files.eric.ed.govbeing of indiana's children from 1990 to 1995, and assesses the trends. in order to...
TRANSCRIPT
-
ED 416 996
AUTHORTITLE
INSTITUTIONPUB DATENOTEAVAILABLE FROM
PUB TYPE
EDRS PRICEDESCRIPTORS
IDENTIFIERS
ABSTRACT
DOCUMENT RESUME
PS 026 280
Wallace, Dianna; Lane, StephanieKids Count in Indiana: 1997 Indiana Data Book. CountyProfiles of Child Well-Being.Indiana Youth Inst., Indianapolis.1997-00-00454p.; For 1994 Data Book, see ED 376 988.Indiana Youth Institute, 3901 North Meridian Street, Suite200, Indianapolis, IN 46208-4046; phone: 317-924-3657,800-343-7060; fax: 317-924-1314; World Wide Web:http://www.iyi.org/iyiNumerical/Quantitative Data (110) Reports - Descriptive
(141)
MF01/PC19 Plus Postage.Accidents; Adolescents; Birth Weight; Births to SingleWomen; Child Abuse; *Child Health; Child Neglect; *Children;*Counties; Delinquency; Demography; Dropout Rate; EarlyParenthood; Economic Status; High Schools; Infants; *SocialIndicators; *State Surveys; Statistical Surveys; Suicide;Tables (Data); Trend Analysis; *Well Being*Indiana; *Indicators
This Kids Count report examines statewide trends in thewell-being of Indiana's children. The statistical portrait is based on 6general areas of children's well-being: (1) demographic change; (2)
education; (3) economic independence; (4) healthy bodies; (5) humaneenvironment; and (6) spirit and character. Nine key indicators of childwell-being are: (1) low birth-weight babies; (2) infant mortality; (3) child
mortality; (4) teen deaths by accident, homicide and suicide; (5) teen
pregnancy; (6) juvenile violent crime arrests; (7) high school dropouts; (8)
children living in poverty; and (9) substantiated child abuse and childneglect. Following a brief overview and summary of findings, the firstsection of the report provides information and data for community action,including sources of information and data interpretation. The second sectionprovides state profiles for indicators listed above and state indicator mapssummarizing county rates. The third section, which is the bulk of thisreport, provides profiles for each of the 92 counties. The report's twoappendices provide definitions and data sources, and list ten blueprints forhealthy child development. The profile shows that, overall, child poverty,high school dropouts, and idle teen rates have improved since 1990. However,six indicators--low birth-weight babies, infant mortality, child mortality,juvenile violent crime arrests, teen pregnancy, and single parentfamily--have worsened since 1990. (SD)
************************************* ***** *************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made *
* from the original document. *
** ***** *************************************************************************
-
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g w
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or c
hang
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ave
been
mad
e to
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ove
repr
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Poi
nts
of v
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or
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ions
sta
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in th
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cum
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rily
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on o
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f
-
Kid
s C
ount
in I
ndia
na, a
pro
ject
of
the
Indi
ana
You
th I
nstit
ute,
is a
sta
tean
d co
unty
-by-
coun
ty e
ffor
t to
trac
k th
est
atus
of
child
ren
in I
ndia
na. B
y pr
ovid
-
ing
prac
titio
ners
, pol
icym
aker
s an
d
citiz
ens
with
tren
ds o
f ch
ild w
ell-
bein
g,
Kid
s C
ount
in I
ndia
na s
eeks
to e
nric
h
com
mun
ity, c
ount
y an
d st
ate
disc
ussi
ons
conc
erni
ng w
ays
to s
ecur
e be
tter
futu
res
for
all c
hild
ren.
At t
he s
tate
leve
l, th
epr
inci
pal a
ctiv
ity o
f th
e pr
ojec
t is
the
publ
icat
ion
of th
e an
nual
Kid
s C
ount
inIn
dian
a D
ata
Boo
k, w
hich
use
s th
e be
stav
aila
ble
data
to m
easu
re th
e he
alth
yde
velo
pmen
t of
yout
h.
Perm
issi
on to
cop
y an
y or
all
of th
is
repo
rt is
gra
nted
as
long
as
Kid
s C
ount
in I
ndia
na 1
997
Dat
a B
ook,
Ind
iana
You
th I
nstit
ute
is c
ited
as th
e so
urce
.
For
addi
tiona
l cop
ies,
con
tact
:
Indi
ana
You
th I
nstit
ute
3901
N. M
erid
ian
Stre
et, S
uite
200
Indi
anap
olis
, IN
462
08-4
046
(317
) 92
4-36
57
(800
) 34
3-70
60(3
17)
924-
1314
Fax
http
://w
ww
.iyi.o
rg/iy
i
-
Kid
s C
ount
in In
dian
arm kid
sco
unt
in In
dian
a
1116
11,
The hi
liana
You
th In
stitu
teW
orki
ng w
ith a
dults
who
car
e ab
out y
outh
Cou
nty
Prof
iles
ofC
hild
Wel
l-B
eing
1997
Indi
ana
Dat
a B
ook
The
Ind
iana
You
th I
nstit
ute
-
Pre
side
nt:
Mar
k W
alke
r, P
artn
erPr
ice
Wat
erho
use
LL
PIn
dian
apol
is, I
ndia
na
Indi
ana
You
th In
stitu
te
Boa
rd o
f Dire
ctor
s
Vic
e P
resi
dent
:
Pam
ela
Car
ter,
Par
tner
John
son
Smith
Pen
ceD
ensb
orn
Wri
ght a
nd H
eath
Indi
anap
olis
, Ind
iana
Mem
bers
:
Em
ily A
lim, D
eput
y E
xecu
tive
Dir
ecto
rW
orkf
orce
Dev
elop
men
t Ser
vice
,Iv
y T
ech
Stat
e C
olle
geG
ary,
Ind
iana
Vir
gini
a B
all
Bal
l Ass
ocia
tes
Mun
cie,
Ind
iana
Reb
ecca
Dek
ino
Ass
ocia
te A
naly
tical
Che
mis
tE
li L
illy
SI C
ompa
nyIn
dian
apol
is, I
ndia
na
Joe
Ehl
ers,
Stu
dent
St. X
avie
r H
igh
Scho
olL
ouis
ville
, Ken
tuck
y
Jerr
y Fi
nn, P
resi
dent
J.K
. Fin
n C
onsu
lting
, inc
.St
arlig
ht, I
ndia
na
Mar
ilyn
flar
ing,
Ph.
D.,
Dea
nSc
hool
of
Edu
catio
nPu
rdue
Uni
vers
ityW
est L
afay
ette
, Ind
iana
Sec
reta
ry/T
reas
urer
:
Edw
ard
L. W
illia
ms,
Dir
ecto
rE
duca
tion
& D
evel
opm
ent
Show
boat
Mar
ina
and
Cas
ino
Eas
t Chi
cago
, Ind
iana
Ann
e H
oove
r, C
EO
Com
mun
ity P
artn
ersh
ips
with
You
thFo
rt W
ayne
, Ind
iana
Phyl
lis K
inca
id, E
xecu
tive
Dir
ecto
rY
outh
Res
ourc
es o
f So
uthw
este
rn I
ndia
naE
vans
ville
, Ind
iana
Tho
mas
A. K
ing,
Man
ager
Com
mun
ity A
ffai
r,E
li L
illy
& C
ompa
nyIn
dian
apol
is, I
ndia
na
Dia
na L
eslie
Con
sulta
ntIn
dian
apol
is, I
ndia
na
Hild
a R
icha
rds,
Ed.
