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FEMALE SEX HORMONES INFLUENCE VAGINAL HIV1 INFECTION AND DISSEMINATION IN A HUMANIZED MOUSE MODEL Kristen Mueller McMaster University OHTN ENDGAME 1 Conference October 24, 2016 Philip V Nguyen, Jocelyn M Wessels, Kristen Mueller, Varun Anipindi, Fatemah Vahedi, Marianne Chew, Alexandre Deshiere,Tony Mazzulli, Michel JTremblay, Ali A Ashkar, & Charu Kaushic

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Page 1: FEMALE SEX HORMONES INFLUENCE VAGINAL HIV  · PDF filefemale sex hormones influence vaginal hiv‐1 infection and dissemination in a humanized mouse model ... john ng, ana aquino

FEMALE SEX HORMONES INFLUENCE VAGINAL HIV‐1 INFECTION AND 

DISSEMINATION IN A HUMANIZED MOUSE MODEL

Kristen Mueller

McMaster University

OHTN ENDGAME 1 Conference 

October 24, 2016

Philip V Nguyen, Jocelyn MWessels, KristenMueller, Varun Anipindi, FatemahVahedi, Marianne Chew, Alexandre Deshiere, Tony Mazzulli, 

Michel J Tremblay, Ali A Ashkar, & Charu Kaushic

Page 2: FEMALE SEX HORMONES INFLUENCE VAGINAL HIV  · PDF filefemale sex hormones influence vaginal hiv‐1 infection and dissemination in a humanized mouse model ... john ng, ana aquino

Presenter Disclosure

• I have no conflicts of interest to declare

Page 3: FEMALE SEX HORMONES INFLUENCE VAGINAL HIV  · PDF filefemale sex hormones influence vaginal hiv‐1 infection and dissemination in a humanized mouse model ... john ng, ana aquino

Women & HIVApproximately 40% of HIV transmission occurs in the female genital tract

12.6 million cases of HIV are estimated to be a result of vaginal intercourse

In 2015 women account for 25% of new HIV cases in Ontario

OHTN has identified women as one of their 5 priority populations most affected by HIV

Social & biological factors for increased infection rates

"This epidemic unfortunately remainsan epidemic of women."

Michel Sidibé, Executive Director of UNAIDS

June 2010 United Nations News Centre

Page 4: FEMALE SEX HORMONES INFLUENCE VAGINAL HIV  · PDF filefemale sex hormones influence vaginal hiv‐1 infection and dissemination in a humanized mouse model ... john ng, ana aquino

Biological Mechanism of HIV InfectionHormones

Estrogen: Protective effects against viral infectionIncrease epithelial barrier integrityDecrease levels of HIV target cellsIncrease protease inhibitors

Progesterone: Increased susceptibility to viral infectionsEpithelial barrier remodeling/disruptionImmune cell recruitmentIncreased HIV target cells

Hormonal Contraceptives

Birse et al. J. Virol (Sep 2015).

Page 5: FEMALE SEX HORMONES INFLUENCE VAGINAL HIV  · PDF filefemale sex hormones influence vaginal hiv‐1 infection and dissemination in a humanized mouse model ... john ng, ana aquino

Hormonal Contraception & HIV RiskOver 150 million women world wide use hormonal contraceptiveApproximately 50 million women  use the injectable synthetic progestin Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA)

Heffron et al 2011: associated DMPA use with ~2‐fold increase in risk of HIV‐1 acquisition & transmission 

Page 6: FEMALE SEX HORMONES INFLUENCE VAGINAL HIV  · PDF filefemale sex hormones influence vaginal hiv‐1 infection and dissemination in a humanized mouse model ... john ng, ana aquino

Hormonal Contraception & HIV Risk Research

Page 7: FEMALE SEX HORMONES INFLUENCE VAGINAL HIV  · PDF filefemale sex hormones influence vaginal hiv‐1 infection and dissemination in a humanized mouse model ... john ng, ana aquino

Hormonal Contraception & HIV Risk

Morrison CS, et al. (2015) PLoSMed 12(1): e1001778. 

