this "agenda" aresuggestions kr better training oppor-tunities for jobs.

. Vocational education: a promisefor tomorrow. Americanicon vocationaljournal, v. 39, February 1964: 15-18.

An address by the U.S. Commissionerof Education at the 57th Annual Voca-tional Convention in Atlantic City, N.J.,December 9,1963. In this address Mr.Keppel emphasizes the importance ofState planning as indicated in the pro-posals of the Vocational Education Actof 1963.

KOHLER, MARY C., rand ANDRE FONTAINE.The job situation. Saturday eveningpost, v. 235. March 24, 1962: 58,61-62.

One of the fundamental reasons whyyouth cannot find work is to be found inthe breakdown of the apprentice systemand total lack of training for work whichmight be available to them.

LAW, G. Area school: getting the most forthe education dollar. School shop, v. 23,April 1964: 57-60.

A description of the Lewis WilsonTechnological Center, Huntington, N.Y.Useful as a study of an area vocationalschool's founding and development.

LAWSON, JOHN B. Vocational prepared-ness for a technical age. American vo-cational journal, v. 38, September 1963:10-12.

The author is vice president of thePhi lco Corporation. He believes that"we must take a good hard look at ourvocational preparedness programs" anduses California as an example in plan-ning for ways to meet the vocationalneeds of that State. This planning Mr.Lawson terms "Master Plan for Voca-tional Education," and he describes thepossible impact on education and laborif it were to materialize.

LESH NER, SAUL S., and GEORGE S. SYNDER-MAN. Helping unemployed youthacommunity approach. Children, v. 8,November-December 1961: 213-217,

The authors state their views on theneeds of the school dropouts, and whatservices and training the community canprovide to aid their future.

LITTLE, J. KENNETH. The Wisconsin re-search center for vocational-technicaleducation. Phi Delta Kappa?), v. 46,April 1965: 412-413.

In October 1964, the University ofWisconsin, with the assistance of a FordFoundation grant, established the Cen-ter for Research and Development inVocational-Technical Education andTraining. A brief description of itsobjectives and activities is given in thisarticle.

LIVERIGHT, A. A. Lifelong education.National Association of Secondary-

School Principals bulletin, v. 48, Novem-ber 1964: 99-110.

The author is the director of the Cen-ter for the Study of Liberal Educationfor Adults at Boston University, Brook-line, Mass. He outlines the importantneeds of adult education today. Partialcontents: Educating nontechnologistsabout technology and preparing for con-tinuing and accelerating change in jobsand professions.

LOCHETTE, RUTHERFORD E. Implicationsfor industrial arts education : educationfor a changing world of work. Ameri-can vocational journal, v. 39, April 1964 :26-27.

A professor of industrial education ofthe Trenton (N.J.) State College outlinesfour programs for industrial arts edu-cation at the senior high school and adultlevel. He believes that such programswould make vocational education avail-able to a larger number of youths whowould profit from such training.

LOGAN, W. B. Vocational education factsand misconceptions. Theory into prac-tice, v. 3, December 1964: 161-162.

The author states that "in spite of thefavorable record established by voca-tional education in 50-plus years sinceits inception, there are still misconcep-tions in the field." Among these miscon-ceptions there are eight outstandingones, some of which are that Federalfunds bring Federal control, vocationaleducation is limited to learning a narrowskill, that vocational education is forstudents of low ability, and that highschool vocational education students willnot be able to enter college.

LOOMI.-;. WILLIAM P., and LOUISE MOORE.Occupational education in the schools.Annals of the American Academy of Po.Utica! and Social Science, v. 302, Novem-ber 1955: 68-73.

"Most of the activities covered in thisreport concerning placement and follow-up are based upon operations of thescl,00ls in the field of trade and industYialeducation, which includes training for

27

employment in manufacturing, construc-tion, technical, and service occupations."

LOWENS, MILTON. Needed: vocational in-stitutes! High points, v. 45, November1963: 65-76.

The author gives his reasons why hebelieves the vocational high schools ofNew York City "are obsolete and shouldbe replaced without delay." He includessuggestions for modern programs morein keeping with current needs and be-lieves that vocational institutes are theanswer to combat obsolescence in voca-tional high schools.

MCCLIJSKY, HOWARD Y. General educa-tion and work experience. Review ofeducational research, v. 14, October1944:289-300.

A review of the literature covering a3-year period, October 1941 to October1944, on the subject of student employ-ment as a part of the general educationcurricula. Includes evaluation of re-search on such programs as the NationalYouth Administration and the CivilianConservation Corps.

MCCOURT, OKEY E. Programed instruc-tion in vocational-technical training.American vocational journal, v. 40, Jan-uary 1965: 17-18.

How automated instruction xas initi-ated in the Sussex County (Delaware)area vocational school and a brief assess-ment of its effectiveness.

MCLURE, WILLIAM P. The challenge of vo-cational and technical education. PhiDelta Kappan, v. 43, February 1962:212-217.

This article is the result of a compre-hensive study made on vocational educa-tion in Illinois. The subject of voca-tional education is treated here from anational viewpoint, re-defining it fromthe needs of the high school level, andplacing the teaching of vocational edu-cation in a more comprehensive school.The author also suggests the "funda-mental policy decision" that must bemade by each State to make its voca-tional training programs more effective.