D.,
Cha
ncel
lor
Indi
ana
Uni
vers
ity N
orth
wes
tG
ary,
Ind
iana
Rim
ier
Will
iam
s II
I, S
tude
ntV
alpa
rais
o U
nive
rsity
Val
para
iso,
Ind
iana
gcbt
owle
-dex
trT
he K
ids
Cou
nt in
Ind
iana
199
7 D
ata
Boo
k co
uld
not b
e pr
oduc
ed a
nd d
istr
ib-
uted
with
out t
he h
elp
of n
umer
ous
peop
lew
ho s
uppl
ied
info
rmat
ion
and
revi
ewed
the
text
. We
wis
h to
than
k th
e Fa
mily
and
Soci
al S
ervi
ces
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Dep
art-
men
t of
Cor
rect
ion,
Dep
artm
ent o
fH
ealth
, Dep
artm
ent o
f E
duca
tion,
Dep
art-
men
t of
Wor
kfor
ce D
evel
opm
ent,
Div
isio
nof
Sta
te C
ourt
Adm
inis
trat
ion
of th
eSu
prem
e C
ourt
of
Indi
ana,
Cri
min
alJu
stic
e In
stitu
te, a
nd th
e In
dian
a St
ate
Dat
a C
ente
r. W
e th
ank
the
staf
f at
the
Indi
ana
Bus
ines
s R
esea
rch
Cen
ter
at th
eIn
dian
a U
nive
rsity
Sch
ool o
f B
usin
ess,
Indi
ana
Edu
catio
n Po
licy
Cen
ter,
and
Fede
ral B
urea
u of
Inv
estig
atio
n.
Aut
hors
:D
iann
a W
alla
ceSt
epha
nie
Lan
e, M
.S.W
.
Edi
tor:
Jean
B. R
ose
Des
igne
r:Ju
dy R
eute
r
Dat
a:E
d H
oyJo
anna
Ire
land
Kid
s C
ount
in In
dian
a 19
97 In
dian
a D
ata
Boo
kIn
dian
a Y
outh
Inst
itute
I I I I I I
-
rah
le- o
fCot
teA
tr
Ove
rvie
w4
Sum
mar
y an
d Fi
ndin
gs6
Info
rmat
ion
and
Dat
a fo
r C
omm
unity
Act
ion
18
Sour
ces
of I
nfor
mat
ion
Inte
rpre
ting
the
Dat
a
Stat
e Pr
ofile
s21
Indi
ana
Prof
ile
Stat
e In
dica
tor
Map
s: C
ount
y R
ates
Cou
nty
Prof
iles
35
Prof
iles
in a
lpha
betic
al o
rder
for
92
coun
ties
App
endi
ces
220
App
endi
x 1:
Def
initi
ons
and
Dat
a So
urce
s
App
endi
x 2:
10
Blu
epri
nts
for
Hea
lthy
Dev
elop
men
t
Indi
ana
You
th In
stitu
teK
ids
Cou
nt in
Indi
ana
1997
Indi
ana
Dat
a B
ook
-
it
0767
Y-l
av
12
Kid
s C
ount
in In
dian
a 19
97 In
dian
a D
ata
Boo
kIn
dian
a Y
outh
Inst
itute
-
Ove
rvie
w
"9t i
f ca
fier
to ,6
hiC
et f
fron
ckar
en g
um to
r9-
-gir
hro
Kei
t-F
rede
rick
Dou
glas
s
Eac
h ye
ar th
e In
dian
a Y
outh
Ins
titut
epu
blis
hes
the
Kid
s C
ount
in I
ndia
na D
ata
Boo
k, w
hich
pre
sent
s th
e be
st a
vaila
ble
data
on
the
educ
atio
nal,
soci
al, e
cono
mic
,an
d ph
ysic
al c
ondi
tion
of c
hild
ren
inIn
dian
a. T
his
year
the
Dat
a B
ook
isdi
ffer
ent f
rom
thos
e of
yea
rs p
ast.
The
1997
Kid
s C
ount
in I
ndia
na D
ata
Boo
kpr
ovid
es a
sta
te p
rofi
le a
nd c
ount
y-by
-co
unty
pro
file
s of
chi
ld w
ell-
bein
g. W
ithth
is n
ew f
orm
at, w
e ar
e se
ekin
g to
enc
our-
age
grea
ter
publ
ic a
ccou
ntab
ility
for
you
thou
tcom
es a
nd to
enr
ich
loca
l, re
gion
al,
and
stat
e di
scus
sion
s ab
out w
ays
to s
ecur
ehe
alth
y fu
ture
s fo
r al
l chi
ldre
n.
In th
is p
ublic
atio
n, e
ach
coun
ty is
asse
ssed
in te
rms
of te
n ke
y in
dica
tors
of
child
wel
l-be
ing,
whi
ch a
re s
how
n on
the
righ
t-ha
nd p
age
for
each
cou
nty
prof
ile.
The
se te
n ke
y in
dica
tors
foc
us o
n ou
tcom
em
easu
res
of c
hild
ren'
s ed
ucat
iona
l, so
cial
,ec
onom
ic, a
nd p
hysi
cal w
ell-
bein
g. O
nth
e le
ft-h
and
page
, sev
eral
dem
ogra
phic
,so
cial
and
bac
kgro
und
mea
sure
s ar
e sh
own
for
each
cou
nty.
In
sele
ctin
g in
dica
tors
and
back
grou
nd in
form
atio
n, w
e us
ed m
easu
res
that
wer
e co
nsis
tent
for
all
coun
ties.
As
we
stan
d on
the
thre
shol
d of
the
next
cen
tury
, Ind
iana
has
the
know
ledg
ean
d th
e to
ols
to s
ave
child
ren'
s liv
es a
nden
sure
phy
sica
l and
men
tal h
ealth
. We
belie
ve th
at th
e st
ate
of I
ndia
na c
an a
ndsh
ould
bec
ome
a st
ate
that
gen
uine
ly c
ares
abou
t its
you
ng p
eopl
e an
d th
at it
s na
-tio
nal r
eput
atio
n sh
ould
ref
lect
that
conc
ern
and
com
mitm
ent.
To
enha
nce
that
com
mitm
ent,
we
wor
k w
ith a
dults
who
car
e ab
out c
hil-
dren
. We
advo
cate
for
bet
ter
serv
ice
for
Indi
ana'
s yo
ung
peop
le, b
oth
dire
ctly
and
in c
olla
bora
tion
with
oth
ers.
The
Indi
ana
You
th I
nstit
ute
culti
vate
s an
dsu
ppor
ts in
nova
tive
proj
ects
that
hol
dpr
omis
e fo
r im
prov
ing
the
lives
of
Indi
ana'
s ch
ildre
n.
In c
oncl
usio
n, m
ost y
oung
peo
ple
inIn
dian
a ar
e pr
ospe
ring
mos
t of
the
time.
The
y ar
e he
alth
y, a
nd th
ey a
re b
eing
nurt
ured
in s
afe
hom
es a
nd s
ecur
ene
ighb
orho
ods.
The
y ar
e do
ing
wel
l in
scho
ol, a
nd th
ey a
re s
tayi
ng o
ut o
ftr
oubl
e w
ith th
e la
w. B
ut th
e st
ate
and
coun
ty p
rofi
les
also
sho
w th
at to
o m
any
are
not,
and
som
e of
the
num
bers
are
grow
ing.
We
mus
t con
tinue
to f
ocus
our
atte
ntio
n on
the
ten
esse
ntia
ls f
orop
timal
dev
elop
men
t of
all c
hild
ren:
1. H
ealth
y B
odie
s
2. P
ositi
ve R
elat
ions
hips
3. S
elf-
Acc
epta
nce
4. A
ctiv
e M
inds
5. S
piri
t and
Cha
ract
er
6. C
reat
ivity
and
Joy
7. A
Car
ing
Com
mun
ity
8. A
Glo
bal P
ersp
ectiv
e
9. E
cono
mic
Ind
epen
denc
e
10. A
Hum
ane
Env
iron
men
t.
We
belie
ve th
at th
e ke
y to
the
succ
ess
of y
oung
peo
ple
is in
the
hand
s of
the
adul
ts w
ho c
are
abou
t the
m!
Peg
Smith
Exe
cutiv
e D
irec
tor
Indi
ana
You
th I
nstit
ute
!'In
dian
a Y
outh
Inst
itute
Kid
s C
ount
in In
dian
a 19
97 In
dian
a D
ata
Boo
k
-
6
St-g
fr S
iviv
itg
oti ,T
h/td
igf
-r, ..
)r..1
--4
1-%
.4. 0
Kid
s C
ount
in In
dian
a 19
97 In
dian
a D
ata
Boo
kIn
dian
a Y
outh
Inst
itute
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I1
-
Kid
s C
ount
in In
dian
a In
dica
tors
In th
e pa
ges
that
fol
low
, IY
I pr
esen
tsth
e m
ost r
ecen
t dat
a re
latin
g to
the
wel
l-be
ing
of I
ndia
na's
chi
ldre
n fr
om 1
990
to19
95, a
nd a
sses
ses
the
tren
ds. I
n or
der
topr
ovid
e a
fram
ewor
k fo
r un
ders
tand
ing
the
indi
cato
rs o
f ch
ild w
ell-
bein
g, s
ever
alad
ditio
nal b
ackg
roun
d m
easu
res
are
prov
ided
for
eac
h co
unty
, i.e
., va
riou
sdi
men
sion
s of
eco
nom
ic in
depe
nden
ce, a
hum
ane
envi
ronm
ent a
nd b
uild
ing
ofac
tive
min
ds.
The
10
key
indi
cato
rs o
f ch
ild w
ell-
bein
g us
ed f
or th
e st
ate
anal
ysis
and
the
coun
ty p
rofi
les
are
take
n fr
om g
over
nmen
tso
urce
s an
d re
flec
t the
bes
t dat
aav
aila
ble
for
each
indi
cato
r. A
dditi
onal
res
earc
h is
take
n fr
om w
ell-
resp
ecte
d jo
urna
ls a
ndin
stitu
tes,
and
ref
lect
s pe
rspe
ctiv
es f
rom
med
ical
, soc
ial,
econ
omic
and
psy
chol
ogi-
cal f
ield
s of
stu
dy. M
uch
of th
e da
ta a
rede
rive
d fr
om s
ampl
es a
nd, l
ike
all s
ampl
eda
ta, c
onta
in a
cer
tain
am
ount
of
rand
omer
ror.
The
refo
re, w
e ur
ge r
eade
rs to
foc
uson
thos
e la
rge
diff
eren
ces
acro
ss c
ount
ies
and
thos
e m
ajor
cha
nges
ove
r tim
e w
ithin
coun
ties
and
the
stat
e. S
mal
l dif
fere
nces
or
chan
ges
may
be
due
to r
ando
m f
luct
ua-
tions
. Dif
fere
nces
or
tren
ds in
the
wel
l-be
ing
of c
hild
ren
can
best
be
asse
ssed
by
usin
g al
l ind
icat
ors
colle
ctiv
ely.
IYI
is c
ontin
uing
the
trad
ition
of
not
publ
ishi
ng c
ompa
rativ
e ra
cial
and
eth
nic
info
rmat
ion
due
to th
e te
nden
cy to
inte
r-pr
et d
iffe
renc
es in
sta
tistic
s su
ch a
s ad
oles
-ce
nt p
regn
ancy
or
high
-sch
ool d
ropo
utra
tes
as r
acia
l in
natu
re. T
he in
stan
ces
ofra
cial
and
eth
nic
anal
ysis
are
incl
uded
beca
use
the
wri
ter
cam
e ac
ross
res
earc
hth
at s
he c
onsi
ders
impo
rtan
t for
the
adul
tsw
ho w
ork
with
chi
ldre
n an
d in
flue
nce
polic
ies
rega
rdin
g ch
ildre
n so
they
may
be
bette
r in
form
ed a
bout
tren
ds th
at a
reoc
curr
ing.
The
con
trib
utor
s of
this
rep
ort h
ave
mad
e ev
ery
effo
rt to
be
accu
rate
in c
om-
mun
icat
ing
the
follo
win
g in
form
atio
n as
itw
as o
btai
ned
from
ori
gina
l sou
rces
. At
times
con
trib
utor
s fa
ced
chal
leng
es in
obta
inin
g da
ta a
nd, a
s a
resu
lt, a
few
of
the
indi
cato
rs a
re la
ckin
g in
cur
rent
info
rma-
tion.
The
se c
halle
nges
are
dis
cuss
ed in
the
text
whe
n ap
plic
able
.
Ove
rall,
a f
ew d
imen
sion
s of
chi
ldw
ell-
bein
g im
prov
ed, m
ost w
orse
ned,
and
som
e sh
owed
littl
e ch
ange
. At t
he s
tate
leve
l, th
ree
of th
e in
dica
tors
(pr
opor
tion
ofch
ildre
n liv
ing
in p
over
ty, p
erce
nt o
f hi
ghsc
hool
dro
pout
s, a
nd p
erce
nt o
f id
le te
ens)
show
con
ditio
ns h
ave
impr
oved
sin
ce19
90. S
ix in
dica
tors
(pe
rcen
t of
low
bir
th-
wei
ght b
abie
s, in
fant
mor
talit
y ra
te, c
hild
deat
h ra
te, j
uven
ile v
iole
nt c
rim
e ar
rest
rate
, the
per
cent
of
teen
s gi
ving
bir
th, a
ndpe
rcen
t of
fam
ilies
with
chi
ldre
n he
aded
by a
sin
gle
pare
nt)
show
con
ditio
ns h
ave
wor
sene
d si
nce
1990
. One
indi
cato
r, te
ende
ath
rate
, sho
ws
no c
hang
e. K
eep
in m
ind
the
pict
ure
vari
es f
rom
cou
nty
to c
ount
y,an
d co
unty
-lev
el m
easu
res
ofte
n m
ask
impo
rtan
t dif
fere
nces
with
in a
cou
nty.
Pove
rty
The
pro
port
ion
of c
hild
ren
in p
over
tyis
per
haps
the
mos
t wid
ely
used
indi
cato
rfo
r de
term
inin
g th
e w
ell-
bein
g of
chi
ldre
n.Po
vert
y is
link
ed to
a n
umbe
r of
neg
ativ
eou
tcom
es in
the
area
s of
hea
lth, e
duca
tion,
emot
iona
l wel
l-be
ing
and
delin
quen
cy.
Chi
ldre
n ne
ed r
esou
rces
to m
ove
prod
uc-
tivel
y th
roug
h lif
e. M
any
indi
cato
rspr
esen
ted
in th
e K
ids
Cou
nt in
Ind
iana
1997
Dat
a B
ook
are
inte
rcon
nect
ed w
ithpo
vert
y. T
he d
ata
show
n he
re a
re b
ased
on
the
sour
ces
from
the
U.S
. Cen
sus
Bur
eau
and
the
Cen
ter
on B
udge
t and
Pol
icy
Prio
ritie
s.
Pov
erty
in th
eU
.S.
The
num
ber
of p
eopl
e in
pov
erty
drop
ped
by 1
.6 m
illio
n fr
om 3
8.1
mill
ion
in 1
994
to 3
6.4
mill
ion
in 1
995
(Cen
ter
on B
udge
t & P
olic
y Pr
iori
ties,
199
7). T
here
duct
ion
of p
over
ty a
ffec
ted
mos
t pop
ula-
tion
grou
ps in
clud
ing
Afr
ican
Am
eric
ans,
elde
rly
and
child
ren.
The
pov
erty
line
for
afa
mily
of
four
was
$15
,569
. The
poo
rest
of
the
poor
Am
eric
ans
also
dec
reas
ed in
num
ber.
Tho
se w
ith in
com
es b
elow
hal
f
Indi
ana
You
th In
stitu
te4
it
Kid
s C
ount
in In
dian
a 19
97 In
dian
a D
ata
Boo
k7 18
-
the
pove
rty
line
drop
ped
from
15.
4 m
illio
nin
199
4 to
13.
9 m
illio
n in
199
5. A
lthou
ghth
ere
has
been
a d
ecre
ase
in th
epo
vert
yra
tes
amon
g ch
ildre
n, th
ey s
till a
re th
e
larg
est p
opul
atio
n liv
ing
in p
over
ty. T
heU
rban
Ins
titut
e (1
996)
est
imat
ed th
at th
ene
w w
elfa
re la
w w
ould
pus
h ap
prox
imat
ely
2.6
mill
ion
peop
le, i
nclu
ding
1.1
mill
ion
child
ren
into
pove
rty.