28

Future of vocational and techni-cal education. American vocationaljournal, v. 36, March 1961: 7-9. Alsoin National Association of Secondary-School Principals bulletin, v. 35, Febru-ary 1961: 7-12.

A professor of education at the Uni-versity of Illinois discusses the demandsnow being made on our high schools.He believes that the future task for voca-tional education is one of close coopera-tion between the educational institutionand fields of occupational employment.

MANDEL, HENRY Fundamental consider-ations in vocational program planning.American school and university, v. 34,1962-63: G-5-G-10.

Basic information on setting up a vo-cational-technical program in a typicalAmerican community. Includes adviceon equipment, tools, and supplies, spacerequiren rots, and how much to spend.

Manpower Development and Training Act:The 1963 amendments. School life, v.46, March-April 1964 ; 12-16.

A discussion of the need for changesin the MDTA program to make it moreeffective. Information on the eligibilityrequirements under the amendments isalso given.

MARTIN, W. HOWARD. Dropouts and agri-cultural education. Education,v.85, De-cember 1964: 217-220.

How the provisions of the VocationalEducation Act of 1963 provide for moreflexibility in vocational agriculture andwhat can be done to adapt programs inagriculture for pupils "unsuited to for-mal schooling."

MAURER, WALLACE M., and WARREN M.MAURER. The failure of vocational edu-cation. School and society, v. 86, April12,1958:169 -170.

Written during the "post-Sputnik" re-evaluation of our educational system, theauthors point out the factors contribut-ing to the failure of our vocational educa-tion programs to produce personnel"trained in the light of manpower needs."

In addition the authors claim that "fundsinvested in such programs serve to con-tinue their existence despite the adverseeffects upon the individuals trained andthe communities served."

IVIOBLEY, M. D., ed. Fifty years of progrest,in vocational and practical arts educa-tion. Americanvocationaljournal,y. 31,December 1956: 1-120.

Entire issue devoted to the progressmade in vocational and practical artseducation for a fifty year period, includ-ing a history of Federal funds for voca-tional education.

. Manpower . . a serious nationalproblem. American vocational journal,v. 38, May 1963: 8-10.

The executive secretary of the Ameri-can Vocational Association explainswhy "more adequate and effective pro-grams of vocational and technical edu-cation are needed" to provide work op-portunities for ''present and oncominggenerations."

. Review of Federal vocational-edu-cation legislation, 1862-1963. Theoryinto practice, v. 3, December 1964: 167-170.

The author is the executive secretaryof the American Vocational Association.A brief summary of Federal assistanceto vocational educ ,tion is given, and amore detailed report of the Manpowerand Training Act of 1962 and the Voca-tional Education Act of 1963 is included.

. Vocational education outlook forthe 60's. American vocational journal,v. 35, March 1960: 9-11. Also in Over-view. v.1, January 1960: 41-43.

A forecast of what can be expected invocational education expansion for thisdecade by the executive secretary ofAVA. Among Dr. Mobley's predictionsare programs for adults, area programsembracing area vocational schools, com-prehensive high schools with strong vo-cational and practical arts courses, es-pecially in semirtaal areas and in largecities.

MORMAN, ROBERT R. Automa.;ion, drop-outs, and guidance. National Associa-tion of Secondary-School Principalsbulletin, v. 48, November 1964: 83-98.

Topics discussed in this article: Laborforce projections and job changes withinthe next generation, providing effectivevocational training for the out-of-school,unemployed youth, how vocational guid-ance will have to change to meet the de-mands of counseling in an automatedage.

Moss, JEROME. Universal vocational edu-cation: a vital element of public educa-tion. Educational forum, v. 28, Novem-ber 1963: 63-70.

Vocational education as a public re-sponsibility and its place in the second-ary-school program are two aspects dis-cussed in this article.

NEFF, MONROE C. Adult basic educationin North Carolina. Adult leadership, v.13, March 1965: 277-278,305.

Activities now under way in NorthCarolina for adult basic education underthe Economic Opportunity Act of 1964.Describes also the teacher training insti-tutes to prepare instructors for the basiceducation programs, and materials usedin instruction.

New developments under Vocational Edu-cational Acta nationwide roundup.School shop, v. 25, April 1966: 49.-90.

A group of 13 articles by leading vo-cational education personnel, each ar-ticle describing a phase of the Vocation-al Education Act of 1963 and the goalsattained through it.

NOVAK, B. J., and M. E. SUNDHEIM. Ca-reers for potential dropouts. Educa-tion, v. 85, December 1964: 199-205.

A review of existivg programs whichhave been initiated to rovide job train-ing for potential school dropouts. Pro-grams in Philadelphia, Pa., are amongthose discussed.

NYE, B. C., and W. B. LOGAN. Courses forupgrading the vocational skills of adults.Theory into practice, v. 3, December1964 : 179-18?.

29

A discussion of the types of programsavailable under Federal sponsorship totrain adults for a wider range of jobopportunities.

OGILVIE, W. K. Occupational educationand the community college. Educa-tional leadership, v. 22, January 1965:244-246-1 .

Examples of occupational trainingprograms in the community colleges ofvarious States.