Res
earc
h w
ill b
ecr
itica
l in
docu
men
ting
the
effe
cts
ofw
elfa
re r
efor
m o
n ch
ildre
n.
In a
199
5 in
com
e le
vel a
nd in
com
edi
stri
butio
n co
mpa
rativ
e st
udy
of U
nite
dSt
ates
fam
ilies
with
chi
ldre
n an
d th
ose
in18
oth
er c
ount
ries
, U.S
. chi
ldre
n w
ere
foun
d to
be
wor
se o
ff th
an 1
6 of
the
18na
tions
stu
died
. In
cont
rast
to o
ur lo
win
com
e ch
ildre
n, o
ur h
igh
inco
me
child
ren
are
bette
r of
f th
an th
eir
coun
terp
arts
inev
ery
natio
n. T
his
stud
y al
so r
evea
led
food
stam
ps a
nd th
e E
arne
d In
com
e T
ax C
redi
tw
ere
the
mos
t eff
ectiv
e an
ti-po
vert
yde
vice
s fo
r ch
ildre
n (R
ainw
ater
& S
mel
l-in
g, 1
995)
.
Indi
ana'
s im
pove
rishe
d ch
ildre
nT
he p
ropo
rtio
n of
chi
ldre
n in
pove
rty
for
the
stat
e of
Ind
iana
has
flu
ctua
ted
sinc
e19
90. I
n 19
90 th
e pr
opor
tion
ofpo
orch
ildre
n un
der a
ge 1
8 w
as 2
0.75
per
cent
of
all c
hild
ren
unde
r 18
. The
pro
port
ion
rose
3.61
per
cent
in 1
991
to 2
4.36
perc
ent,
drop
ped
cons
ider
ably
in 1
992
to 1
6.70
perc
ent,
and
stay
ed f
airl
y co
nsis
tent
thro
ugh
1995
(se
e T
able
1).
In 1
995,
42
perc
ent o
f In
dian
a's
sing
lepa
rent
fam
ilies
had
inco
mes
bel
ow th
eof
fici
al p
over
ty li
ne (
Cen
ter
on B
udge
tan
d Po
licy
Prio
ritie
s, 1
997)
.
As
of A
pril
1997
, 83,
097
child
ren
wer
eliv
ing
in h
ouse
hold
s re
ceiv
ing
mea
ns-
test
ed a
ssis
tanc
e (C
ente
r on
Bud
get a
ndPo
licy
Prio
ritie
s, 1
997)
.
Tab
le 1
. Pro
port
ion
of C
hild
ren
in P
over
tyS
tate
of I
ndia
na, 1
990-
1995
All
Poo
rC
hild
ren
Chi
ldre
nun
der
18un
der
18
Pro
port
ion
of C
hild
ren
Poo
r19
901,
375,
000
285,
000
20.7
5
1991
1,43
7,00
035
0,00
024
.36
1992
1,51
4,00
025
3,00
016
.70
1993
1,60
4,00
028
5,00
016
.50
1994
1,78
3,00
031
4,00
017
.62
1995
1,40
3,00
021
4,00
015
.24
SO
UR
CE
: U.S
. Cen
sus
Bur
eau.
Bas
ed o
n th
e U
.S. C
ensu
s B
urea
ure
cent
rel
ease
of
1993
Cou
nty
Inco
me
and
Pove
rty
Est
imat
es f
or I
ndia
na, t
he f
ollo
w-
ing
10 c
ount
ies
had
the
high
est p
ropo
rtio
nof
poor
chi
ldre
n ag
es 5
to 1
7* (
see
Tab
le2)
.
Tab
le 2
.The
Top
Ten
Indi
ana
Cou
ntie
sw
ith th
e H
ighe
st P
ropo
rtio
n of
Poo
r C
hild
ren
Mar
ion
22.6
%St
arke
21.2
%
Way
ne22
.2%
Ran
dolp
h20
.5%
Lak
e21
.7%
Del
awar
e20
.3%
Scot
t21
.4%
Gra
nt20
.3%
Cra
wfo
rd21
.4%
Van
dcrh
urgh
18.8
%
Bas
ed o
n th
e to
tal n
umbe
r of
poo
r pe
rson
s in
eac
h
coun
ty.
The
com
mon
ass
umpt
ion
rega
rdin
gpo
vert
y is
that
impo
veri
shed
chi
ldre
n liv
ein
fam
ilies
whe
re th
e pa
rent
s co
uld
wor
kbu
t do
not.
How
ever
, thi
s is
not
anac
cura
te a
ssum
ptio
n of
poo
r fa
mili
esna
tiona
lly o
r in
Ind
iana
. In
fact
, ear
ning
sfr
om e
mpl
oym
ent a
re th
e pr
imar
yso
urce
of
inco
me
for
the
maj
ority
of
poor
fam
ilies
.
Bet
wee
n 19
94-1
996,
app
roxi
mat
ely
75pe
rcen
t of
poor
fam
ilies
with
chi
ldre
n in
Indi
ana,
had
at l
east
one
wor
ker
(Cen
ter
on B
udge
t and
Pol
icy
Prio
ritie
s, 1
997)
.
Whe
n as
ked
the
ques
tion,
"W
hy d
oes
pove
rty
rem
ain
a so
cial
pro
blem
whe
n th
eco
untr
y is
enj
oyin
g st
rong
eco
nom
icgr
owth
and
a lo
w u
nem
ploy
men
t rat
e?"
one
answ
er m
ay b
e, "
A s
tead
y de
clin
e in
wag
es a
mon
g le
ss s
kille
d w
orke
rs h
as o
ffse
t
the
impr
oved
em
ploy
men
top
port
uniti
escr
eate
d by
eco
nom
ic g
row
th."
(B
lank
,19
97, p
. 52)
. The
bot
tom
line
is th
at
Kid
s C
ount
in In
dian
a 19
97 In
dian
a D
ata
Boo
k20
Indi
ana
You
th In
stitu
te
-
empl
oym
ent n
o lo
nger
gua
rant
ees
inco
me
that
will
put
a f
amily
ove
r th
e po
vert
y lin
e.
Low
birt
h-w
eigh
t bab
ies
Low
Bir
th-W
eigh
t (L
BW
) is
the
term
used
to d
efin
e in
fant
s w
ho a
re to
o sm
all.
Aba
by is
low
bir
th-w
eigh
t if
he o
r sh
e is
born
wei
ghin
g le
ss th
an 2
500
gram
s (a
bout
5.5
poun
ds).
Res
earc
h sh
ows
that
chi
ldre
nw
ho w
ere
born
low
bir
th-w
eigh
t are
mor
elik
ely
than
chi
ldre
n of
nor
mal
bir
th w
eigh
tto
hav
e le
arni
ng d
isor
ders
, atte
ntio
ndi
sord
ers,
dev
elop
men
tal i
mpa
irm
ents
, and
brea
thin
g pr
oble
ms
such
as
asth
ma
(Hac
k,T
aylo
r, K
lein
, et a
l. 19
94).
Low
bir
th-w
eigh
t is
asso
ciat
ed (
not
caus
ed b
y) w
ith th
ree
maj
or r
isk
fact
ors
(Shi
ono
& B
ehrm
an, 1
995)
: cig
aret
tesm
okin
g du
ring
pre
gnan
cy, l
ow m
ater
nal
wei
ght g
ain,
and
low
pre
-pre
gnan
cyw
eigh
t. T
here
is s
tron
g ev
iden
ce th
atsu
gges
ts a
pre
gnan
t wom
an w
ho q
uits
smok
ing
duri
ng p
regn
ancy
can
pre
vent
grow
th r
etar
datio
n an
d lo
w b
irth
-wei
ght i
nhe
r un
born
chi
ld. N
utri
tion
prog
ram
s do
not h
ave
as s
tron
g or
as
clea
r an
impa
ct o
nlo
w b
irth
-wei
ght a
s sm
okin
g ce
ssat
ion.