O'HARA, EDWARD. The first step to em-ployability. American vocational jour-nal, v. 40, October 1965 :14 -15.

General information on the Job Corps,established by the Office of EconomicOpportunity to give deprived youth basktraining for employment.

OLESON, E. B. Industrial-vocational edu-cation for needs of youth and adults.South Dakota Educational Associationjournal, v. 40, May 1965: 6-10.

The author is the State Director ofVocational Education in South Dakota.In this article he makes a distinction be-tween "industrial arts" and "vocationaleducation" by stating that "the former isa curriculum area while . . . the latteris to fit persons for useful employmentin specific occupations."

OLIVE, C. THOMAS. A leadership trainingbreakthrough for the new vocationaltraining. School shop, v. 24, April1965:54-55.

A description of New York State's pro-gram to train top-Ievel administratorsfor vocational training programs. Theauthor states ". . . the plan is feasibleand practical to apply in other States."

OLSON, JERRY C. The marriageability ofvocational education. School shop, v.25, October 1965: 39-42.

Description of a program initiated inthe Pittsburgh, Pa., public high schoolsto "seek to end the separation of voca-tional schools and curl iculums from thegeneral academic programs."

Operations under National ApprenticeshipProgram. Monthly labor review, v. 69,August 1949: 126-130.

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Brief review of the National Appren-ticeship Program developed as an eco-nomic measure in the early 1930's, andits transfer to the U.S. Department ofLabor in 1937. Statistics are given con-cerning the growth of this form of voca-tional training for the 1939-48 period.

PCP: a program to rehabilitate dropouts.School management, v. 9, August 1965:39-41.

A new program called PersonalizedCurriculum Project has been initiated inOsk.,oda, Mich., to give high school drop-outs an opportunity for work and study.

Place and role of vocational education inthe total school program. American vo-cational journal, v. 40, February 1965:33-35.

Summary of discussion by State Di-rectors of Vocational Education at the58th annual convention of the AmericanVocational Association, 1964.

PRACAN, OTTO. Labor's stake in vocational education. American vocationaljournal, v. 40, March 1965; 13-14, 32.

Excerpts from an address delivered atthe 1964 American Vocational Associa-tion convention by the assistant directorof education, AFLCIO.

RISTAU, R. A. Comprehensive high schooleducation for occupations. 1Viscons4ijournal of education., v. 97, February1965: 20-21.

General information on Wisconsin'simplementation of tit a Vocational Act of1963.

RIVLIN, ALICE M. An economist looks atvocational education. American voca-tional journal, v. 40, December 1965: 9-10.

An economist in the Brookings Insti-tute, Washington, D.C., examines thesequestions: "How much vocational edu-cation or training should the labor forcehave?" . . . "Where should the trainingfor work ealr?" . . . "Ho% shouldthe costs of training he shared betweenthe worker, the employer, and the tax-payer?"

ROGERS, VIRGIL M. What kind of an edu-cation in a world of automation? Na-tional Association of Secondary-SchoolPrincipals bulletin, v. 48, November1964: 47-55.

Mr. Rogers, the director of the Na-tional Eddcation Association sponsoredproject on the Educational Implicationsof Automation, lists 10 specific goalsthat must be accomplished in educationif we are to improve its quality in an ageof automation.

The role and responsibility of governmenttoward unemployed youth. The Ameri-can chid, v. 43, November 1961. 20 pp.

Issue devoted to the problems of theNation's 800,000 unemployed, out-of-school youth. Contents: Governmentand the problems of youth by WilliamGomberg; Who's afraid of work by Bu-ford Ellington; The Youth EmploymentOpportunities Act of 1961 by Carl D.Perkins; The Ph iadelphia Youth Con-servation Corps by Randolph Wise; In-ternational youth employment by Mil-dred F. Woodbury.

Russo, MICHAEL. The what and why ofthe area vocational school. Industrialarts and vocational education, v. 54, No-vember 1965: 28-32.

A special report prepared by an offi-cial of the U.S. Office of Education's Di-vision of Vocational and Technical Edu-cation. It explains the provisions forplanning and developing area vocationalschools as authorized under the Voca-tional Education Act of 1963.

SCHAEFER, CARL J. The old stereotypes nolonger apply to job training. Schoolshop, v. 24, April 1965: 60-61, 118.

Reasons why the Vocational Educa-tion Act of 1963 may well serve as "theepitaph to vocational education as wehave known it." The author predictsnew organizational patterns and an in-crease of quality training under the newact.

SCHMITT, MARSHALL L. Opportunities forindustrial arts education. Indust rial

arts and vocational education, v. 54,June 1965 :16, 43.

The specialist for industrial arts ed-ucation, U.S. Office of Eth cation, ex-plains in this article how funds in thenew Elementary and Secondary Educa-tion Act of 1965 may benefit industrialarts education.

Schooling kids for today's jobs. Changingtimes, v. 19, September 1965: 41-45.

This article explains what is wrongabout the present methods of vocationaltraining in our schools when we turn outh'gh school graduates with no job train-ing for today's demands on the labormarket. Optimistic predictions aremade concerning the Vocational Educa-tion Act of 1963 and its programs toupdate vocational education which nowis described as being "in the horse-and-buggy" days.

SCHREIBER, DANIEL. The low ability groupand the world of automation, NationalAssociation of Secondary-School Prin-cipals bulletin, v. 48, November 1964:73-82.

The problem of educating the slowlearner is discussed in this article. Ex-amples of school programs, combiningwork and instruction, are cited. Theseare located in Tacoma-Pierce County,Washington (State), Champaign, Illi-nois, Community School District, andIowa City, Iowa, High School.

SCHULER, STANLEY. Jobs for the future.Nation's business, v. 51, June 1963: 31-41, 44-47, 55 -56, 86-93.

A special five-part report on meetingthe challenge for job requirements in thefuture. Discusses the new skill require-ments that will require new training,what the government can and cannot doin preparing workers for future employ-ment, how automation will actually makemore jobs available.

SEEFELD, KERMIT A. Vocational educationin the liberal education continuum. In-dustrial arts and vocational education, N'.

53, November 1964: 20-21.

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A discussion of some sociological con-cepts affecting people's choice betweenliberal education and vocational-tech-nical education. Includes brief bibliog-raphy.

SHILT, BERNARD A. Some facts about theVocational Education Act of 1963. Bal-ance sheet, v. 46, October 1964: 52-54.

"A history of the passage of the actand some suggestions for its applica-tion."

SHOEMAKER, B. R. Preemployment train-ing for out-of-school youth and adults.Theory into rractice, v. 3, December1964: 175-178.

The author of this article is the di-rector of vocational education in the OhioDepartment of Education. He reviewssuccessful public vocational educationprograms of the past as the WPA andWorld War II training programs andlists the type of subjects now offeredunder title VIII of the National DefenseEducation Act and the Manpower De-velopment and Training Act.

SHOULDERS, FOREST H. Education and le-training programs for employment.Illinois school board journal, v. 32,MarchApril 1965: 20-22.

Report of a panel discussion held dur-ing the 1964 Convention of the IllinoisAssociation of School Boards. Coversvarious programs in Cook County, Ill.,and other areas engaged in rehabilitatingand retraining welfare recipients.

SIMEON, N. F. Chicago's Vocational Guid-ance and Education Centers; a programfor over-age elementary school youth.Chicago school journal, v. 95, October1963: 15-21

A descriptioil of the seven centers ini-tiated by the C hicago public school sys-tem in the effort D provide vocationaltraining for youths 11 years and older,who had not yet rad uated from elemen-tary school.

SMITH, G. W. Vocational and technicaleducation; a survey of current programsin Illinois public junior colleges. Illi-nois education, v. 53, January 1965:210-212 4- .

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A review of the current status of vo-cational and technical programs in the18 public junior colleges of Illinois.

SMITH, ROBERT M., and WILLIAM J. TIS-DALL. Working with the retarded pupilin industrial arts and vocational educa-tion. School shop, v. 24, April 1965:58-59,114.

The applications of industrial educa-tion to prepare the mentally retarded forgainful occupation.

SMITH, WESLEY P. Vocational educationin the high school. California educa-tion,v. 1, September 1963 :16 -18.

California's State Director of Voca-tional Education presents "guidelines"for the further development and expan-sion of vocational education programsin the high schools of his State.

Special report: Vocational and technicaleducation. American school board jour-nut v.150, Apri11965: 23-60.

A group of 12 articles, including "Newproducts in the field." Partial contents:Vocational education and Federal con-trol by V. R. Cardozier; Vocational ed-ucation, a community responsibility byTheodore Pearce; Community collegefor tomorrow by C. Thomas Dean; Casefor vocational, technical training schoolby Arthur A. Dick.

SPENCE, WILLIAM P. Federal funds for in-dustrial arts. Industrial arts and voca-!tonal education, v. 54, November 1965:36, 78, 80.

The wars in which industrial arts mayqualify for Federal funds under the Ele-mentary and Secondary Education Actof 1965.

STAHLECKER, L. V. Schoolwork programsfor the slow learners. Clearing house,v.38, January 1964: 299-301.

An assessment of schoolwork pro-grams in preparing slow-learning youthsfor suitable employment. General in-formation is given in this article.

STROBEL, J. R. Resources related to objec-tives: the key to the Vocational Educa-tion Act of 1963. School shop, v. 23,April 1964:35-39.

The assistant commissioner for voca-tional instructional services for NewYork outlines the specific implications ofthe Vocational Education Act of 1963and how this new legislation will affectvocational training at different levels.

Symposium: Secondary education for vo-cational competence in a changing occu-pational world. California journal ofsecondary education, v. 33, May 1958:290-316.

A group of six articles by noted Cali-fornia educators in the field of vocationaleducation.

THOMAS, WADE F. Reducing the gap be-tween vocational and general education.Junior college journal, v. 27, March1957: 367-374; April 1957: 429-436.

In the first article the author pointsout the necessity for establishing rela-tionships between vocational and gen-eral education programs and defines thecriteria for use in ascertaining the ef-fectiveness of such relationships.

In the second article he reports onpractices as they exist in 10 public juniorcolleges of California and the extent ofthe relationship between vocational andgeneral education in these institutions.

Training youth for work. The Americanchild, v. 44, May 1962. 20 pp.

Entire issue devoted to ways andmeans of training unemployed youth foroccupations in which shortages of work-ers exist.