In I
ndia
na, 8
2,94
4 ba
bies
wer
e bo
rn in
1995
(In
dian
a St
ate
Dep
artm
ent o
fH
ealth
, 199
6). O
f th
ose,
6,2
28 (
appr
oxi-
mat
ely
7.5
perc
ent)
wer
e bo
rn w
eigh
ing
less
than
250
0 gr
ams
com
pare
d to
6.9
perc
ent i
n 19
94. I
t can
be
seen
fro
mFi
gure
1 th
at s
ince
199
0 th
ere
has
been
an
incr
ease
of
low
bir
th-w
eigh
t bab
ies,
but
ade
crea
se in
the
num
ber
of to
tal b
abie
sbo
rn. N
ote
that
the
82,9
44 n
umbe
rin
clud
es th
ose
babi
es b
orn
pret
erm
.
In 1
995,
3,7
92 b
abie
s w
ere
born
pre
term
in I
ndia
na, u
p fr
om 3
,547
in 1
994
(Ind
iana
Sta
te D
epar
tmen
t of
Hea
lth,
1995
).
Fig
ure
I. Lo
w B
irth-
Wei
ght &
Tot
al L
ive
Birt
hs v
s.T
ime
6500
-86
000
6000
-84
000
5500
-82
000
5000
8000
019
9019
9119
9219
9319
9419
95
SO
UR
CE
: KID
S C
OU
NT
Dat
a B
ook
& In
dian
a S
tate
Dep
artm
ent o
f Hea
lth
Pre
term
birt
hsL
ow b
irth
-wei
ght (
LB
W)
is th
e nu
m-
ber
one
cont
ribu
tor
to in
fant
mor
talit
y in
Indi
ana
and
num
ber
two
natio
nally
beh
ind
cong
enita
l ano
mal
ies
(see
Inf
ant M
orta
lity
Indi
cato
r). P
rete
rm b
irth
is th
e nu
mbe
r
one
cont
ribu
tor
to th
e L
BW
rat
e. I
t is
impo
rtan
t to
note
that
bla
ck in
fant
s ar
eal
mos
t tw
ice
as li
kely
as
whi
te in
fant
s to
be
born
pri
or to
the
37th
wee
k (p
rete
rm),
henc
e L
BW
. The
re s
till i
s no
t ade
quat
eex
plan
atio
n fo
r th
is p
heno
men
on.
The
bla
ck in
fant
pre
term
bir
th r
ate
inIn
dian
a ro
se f
rom
71
per
1,00
0 bl
ack
birt
hs in
199
4 to
78.
6 in
199
5, w
hile
the
whi
te in
fant
pre
term
rat
e ro
se f
rom
40
per
1,00
0 w
hite
bir
ths
in 1
994
to 4
4.2
in19
95 (
Indi
ana
Stat
e D
epar
tmen
t of
Hea
lth, 1
997)
.
Pre
nata
l car
ePr
enat
al c
are
prov
ides
a v
arie
ty o
fva
luab
le m
edic
al s
ervi
ces
to p
regn
ant
wom
en a
nd th
eir
fetu
ses:
det
ectio
n of
mat
erna
l hyp
erte
nsio
n, d
iabe
tes,
con
geni
-ta
l mal
form
atio
ns a
nd g
enet
ic d
isea
ses
inth
e fe
tus.
Pre
nata
l car
e af
ford
s th
e op
por-
tuni
ty to
ass
ess
risk
fac
tors
and
to p
rovi
deed
ucat
ion
rega
rdin
g ri
sk f
acto
rs a
ndst
ayin
g he
alth
y du
ring
pre
gnan
cy. T
he"a
dequ
acy"
of
pren
atal
car
e is
eva
luat
edno
t onl
y by
the
timin
g of
the
firs
t pre
nata
lvi
sit a
nd n
umbe
r of
vis
its, b
ut a
lso
by th
eco
nten
t of
care
. Car
e du
ring
pre
gnan
cysh
ould
incl
ude
med
ical
car
e an
d ev
alua
-tio
n as
wel
l as
psyc
hoso
cial
ass
essm
ent a
ndsu
ppor
t.
Pren
atal
car
e w
as n
ot d
evel
oped
topr
even
t low
bir
th-w
eigh
t. St
udie
s th
at
Indi
ana
You
th In
stitu
teK
ids
Cou
nt in
Indi
ana
1997
Indi
ana
Dat
a B
ook
-
have
exa
min
ed th
e ef
fect
of
pren
atal
car
eon
low
bir
th-w
eigh
t hav
e pr
oduc
ed m
ixed
resu
lts. I
t app
ears
that
pre
nata
l car
e m
aybe
nefi
t som
e po
pula
tions
, but
not
oth
ers
(Vill
ar, J
., Fa
rnot
, V.,
Bar
ro, F
, et a
l. 19
92).
In o
rder
to p
reve
nt lo
w b
irth
-wei
ght,
prog
ram
s m
ust k
now
wha
t cau
ses
it. W
ekn
ow lo
w b
irth
-wei
ght i
s as
soci
ated
with
smok
ing,
low
mat
erna
l wei
ght g
ain
and
low
pre
-pre
gnan
cy w
eigh
t, bu
t we
do n
otkn
ow th
e ca
use.
Giv
en th
e in
crea
se in
wom
en r
ecei
ving
pre
nata
l car
e na
tiona
llyan
d st
ate-
wid
e, o
ne m
ight
exp
ect t
o se
e a
decr
ease
in b
abie
s bo
rn w
ith lo
w b
irth
-w
eigh
t. O
n th
e co
ntra
ry, I
ndia
na h
as s
een
a st
eady
incr
ease
of
low
bir
th-w
eigh
tba
bies
whi
le th
e to
tal n
umbe
r of
bab
ies
born
has
dec
reas
ed.
Mor
eove
r, p
rena
tal c
are
pres
ents
an
impo
rtan
t opp
ortu
nity
to a
ddre
ss is
sues
such
as
smok
ing,
pre
gnan
cy w
eigh
t, an
dnu
triti
on, a
s w
ell a
s to
det
ect m
ajor
com
plic
atio
ns o
f pr
egna
ncy.
How
ever
,pr
enat
al c
are
star
ts to
o la
te to
add
ress
the
prob
lem
of
pre-
preg
nanc
y w
eigh
t, an
d fe
wpr
ogra
ms
inco
rpor
ate
inte
nsiv
e ef
fort
s to
enco
urag
e pr
egna
nt w
omen
to s
top
smok
-in
g. In
1993
, 78.
6 pe
rcen
t of
Indi
ana'
spr
egna
nt w
omen
rec
eive
d pr
enat
al c
are
in th
e fi
rst t
rim
este
r (I
ndia
na S
tate
Dep
artm
ent o
f H
ealth
, 199
3).
Soc
ioec
onom
ic s
tatu
s an
d lo
w
birt
h-w
eigh
tT
he a
ssoc
iatio
n be
twee
n so
cioe
co-
nom
ic s
tatu
s an
d lo
w b
irth
-wei
ght h
as lo
ngbe
en e
stab
lishe
d. T
he f
acto
rs r
elat
ed to
the
asso
ciat
ion,
how
ever
, are
not
ful
ly u
nder
-st
ood.
The
maj
or r
isk
fact
ors
asso
ciat
edw
ith lo
w b
irth
-wei
ght,
ciga
rette
sm
okin
gdu
ring
pre
gnan
cy, l
ow m
ater
nal w
eigh
tga
in, a
nd lo
w p
re-p
regn
ancy
wei
ght c
an b
eco
nnec
ted
with
a w
oman
's s
ocio
econ
omic
stat
us. K
ram
er (
1987
) an
d St
ein
& K
line
(198
3) f
ound
that
sm
okin
g is
mor
e co
m-
mon
am
ong
low
er in
com
e w
omen
than
amon
g hi
gher
inco
me
wom
en. I
t has
long
been
kno
wn
that
pov
erty
is r
elat
ed to
inad
equa
te n
utri
tion.
Pro
per
nutr
ition
ises
sent
ial i
n m
aint
aini
ng a
hea
lthy
wei
ght
befo
re, d
urin
g, a
nd a
fter
pre
gnan
cy.