The trouble with training. The Americanchild, v. 47, January 1965. 23 pp.

Training is now the blanket term fora host of programs seeking to help youthgain confidence or improve reading, getwork experience or leaf n technical skills.Five articles included in this issue dis-cuss the forms of "training" now offeredin various programs and the probablesuccess and failure of these programs.

TROXWELL, MARGARET. Adequate man-power in the 1960'sa new challenge forvo-ed American vocational journal, v.35, April 1960: 14-15.

The a utht.r is informational specialist,Bureau of Apprenticeship and Training,

Department of Labor. The "new chal-lenge" to vocational education in the1960's is the large growth in job oppor-tu.iities for the skilled worker, while op-portunities for the farmworker and un-skilled worker decline.

VENN, GRANT. Needed : a new relation-ship between education and work.School shop, v. 24, April 1965: 42-45,106.

This noted educator believes that anentirely new set of standards and valuesmust be used in training workers forpresent day needs and for future needs.A new concept of vocational educationmust be evolved, combining training forsaleable skills with cultivation of civicand personal understanding of others.

VIRGINIA VOCATIONAL ASSOCIATION. PUB-LIC INFORMATION COMMITTEE. Voca-tional education in Virginia. Virginiajournal of education, v. 57, March 1964:13 -15 +.

The present status and organization ofvocational education programs in thepublic high schools of Virginia andneeded changes for future developmentsare discussed.

Vocational and technical education ; re-views the literature for the 6-year periodsince October 1950. Review of educa-tional research, v. 26, October 1956:349-410.

Partial contents : Vocational selec-tion; industrial education ; technical edu-cation; work experience.

The Vocational Education Act of 1963.School life, v. 46, MarchApril 1964 :3-12.

This is a detailed presentation of theprovisions of this act and some back-ground information pointing out thenecessity for its passage.

Vocational Education Act of 1963 and sug-gested lines of action relating to voca-tional education for business and officeoccupations. Business education foi.um,v. 18, January 19E4 : 29-32.

A special report prepared by the Leg-islative Action Committee of the Na-tional Busit.oss Education Association.

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Vocational education; time for decision.National Association of Secondary-School Principals bulletin, v. 49, May1965: 3-153.

Entire issue devoted to vocational edu-cation. Contents: The needs and possi-bilities; vocational education at work indiverse situations; patterns of organiza-tion of vocational education ; curriculumdevelopment and guidance.

Vocational, technical, and practical artseducation; reviews the literature for the6-year period since . . . October 1956.Review of educational research, v. 32,October 1962.

Covers entire field of vocational edu-cation and includes chapter on careerplanning, job placement, and followupstudies.

Vocational training lags ; needs more Fed-eral aid and community cooperation;school administrators opinion poll find-ings. Nation's schools, v. 71, April 1963:61+.

Pertinent facts from ar. opinion pollconducted by the editors of "Nation'sSchools," from which th!s majority opin-ion was gained : ' Public schools todayneed to update greatly their vocationaltraining curriculums."

WALKER, ERIC A. Automation and educa-tion. Junior college journal, v. 25, May1956: 498-503.

This article rtates the implications ofautomation for education, suggests thetypes of content needed for education inthis light, outlines the tasks of the juniorcolleges in providing this training.

WHITE, R. E. Junior colleges, a technicaleducation role. Minnesota journal ofeducation, v. 45, February 1965: 12-14.

The role of the American junior col-lege in furnishing post-high school pro-grams in vocational training, how thejunior colleges of Minnesota measure upto this role.

WILCOX, GLADE. The challenge of automa-tion to technical education. School shop,v.16, June 1957:9-11.

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35

The various aspects of automation andthe implications for technical education.Reports also on company studies involv-ing automation installations and the re-lationship to vocational training ofworkers.

WILLIS, BENJAMIN C. The changing storyof vocational education and what's need-ed now. Nation's schools, v. 71, Febru-ary 1963: 57-60.

Mr. Willis presents the recommenda-tions of the Pane! of Consultants on Vo-cational Education and lists categoriesof persons to whom vocational educationshould be made available.

WOERDEHOFF, FRANK J., and RALPH R.BENTLEY. A study of the viewpointsheld by school administrators regardingvocational education in the secondaryschool. Journal of experimental educa-tion, v.27, dune 1959: 297-309.

Report of a study conducted by PurdueUniversity faculty members to securethe viewpoints of Indiana school admin-istrators on vocational education, be-cause they believe that ". . . their view-points regarding vocationll educationcontribute much toward the degree ofacceptance or rejection of this phase ofsecondary educaiion and the way inwhich the program is carried out."

WOLFBEIN, SEYMOUR L. Employing thenext generation. Cchool shop, v. 24,February 1965: 25-26+.

The author is the Deputy ManpowerAdministrator, U.S. Department of La-bor. lie discusses the necessary changesthat must come in our training programsif we are to win "in our war on unem-ployment and poverty."

ZACK, JACOB B. and others. The best placefor vocational education. N.E.A. jour-nal, v. 55, December 1965: 48-52.

Four educators, Jacob B. Zack, BurrD. Col, Ted Urich, and Joe Mauch dis-cuss the best place for vocational educa-tion considering the high school, thespecial school, and the community col-lege.

Part IIIUNPUBLISHED DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS

ALLEN, DAVID. The history of profession-al industrial education organizations inCalifornia. University of California atLos Angeles, 1962.

ARNOLD, WALTER M. Federal-State co-operative activities in vocational educa-tion. Oklahoma Agricultural and Me-chanical College, 1957.

ASHBROOK, WILLIAM D. The developmentof industrial education in the schools ofPennsylvania. University of Pitts-burgh, 1943.

BAILY, ATHOL R. Envolving concepts ofindustrial education in the thinking oforganized industrial management. Uni-versity of Missouri, 1949.

BARLOW, MELVIN LEWIS. A history oftrade and industrial education in Cali-fornia. University of California at LosAngeles, 1949. 373 pp.

BETTINA, ALBERT A. The development ofvocational-industrial education in NewMexico. Bradley University, 1953.

BLANCH, LLOYD E. Federal cooperation invocational education. University ofChicago, 1923. 396 1.

CHAPLINE, ALLEN W. The NAM and itsefforts to influence education. ColumbiaUniversity, 1948.

CHAVOUS, ARTHUR M. Industrial educa-tion for Negroes in Ohio. University ofOhio, 1946.

COOPER, WILLIAM M. Indust. ial arts inthe public secondary schools of Alabama.Auburn University, 1961.

COTTON, GEORGE R. Collegiate technicaleducation for Negroes in Missouri withproposed plans for development. Uni-versity of Ohio, 1944.

CRAWFORD, BRYANT, JR. Inch stria' artsprograms for adults: A study to developprocedures and practices with refer-

ences to industrial arts programs withimplications for adult living. Ohio StateUniversity, 1961.

CRAWFORD, HAROLD WAKELING. Organi-zational patterns for industrial educa-tion programs in selected land-grant col-leges. Wayne University, 1960.

DAVENPORT, JOE U. An analysis of thestatus of and suggestions for improvingindustrial arts education in the publicsecondary schools of Arkansas. Univer-sity of Arkansas, 1959.

DILTS, HAROLD E. The status of vocationaltrades and industries programs in Iowasecondary schools. Iowa University,1961.

DOUGLAS, PAUL H. American apprentice-ship and industrial education. ColumbiaUniversity, 1921.

DUTTON, BERNARD. P. study of televisionfor instruction in industrial arts educa-tion. Unpublished doctoral dissertation,University of California, Los Angeles,1966.

DYKHOUSE, JAY. Dualism in Americanpublic education since 1906 with specialreferences to the vocational educationmovement. University of Michigan,;950.

EDMONDS, WILLIAM S. A study of the tech-nological curricula of the separatesouthern land-grant colleges, 1941-51.Columbia University, 1954.

FARMER, JOE T. The teaching of industrialarts in the secondary schools of Texas.University of New York, 1951.

FixE, Nis L. Historical development ofvocational industrial education programsof secondary grade level in public schoolsof Penns;lvania from 1900 to 1954.University of Pittsburgh, 1956.

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FISHER, RICHARD E. Status and need forterminal vocational technical curriculain senior colleges and universities. Uni-versity of Mis,-ouri, 1956.

FREDERICK. LAWRENCE M. Origin and de-velopment of industrial education inNew Mexico. University of Missouri,1955.

FRINGER, HARRY A. A century of voca-tional education concepts, 1848-1948.Rutgers University, 1949.

FRYER, DOUGLAS H. Intelligence and in-terest in vocational adjustment; a sta-tistical study. Clark University, 1923.

GRUBER, HERBERT H. A State plan for sub-sidizing vocational education in Penn-sylvania. Pennsylvania State Univer-sity, 1942.

HACKETT, DONALD F. The status andneeds for industrial education in Geor-gia. University of Missouri, 1953.

HALL, CLYDE W. A survey of industrialeducation for Negroes in the UnitedStates. Bradley University, 1953.

HAMPTON, THOMAS E. A survey of tech-nical occupations in Louisiana with im-plications for technical education. Cor-nell University, 1951.

HATHAWAY, JESSE E. The organizationand administration of trade and indus-trial education in California secondaryschools. University of Southern Cali-fornia, 1948.

HILL, CHARLES R. A study of the statusand need for industrial education in Mis-souri. University of Missouri, 1950.

HILL, JAMES L. A study of the various as-pects of industrial arts as influenced bythe changing conditions of our Americancivilization from 1880 to 1950. Univer-sity of Pennsylvania, 1953.

HINRICHS, ROY S. The need for technicaleducation in the New Orleans area, withimplications for the Delgae TechnicalInstitute. University of Missouri, 1963.

HOWE, TREvER G. Pilot study of voca-tional-technical education in 12 northIowa counties. Iowa State University,1963.

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41

JAMES, CALVIN. Industrial arts educationin Arizona. University of Arizona, 1963.

JOCHEN, ALBERT E. The history and de-velopment of State and federally aidedtrade and industrial schools in New Jer-sey, from their inception to 1943. Rut-gers University, 1947.

KARNES, MORRIS R. Evolving concepts ofindustrial education in the thinking oforganized labor. University of Missouri,1948.

KEENER, CLYDE. A study of the genetaleducation contributions of industrialarts. University of California at LosAngeles, 1959.