Giv
en th
e st
rong
ass
ocia
tion
betw
een
pove
rty
and
low
bir
th-w
eigh
t, a
mor
eco
mpr
ehen
sive
app
roac
h to
war
d w
omen
'she
alth
nee
ds to
be
embr
aced
. Mor
e sp
ecif
i-ca
lly, s
trat
egie
s to
impr
ove
preg
nanc
you
tcom
es s
houl
d in
clud
e lo
w b
irth
-wei
ght
prev
entiv
e ef
fort
s ta
rget
ed to
bot
h th
ein
divi
dual
and
the
com
mun
ity. E
cono
mic
disa
dvan
tage
has
oft
en b
een
view
ed a
s an
indi
vidu
al tr
ait t
hat s
houl
d no
t be
re-
war
ded
with
ass
ista
nce.
Thi
s vi
ew is
cont
radi
ctor
y fo
r pr
egna
nt w
omen
tryi
ngto
ent
er th
e w
orkp
lace
and
for
the
sing
lem
om f
or w
hom
wor
k m
ay b
e im
poss
ible
with
out c
hild
car
e an
d he
alth
insu
ranc
e
We
as a
cou
ntry
and
a s
tate
con
tinue
to s
epar
ate
heal
th a
nd s
ocia
l pol
icie
s,w
hen
in f
act t
hey
are
inte
rcon
nect
ed.
Giv
en th
e st
agna
ting
low
bir
th-w
eigh
tra
tes
in I
ndia
na, a
str
ateg
y th
at in
corp
o-ra
tes
both
soc
ial a
nd m
edic
al in
terv
entio
nsis
nee
ded.
Wom
en n
eed
reso
urce
s th
at w
illas
sist
them
in ta
king
car
e of
them
selv
eslo
ng b
efor
e th
ey g
et p
regn
ant.
The
sere
sour
ces
may
not
be
med
ical
in n
atur
e(i
.e.,
heal
thy
diet
, edu
catio
n ab
out t
hene
gativ
e ou
tcom
es o
f sm
okin
g, e
tc.)
, but
they
fig
ure
into
the
larg
er p
ictu
re o
fpr
oduc
ing
a he
alth
y pr
egna
ncy
outc
ome.
The
incr
ease
d us
e of
pre
nata
l and
fam
ilyca
re c
oord
inat
ors
for
high
ris
k pr
egna
ntw
omen
can
hel
p fa
mili
es a
cces
s ne
eded
serv
ices
and
impr
ove
outc
omes
.
Infa
nt m
orta
lity
rate
The
num
ber
of in
fant
s pe
r 1,
000
live
birt
hs w
ho d
ie b
efor
e th
eir
firs
t bir
thda
y is
refl
ecte
d in
the
infa
nt m
orta
lity
rate
.N
atio
nally
, inf
ant m
orta
lity
reac
hed
are
cord
low
in 1
995
with
a r
ate
of 7
.5de
aths
per
1,0
00 li
ve b
irth
s, w
hich
is 5
perc
ent l
ower
than
the
1994
rat
e of
8.0
per
1,00
0 liv
e bi
rths
. The
nat
iona
l dea
th r
ate
from
Sud
den
Infa
nt D
eath
Syn
drom
e(S
IDS)
was
dow
n 15
per
cent
bet
wee
n19
94 a
nd 1
995.
Nat
iona
lly, c
onge
nita
lan
omal
ies,
dis
orde
rs r
elat
ing
to s
hort
10K
ids
Cou
nt in
Indi
ana
1997
Indi
ana
Dat
a B
ook
Indi
ana
You
th In
stitu
te
I I I 1 I I I U 1 I
-
gest
atio
n an
d un
spec
ifie
d lo
w b
irth
-w
eigh
t, an
d SI
DS
are
the
thre
e le
adin
gca
uses
of
infa
nt m
orta
lity,
res
pect
ivel
y(G
uyer
, B.,
et. a
l, 19
95).
Des
pite
the
over
all d
eclin
e in
the
natio
nal i
nfan
t mor
talit
y ra
te, t
heU
nite
d St
ates
con
tinue
s to
mai
ntai
n an
unfa
vora
ble
posi
tion
in th
e in
tern
a-tio
nal r
anki
ngs.
The
Uni
ted
Stat
esra
nks
24th
am
ong
indu
stri
aliz
ed c
oun-
trie
s in
the
num
ber
of b
abie
s w
ho d
ie in
thei
r fi
rst y
ear
(Weg
man
, 199
6).
Indi
ana
cont
inue
s to
be
abov
e th
ena
tiona
l ave
rage
for
Inf
ant M
orta
lity
with
a 1
995
rate
of
8.3
per
1,00
0 liv
ebi
rths
and
a 8
.6 r
ate
in 1
996.
Unt
il19
96, t
he s
tate
had
bee
n m
aint
aini
ng a
dow
nwar
d tr
end
in th
e nu
mbe
r of
bab
ies
that
die
bef
ore
thei
r fi
rst b
irth
day
sinc
e
9.5- 9-
8.5- 8-
Fig
ure
2. In
dian
a In
fant
Mor
talit
yTre
nd
7.5
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
SO
UR
CE
: KID
S C
OU
NT
Dat
a B
ook
& In
dian
a S
tate
Dep
artm
ent o
f Hea
lth
1992
(se
e Fi
gure
2).
Low
bir
th-w
eigh
t is
the
num
ber
one
cont
ribu
tor
to in
fant
mor
talit
y in
Ind
iana
(In
dian
a St
ate
Dep
artm
ent o
f H
ealth
, 199
7).
The
rat
e of
SID
S in
Ind
iana
dec
reas
ed32
per
cent
to 8
7 de
aths
in 1
996,
com
-pa
red
with
an
aver
age
of 1
28 f
or th
eye
ars
1989
thro
ugh
1993
(In
dian
a St
ate
Dep
artm
ent o
f H
ealth
, 199
7).
Chi
ld d
eath
rat
eT
he n
umbe
r of
chi
ldre
n ag
es 1
to 1
4th
at d
ie f
rom
all
caus
es is
ref
lect
ed in
the
child
dea
th r
ate.
Nea
rly
15,0
00 c
hild
ren
betw
een
the
ages
of
1 to
14
died
in th
eU
nite
d St
ates
dur
ing
1995
. The
dea
th r
ate
for
child
ren
1 to
4 w
as 4
0.6
per
100,
000,
6pe
rcen
t low
er th
an th
e ra
te o
f 42
.9 in
1994
. The
199
5 ra
te f
or 5
to 1
4 ye
ar-o
lds
was
22.
5 pe
rcen
t, un
chan
ged
from
199
4.Fo
r ch
ildre
n ag
es 1
to 4
, the
thre
e le
adin
gca
uses
of
deat
h w
ere
acci
dent
s, c
onge
nita
lan
omal
ies,
and
mal
igna
nt n
eopl
asm
sre
spec
tivel
y. W
here
as, a
ccid
ents
, fol
low
edby
mal
igna
nt n
eopl
asm
s, a
nd th
en h
omic
ide
wer
e th
e th
ree
lead
ing
caus
es o
f de
ath
for
child
ren
ages
5 to
14.
In I
ndia
na, 3
76 c
hild
ren
ages
1 to
14
died
fro
m a
ll ca
uses
in 1
995.
Num
bers
show
an
incr
ease
in r
ate
from
28
to 3
0to
33
per
100,
000
in 1
993,
199
4 an
d19
95 (
see
Figu
re 3
).
The
lead
ing
caus
es o
f de
ath
for
Indi
ana
child
ren
ages
1 to
4 in
199
5, w
ere
inju
ries
(i.e
., fi
res
and
burn
s, d
row
ning
s,ch
okin
g, f
alls
and
fir
earm
s), f
ollo
wed
by
mot
or v
ehic
le in
juri
es, a
nd m
alig
nant
neop
lasm
s.