KING, THOMAS G. Fundamental proce-dures of research for industrial educa-tion. Wayne University, 1959.

KLINGENSMITH, RALPH E. A study of thein-school work projects of the NationalYouth Administration in West Virginia.New York University, 1943.

KOHRMAN, GEORGE E. An analysis of theactivities, training and opinions of co-ordinators of cooperative vocational edu-cation. University of Missouri, 1952.214 pp.

LINTON, THOMAS E. A historical exami-nation of the purposes and practices ofthe education program of the UnitedAutomobile Workers of America, 1936-59. University of Michigan, 1961.

LUY, JACK ANDREW. Backgrounds, occu-pational aspirations and attitudes of un-employed youth in a MDTA program inSt. Louis, Mo. University of Missouri,1964.

MCELHENY, JOHN R. Industrial educa-tion in Puerto Rico: An evaluation of theprogram in "Operation Bootstrap" front1948 to 1958. Ohio State University,1960.

MACLEECH, BERT. Workers' education inthe United States. Harvard University,1951.

MAHONEY, WILLIAM. Industrial art ,ngene:al education. Columbit. Univer-sity, 1956.

MAYER, HERBERT C. Democratic vocation-al education. Harvard University, 1941.

MELENDEZ, JUAN R. A study of the PuertoRican technical cooperation program inselected vocational schools. Universityof Tennessee, 1961.

MENENGAT, PAUL A. History of trade andindustrial education in Oregon. OregonState University, 1953.

MILLER, MURRAY L. Development of fat-tors relating to industrial arts educationin school surveys. University of Pitts-burgh, 1947.

MORGAN, JACK WARD. Factors influenc-ing the passage of Federal legislationfor vocational education. University ofMissouri, 1951.

MURBACH, NELSON J. The development ofarea vocational school programs in NewYork State. New York University,1949.

NEFF, WILLIAM L. A study of federallyreimbursed vocational education in theState of North Dakota. Stanford Uni-versity, 1942.

NICHOLSON, DAVIS. Why adults attendschool: an analysis of mctivating fac-tors. University of Missouri, 1948.

OGLE, ROBERT L. Tho status of industrialarts in the public junior and senor highschools of west Tennessee. Universityof Tennessee, 1962.

OLSEN, FRED ALFRED. Indu,trial arts inthe public secondary schools of the Stateof Washington. Ohio State University,1962.

PENNY, FOREST L. Origin and develop-ment of industrial educatioh in Kansas.University of Missouri, 1960.

PHILLIPS, AUGUSTUS C. Industrial educa-tion for Negroes in the South Atlanticregiondevelopment of a program basedon population and occupational changes.University of Ohio, 1942.

QUINTON, JOHNNY D. The effectivenessof an industrial education program.University of Houston, 1901.

RABENSTEIN, JOHN EARL, Jr. A study ofthe employably handicapped and voca-tional rehabilitation in an economicallydeprw,ed area. University of Pitts-burgh, 1964.

4

REED, HOWARD 0. Evaluation of industrialarts in secondary schools of Illinois.University of Illinois, 1948.

ROBINSON, WALTER J. Origin and develop-ment of industrial education in Louisi-ana. University of Missouri, 1950.

RUSSELL, HARVEY R. Patterns of coopera-tion between industry and education.Columbia University, Teachers College,1956

SAMS, DENVER. Implications of automa-tion for industrial education. Univer-sity of Indiana, 1961.

SCHMITT, VICTOR. Employee education inthe Nation's basic industries. CornellUniversity, 1953.

SEIDEL, JOHN JACOB. A plan for studyingvocational-industrial and vocational-technical education programs. Univer-sity of Maryland, 1951.

SHANK, BRUCE C. The role of vocationaleducation in the secondary schools of theUnited States. University of Denver,1956.

SHIBATA, KENNETH E. A program to de-termine educational needs in the field ofvocational education in local school dis-tricts. University of Nebra ska TeachersCollege, 1965.

SHIBLER, HERMAN L. Cooperative voca-tional education and the public highschool. University of Ohio, 1942.

SILVEY, WRAY D. Ability and scholasticsuccess in high school and college of di-versified occupations students versusnondiversified occupations students.University of Missouri, 1950.

STAHL, EDGAR E. The scope, organization,and principles (31. vocational-technicaltraining in industry. University of In-diana, 1960.

SVENDSEN, ETHAN A. T. The matrix of aphilosophy for industrial arts education.University of Minnesota, 1961.

TAYLOR, CYRUS B. Mechanic arts pro-grams in land-grant colleges establishedfor Negroes. A study of the type andstatus of the programs operating and ananalysis of selected factors that influ-

37

nced the development of these pro-grams. University of Minnesota, 1955.

THOMeSON, JAMES JOSEPH. Concepts ofautomation with implications for publiceducation. University of Florida, 1964.

THROWER, ROBERT G. The status and ade-quacy of industrial arts programs in thepublic secondary schools of North Caro-lina. Ohio State University, 1963.

TUNKEL, LEON S. Policies and proceduresin adult vocational-industrial educationin New York State based on a considera-tion of the history and development of

38

the program, 1917 to the present. NewYork University, 1961.

URGELL, FRANCISCA C. The developmentand contemporary problems of voca-tional education in Puerto Rico. Penn-sylvania State University, 1942.

WOCKENFUSS, WILLIAM A. Sociologicalbases of industrial arts for secondaryschools. University of Florida, 1960.

WOODEN, RALPH L. Industrial arts in thepublic secondary school programs forNegroes in North Carolina. Ohio Uni-versity, 1956.

SUBJECT INDEX

(Numerals refer

Adult vocational education, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12,15, 16, 19, 20, 21,1:4, 27, 29, 30, 32, 35, 37.

Apprenticsship. See: Industry and vocationaleducation.

Area Redevelopment Act of 1961, 8, 1'1.Area vocational schools, 22, 27, 29, 31, 37.Armed Forces and vocational education, 2, 14.Automation and vocational education, 2, 4, 6, 20,

21, 23, 29, 31, 34, 37, 38.BibliogwAphies, 2, 4, 5,11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 20.Civilian Conservation Corps, 3, 5.Curriculum, 6,7,24, 28, 29, 30,34, 35, 36.Education, industrial. See: Technical education.Employment of youth. .5,7e: Youth employment.Federal lid, 7, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,

21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 0, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36,37.

Foliowup studies,18,27.Great Cities Program for School Improvement, 12.Illiterate adults. See: Adult vocational educa-

tion.Income status and vocational education, 3, 14.Industry and vocational education, 3, 9, 10, 11, 16,

20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 30, 34, 35, 36, 37.Jobs Corps, 19, 30.Junior colleges, 1, 3, 6, 9, 14, 22, 26, 30, 32, 33, 34.Labor organizations and vocational education, 2, 7,

13,30, 36.Land-grant colleges. See: Federal aid.Legislative history, 5, 7,29,37.Manpower Development and Training Act of 1962,

8,15, 17,19, 20,23,24, 28, 36.Manpower needs. See: Vocational education and

manpower needs.Migrant workers. See: Adult vocational educa-

tion.Negro colleges, 35, 36, 37.Negro education, 35, 36,37,38.Occupation, choke of, 4, 29, 31.Private vocational programs. See: Vocational

schools-Nonpublic.Research in vocational education, 18, 27, 28, 34, 36.Retraining programs. See: Adult vocational edu-

cation.School dropouts, 8, 13, 17, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 28, 29,

30, 31.Smith-Hughes Act of 1917, 3, 7, 16. Ste also:

Vocational education-History.State and local programs, 12, 13, 14, 15, 19, 24, 25,

28, 30, 37, 38.

to page numbers)Technical education, 1, 4, 5, 6, 13, 15, 18, 19, 20, 21,

23, 24,26, 27,32, 35, 36,37.Technical schools. See: Technical education; Vo-

cational schools-Nonpublic.Technological change and vocational education, 6,

9,10, 11, 14,16, 17, 20, 21,23.Unemployment and vocational education, 1, 2, 8,

10,16.U.S. Panel of Consultants on Vocational Educa-

tion, 2,4, 9, 17,19, 34.Vocational education-Administration, 1, 13, 34.Vocational education--Aims and objectives, 2, 4, 7,

11, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 25, 27, 28, 29, 32, 33, 34,36.

Vocational education-Evaluation of, 6, 28, 29, 36,37.

Vocational education-History, 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10,12, 13, 14, 16, 16, 17, 18, 21, 29, 32, 35, 36.

Vocational education-Public schools, 1, 2, 11, 12,13, 16, 17, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32,34, 35,36, 37, 38.

Vocational education-Theories and principles, 1,2, 8, 13, 14, 17, 18, 35, 36.

Vocational education (by place)-Alabama: 35;Arkansas: 36; Arizona: 36; California: 24, 32,33, 35, 36; Chicago: 32; Connecticut: 8; Dela-ware: 28; Georgia: 36; Illinois: 20, 25, 28, 31,37; Indiana: 10, 11, 34; Iowa: 31, 35, 36; Kan-sas: 37; Louisiana: 36, 37; Michigan : 8, 9, 13;Minnesota: 34; Missouri: 36; New Jersey: 8, 22,36; New Mexico: 35, 36; New 0:leans: 36; NewYork City: 28; New York State: 27, 30, 37, 38;North Carolina: 19, 22, 29, 38; North Dakota :37; Ohio: 35; Oregon : 37; Pennsylvania: 11, 19,35, 36; Puerto Rico: 36, 37, 38; St. Louis, Mis-souri: 18, 36; Texas: 20, 35; Virginia: 33;Washington State: 31, 37; West Virginia: 36;Wisconsin: 27,30.

Vocational Education Act of 1963, 10, 19, 20, 21, 24,26, 29, 32, 33.

Vocational education and manpower needs, 3, 9, 11,14,16, 17, 19, 22, 23, 25, 28,33, 34.

Vocational school students, 24, 25, 27,36, 37.Vocational schools-Nonpublic, 10, 12, 13, 16, 16,

18, 27, 34.Women, Education of. See: Adult vocalic nal edu-

cation.Work-study programs, 1, 4, 6,17, 29,30.Youth employment, 6, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24,

25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 37.

4,=GCMK,1 PPir7i,G orrKI! P.S 0-- 24,465

39