In 1
995,
mot
or v
ehic
le in
juri
es, o
ther
inju
ries
(i.e
., fi
rear
ms,
cho
king
,dr
owni
ngs,
fir
es, f
alls
, etc
.) a
nd m
alig
-na
nt n
eopl
asm
s, w
ere
the
thre
e le
adin
gca
uses
4se
lso.
f de
ath
for
Indi
ana
child
ren
ages
As
the
stat
istic
s in
dica
te, I
ndia
na is
expe
rien
cing
an
upw
ard
tren
d in
the
deat
hra
te o
f ch
ildre
n ag
es 1
to 1
4, w
hile
the
natio
n is
mak
ing
prog
ress
to r
educ
e ch
ild-
hood
mor
talit
y (s
ee F
igur
e 3)
. The
trag
edy
34 32
c,30
2328 2
6 24
Fig
ure
3. In
dian
a C
hild
Dea
th R
ate
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
SO
UR
CE
: KID
S C
OU
NT
Dat
a B
ook
& In
dian
a S
tate
Dep
artm
ent o
f Hea
lth
1995
Indi
ana
You
th In
stitu
te
JK
ids
Cou
nt in
Indi
ana
1997
Indi
ana
Dat
a B
ook
-
4. 4
is th
at a
larg
e pr
opor
tion
of th
ese
deat
hsca
n be
pre
vent
ed b
y ed
ucat
ion,
str
ict
enfo
rcem
ent o
f ca
r se
at r
equi
rem
ents
,fi
rear
ms
cont
rol,
and
inst
alla
tion
of s
mok
ede
tect
ors
in h
omes
and
sch
ools
.
Tee
n de
aths
by
acci
dent
,ho
mic
ide
and
suic
ide
The
rat
e of
teen
dea
ths
by a
ccid
ent,
hom
icid
e, a
nd s
uici
de r
efle
cts
mor
talit
yfr
om th
ese
thre
e ca
uses
per
100
,000
teen
sag
es 1
5 to
19.
With
teen
vio
lenc
e on
the
rise
, thi
s in
dica
tor
is f
requ
ently
hig
hlig
hted
in th
e m
edia
. How
ever
, it i
s im
port
ant t
ono
te th
at in
juri
es s
usta
ined
in a
ccid
ents
cont
inue
to a
ccou
nt f
or f
ar m
ore
teen
deat
hs th
an d
oes
hom
icid
e or
sui
cide
.T
hese
sta
tistic
s ar
e tr
ue n
atio
nally
and
inIn
dian
a. T
he n
umbe
r of
teen
dea
ths
in
Fig
ure
4.In
dian
aTee
n D
eath
Rat
e
80 707
60--
5 0 50
g 40
7
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
SO
UR
CE
: KID
S C
OU
NT
Dat
a B
ook
& In
dian
a S
tate
Dep
artm
ent o
f Hea
lth
Indi
ana
due
to in
juri
es in
199
5 w
as 1
49,
whi
le th
e nu
mbe
r of
teen
hom
icid
es a
ndsu
icid
es w
as 7
1 an
d 45
, res
pect
ivel
y (s
eeFi
gure
4).
Mot
or v
ehic
le a
ccid
ents
con
tinue
s to
be th
e le
adin
g ca
use
of te
en d
eath
s ea
chye
ar.
Per
cent
of t
eens
giv
ing
birt
hU
nwed
ado
lesc
ents
bea
ring
chi
ldre
n is
prob
ably
one
of
the
mor
e co
ntro
vers
ial
soci
al is
sues
of
our
time.
It h
as b
een
blam
ed f
or s
ocie
ty's
mor
al d
ecay
and
for
the
wel
fare
issu
es th
at h
ave
plag
ued
soci
ety
for
deca
des.
Ver
y fe
w w
ill d
ispu
te th
etr
agic
nat
ure
of a
dole
scen
t pre
gnan
cy.
Whe
n lo
okin
g fo
r ca
uses
and
sol
utio
ns,
how
ever
, one
mus
t be
care
ful i
n as
sign
ing
blam
e an
d ch
oosi
ng th
e be
st c
ours
e of
actio
n. F
indi
ng c
omm
on g
roun
d in
the
fact
that
no
one
wan
ts a
you
ng p
erso
n to
beco
me
preg
nant
may
be
a pl
ace
to s
tart
.C
aref
ully
exa
min
ing
the
rese
arch
on
wha
tis
wor
king
is a
noth
er lo
gica
l ste
p.
Mor
e of
ten
than
not
, chi
ldbe
arin
g at
ayo
ung
age
dim
inis
hes
the
oppo
rtun
ities
for
both
the
mot
her
and
her
child
. Mos
tm
othe
rs w
ill r
emai
n un
mar
ried
and
not
com
plet
e th
eir
high
sch
ool e
duca
tion.
With
out a
hig
h sc
hool
edu
catio
n, p
over
tyis
hig
hly
prob
able
. Giv
en th
e ch
angi
ng
econ
omy,
a p
erso
n w
ithou
t a h
igh
scho
oldi
plom
a w
ill h
ave
a di
ffic
ult t
ime
find
ing
empl
oym
ent t
hat p
ays
adeq
uate
wag
es.
Furt
her,
per
sons
with
out s
econ
dary
edu
ca-
tion,
are
not
gua
rant
eed
a w
age
that
will
keep
them
out
of
pove
rty.
Mor
e lik
ely
than
not
, chi
ldre
n bo
rn to
youn
g m
othe
rs w
ill li
kely
be
depr
ived
of
fina
ncia
l res
ourc
es th
ey n
eed
for
heal
thy
deve
lopm
ent.
The
fol
low
ing
fact
s sh
ould
be c
onsi
dere
d.
Low
bir
th-w
eigh
t rat
es a
re g
reat
est
amon
g in
fant
s bo
rn to
the
youn
gest
mot
hers
. In
1994
, in
Indi
ana,
14.
2pe
rcen
t of
infa
nts
born
to m
othe
rs a
ge10
to 1
4 w
ere
born
LB
W. O
f th
e in
fant
sbo
rn to
mot
hers
age
s 15
to 1
7, 1
0pe
rcen
t wer
e L
BW
. For
com
pari
son,
the
stat
e av
erag
e w
as 6
.8 p
erce
nt (
Indi
ana
Stat
e D
epar
tmen
t of
Hea
lth, 1
994)
.
Nat
iona
lly, t
he te
en b
irth
rat
e fo
r ag
es15
to 1
9 de
clin
ed 4
per
cent
fro
m 1
994
to19
95. A
dec
line
in b
irth
rat
es w
as n
oted
for
youn
g te
enag
ers
ages
15
to 1
7 ye
ars
and
was
slig
htly
mor
e pr
onou
nced
than
for
thos
e te
enag
ers
18 to
19
year
s ol
d (4
.3pe
rcen
t vs.
2.6
per
cent
). T
he la
rges
tde
clin
e, 9
per
cent
, was
rep
orte
d fo
r bl
ack
teen
ager
s ag
es 1
5 to
17;
and
8 p
erce
nt f
orbl
ack
teen
ager
s ag
es 1
8 to
19
(U.S
. De-
part
men
t of
Hea
lth a
nd H
uman
Ser
vice
s,19
97).
In
addi
tion
to te
en b
irth
rat
es b
eing
Kid
s C
ount
in In
dian
a 19
97 In
dian
a D
ata
Boo
k28
Indi
ana
You
th In
stitu
te
-
I I I I I 1 I 1 I I I
dow
n, th
e U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Hea
lth a
ndH
uman
Ser
vice
s re
port
ed th
at th
e in
ci-
denc
e of
teen
sex
has
dec
lined
. A 1
995
Nat
iona
l Sur
vey
of F
amily
Gro
wth
fou
ndth
at 5
0 pe
rcen
t of
wom
en 1
5 to
19
year
s of
age
expe
rien
ced
sexu
al in
terc
ours
e. T
hesa
me
surv
ey, w
hen
cond
ucte
d in
199
0,fo
und
55 p
erce
nt o
f w
omen
in th
at a
gegr
oup
had
expe
rien
ced
sexu
al in
terc
ours
e.T
eena
ge m
ales
are
als
o re
port
edly
del
ayin
gse
xual
inte
rcou
rse.
The
per
cent
age
ofne
ver-
mar
ried
mal
es a
ges
15 to
19
year
sex
peri
enci
ng s
exua
l int
erco
urse
dec
lined
from
60
perc
ent i
n 19
88 to
55
perc
ent i
n19
95.
The
sur
vey
also
sho
wed
that
con
trac
ep-
tive
use
by b
oth
mal
es a
nd f
emal
es h
adin
crea
sed
from
the
late
198
0s.
90 p
erce
nt o
f w
omen
age
s 18
to 1
9re
port
ed h
avin
g re
ceiv
ed f
orm
al in
stru
c-tio
n on
sex
ually
tran
smitt
ed d
isea
ses,
safe
sex
, and
how
to s
ay n
o to
sex
.
Her
e in
Ind
iana
, the
teen
bir
th r
ate
isno
t as
prom
isin
g as
it is
nat
iona
lly (
see
Figu
re 5
). H
owev
er, t
he r
eade
r sh
ould
kee
pth
e fo
llow
ing
fact
s in
min
d w
hen
dige
stin
gth
e in
form
atio
n. F
irst
, we
calc
ulat
ed te
enbi
rth
perc
enta
ge (
not r
ate)
usi
ng th
e to
tal
num
ber
of li
ve b
irth
s in
a g
iven
yea
r an
dca
me
up w
ith th
e pe
rcen
tage
of
birt
hs to
15 to
19
year
-old
s. W
e ch
ose
this
met
hod
for
a co
uple
of
reas
ons.
In
orde
r to
do
a
rate
, we
need
ed th
e to
tal p
opul
atio
n of
asp
ecif
ic a
ge g
roup
(in
this
cas
e 15
to 1
9ye
ar-o
ld f
emal
es)
and
we
coul
d no
t get
that
num
ber
for
1995
. Als
o, w
e co
uld
not
get c
onsi
sten
t num
bers
with
reg
ard
to te
enbi
rths
for
som
e of
the
year
s in
ord
er to
cond
uct a
tren
d an
alys
is (
i.e.,
som
e ye
ars
the
birt
h da
ta w
ere
give
n fo
r 15
to 1
7 ye
arol
ds, o
ther
yea
rs th
e da
ta w
ere
give
n fo
r 15
to 1
9 ye
ar o
lds)
. Sec
ond,
the
data
ref
lect
15 to
19
year
-old
s, th
eref
ore
it do
es in
clud
ew
omen
who
are
18
and
19 y
ears
of
age
who
may
hav
e gr
adua
ted
from
hig
h sc
hool
and
may
be
mar
ried
.
Fig
ure
5. In
dian
a's
Per
cent
of T
een
Birt
hsvs
.Tot
al L
ive
Birt
hs
.0 1214
- _1!
", 1
3 . 8
7
13.6
-
13.4
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
SO
UR
CE
: KID
S C
OU
NT
Dat
a B
ook
& In
dian
a S
tate
Dep
artm
ent o
f Hea
lth
Juve
nile
vio
lent
crim
ear
rest
rat
eT
he J
uven
ile V
iole
nt C
rim
e A
rres
tR
ate
refl
ects
the
rate
at w
hich
you
ths
betw
een
the
ages
of
10 a
nd 1
7 ar
e ar
rest
edfo
r ho
mic
ide,
for
cibl
e ra
pe, r
obbe
ry, o
rag
grav
ated
ass
ault.
An
arre
st f
or a
vio
lent
crim
e is
cle
arly
a n
egat
ive
outc
ome
for
ayo
ung
pers
on, a
nd a
n in
crea
se in
this
indi
cato
r is
cau
se f
or c
once
rn.
Juve
nile
arr
est i
nfor
mat
ion
com
es f
rom
the
Uni
form
Cri
me
Rep
ort (
UC
R)
pub-
lishe
d by
the
Fede
ral B
urea
u of
Inv
estig
a-tio
n. T
he U
CR
is th
e FB
I's n
atio
nal e
ffor
tto
com
pile
arr
est d
ata
from
mor
e th
an16
,500
law
enf
orce
men
t jur
isdi
ctio
nsth
roug
hout
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es. U
nfor
tu-
nate
ly, i
n 19
95, I
ndia
na r
emai
ned
one
offo
ur s
tate
s w
ithou
t a m
anda
ted
stat
ewid
ere
port
ing
syst
em. T
hus,
the
juve
nile
arr
est
info
rmat
ion
is b
ased
on
an 8
0 pe
rcen
tav
erag
e re
port
ing
rate
fro
m 1
990
thro
ugh
1995
. The
re a
re a
num
ber
of li
mita
tions
inth
e U
CR
dat
a as
a s
ourc
e of
info
rmat
ion
abou
t cri
mes
com
mitt
ed. F
or e
xam
ple,
the
syst
em r
ecor
ds a
rres
ts o
nly,
and
onl
y th
em
ost s
erio
us c
rim
e fo
r w
hich
the
indi
-vi
dual
was
arr
este
d. T
here
are
no
reco
rds
of c
onvi
ctio
ns. F
urth
er, o
ne in
divi
dual
may
have
bee
n ar
rest
ed s
ever
al ti
mes
, whi
le in
othe
r in
stan
ces,
sev
eral
indi
vidu
als
may
Indi
ana
You
th In
stitu
te
4JK
ids
Cou
nt in
Indi
ana
1997
Indi
ana
Dat
a B
ook
-
have
bee
n ar
rest
ed f
or th
e sa
me
offe
nse.
To
get a
n ac
cura
te p
ictu
re o
f cr
ime,
one
nee
dsto
look
at c
ases
file
d in
sup
erio
r an
d ci
rcui
tco
urts
, and
the
num
ber
of c
omm
itmen
ts to
the
Dep
artm
ent o
f C
orre
ctio
n, a
s w
ell a
sth
e ar
rest
dat
a.
Juve
nile
s ac
coun
ted
for
23.9
per
cent
of
Indi
ana'
s vi
olen
t cri
me
arre
sts
in 1
995
with
a to
tal n
umbe
r of
1,9
36 ju
veni
lear
rest
s fo
r a
viol
ent c
rim
e, u
p fr
om 1
,839
in 1
994
(Ind
iana
Cri
min
al J
ustic
eIn
stitu
te, 1
995)
.
In 1
995,
24
perc
ent o
f al
l arr
ests
inIn
dian
a in
volv
ed ju
veni
les,
whi
lena
tiona
lly, 1
8.2
perc
ent o
f ar
rest
sin
volv
ed ju
veni
les.
The
re w
ere
19,8
16 d
elin
quen
cy c
ases
file
d in
sup
erio
r an
d ci
rcui
t cou
rts
inIn
dian
a, in
199
5, u
p fr
om 1
8,13
6 in
1994
, and
16,
836
in 1
993
(Off
ice
ofSt
ate
Cou
rt A
dmin
istr
atio
n, 1
995)
.
The
num
ber
of ju
veni
les
(bot
h fe
mal
e an
dm
ale)
com
mitt
ed to
the
Dep
artm
ent o
fC
orre
ctio
n in
199
6 w
as 1
,910
up
from
1,52
8 in
199
4. (
Thi
s fi
gure
doe
s no
tin
clud
e ju
veni
les
that
are
inca
rcer
ated
at
loca
l and
cou
nty
faci
litie
s.)
Cur
rent
issu
es in
juve
nile
just
ice
0"7
The
loss
of
Juve
nile
Cou
rt ju
risd
ictio
nha
s be
en a
t the
for
efro
nt o
f ju
veni
le ju
stic
e
issu
es r
ecen
tly. M
ore
spec
ific
ally
, man
ybe
lieve
that
the
rem
oval
of
desi
gnat
edyo
uth
from
juve
nile
cou
rt a
nd p
laci
ngth
em in
the
adul
t cri
min
al ju
stic
e sy
stem
isan
eff
ectiv
e w
ay to
com
bat c
rim
e. C
ur-
rent
ly I
ndia
na is
em
bark
ing
on th
is p
ract
ice.
On
8/29
/97
in I
ndia
na, t
here
wer
e 91
offe
nder
s un
der
the
age
of 1
8 ho
used
inth
e ad
ult c
orre
ctio
nal s
yste
m (
Indi
ana
Dep
artm
ent o
f C
orre
ctio
n, 1
997)
.
Acc
ordi