Page 8: FEMALE SEX HORMONES INFLUENCE VAGINAL HIV  · PDF filefemale sex hormones influence vaginal hiv‐1 infection and dissemination in a humanized mouse model ... john ng, ana aquino

Early Events of HIV infection in WomenExposure

HIV antibody detectionIn blood Early Chronic 

InfectionEclipse Phase

Viral ExpansionVirus DisseminationReservoir established

Research Aim:to study early events of HIV replication and spread in our model of heterosexual transmission using a humanized mouse model

Page 9: FEMALE SEX HORMONES INFLUENCE VAGINAL HIV  · PDF filefemale sex hormones influence vaginal hiv‐1 infection and dissemination in a humanized mouse model ... john ng, ana aquino

Humanized Mouse model of HIV infection

12 Week old Hu‐MiceReconstitution level 

confirmed in circulating PBMCs

HIV‐1 Intravaginal Inoculation103‐105TCID50/mL of NL4.3‐Bal‐Env HIV‐1

Monitor Mice, Blood collection, Vaginal washes

Endpoint: Blood collection, Harvest 

TissuesFlow Cytometry, Histology, PCR

1‐12 Weeks

IrradiationNewborn pups exposed to sub‐lethal radiation 

Remove “mouse” immune system

ReconstitutionPups injected  with 1x106‐2x106 

CD34‐enriched human hematopoietic stem cells 

Give mice “human” immune system

Humanization of Mice

Page 10: FEMALE SEX HORMONES INFLUENCE VAGINAL HIV  · PDF filefemale sex hormones influence vaginal hiv‐1 infection and dissemination in a humanized mouse model ... john ng, ana aquino

HIV‐1 viral burden declines in vaginal lavage and increases in plasma following intravaginal infection

Time post-inoculation (weeks)

Vagi

nal l

avag

e H

IV -1

RN

A (c

opie

s/m

L)

***

Time post-inoculation (weeks)

Plas

ma

HIV

-1 R

NA

(cop

ies/

mL) **

**

Vaginal Wash Plasma

Page 11: FEMALE SEX HORMONES INFLUENCE VAGINAL HIV  · PDF filefemale sex hormones influence vaginal hiv‐1 infection and dissemination in a humanized mouse model ... john ng, ana aquino

HIV

-1 R

NA

(cop

ies/

mL)

1 week post infection – 103

HIV

-1 R

NA

(cop

ies/

mL)

5 weeks post infection – 103

Dissemination of HIV‐1 following intravaginal infection of humanized mice

Page 12: FEMALE SEX HORMONES INFLUENCE VAGINAL HIV  · PDF filefemale sex hormones influence vaginal hiv‐1 infection and dissemination in a humanized mouse model ... john ng, ana aquino

Initial Endpoint0

20

40

60

80

1001 Week

hCD

4 (%

)

*

Initial Endpoint0

20

40

60

80

100

*

12 Weeks

hCD

4 (%

)

*

Intravaginal HIV‐1 infection in humanized mice leads to a decrease in circulating human CD4 T cells over time

Page 13: FEMALE SEX HORMONES INFLUENCE VAGINAL HIV  · PDF filefemale sex hormones influence vaginal hiv‐1 infection and dissemination in a humanized mouse model ... john ng, ana aquino

Intravaginal model of HIV infection in Humanized Mice

Following intravaginal exposure HIV establishes as a local infection in the vaginal tract of humanized mice that disseminates systemically to other 

tissues within the body within 3‐5 weeks

Humanized mice provide a  good model to understand heterosexual HIV transmission in women

Page 14: FEMALE SEX HORMONES INFLUENCE VAGINAL HIV  · PDF filefemale sex hormones influence vaginal hiv‐1 infection and dissemination in a humanized mouse model ... john ng, ana aquino

The effects of sex hormones on intravaginal HIV infection in a humanized mouse model

12 Week old Hu‐MiceReconstitution level 

confirmed in circulating PBMCs

Vaginal wash for Estrus Staging

Estrus (Estrogen High)

Diestrus (Progesterone High)

DMPA Injection

HIV‐1 Intravaginal Inoculation103‐105TCID50/mL of NL4.3‐Bal‐Env HIV‐1

Monitor Mice, Blood collection, Vaginal washes

Endpoint: Blood collection, Harvest 

TissuesFlow Cytometry, Histology, PCR

1‐5Weeks

1) Examine if different stages of the female reproductive cycle had any effect on susceptibility of humanized‐mice toHIV‐1

2) Compare susceptibility of hu‐mice following DMPA administration

Page 15: FEMALE SEX HORMONES INFLUENCE VAGINAL HIV  · PDF filefemale sex hormones influence vaginal hiv‐1 infection and dissemination in a humanized mouse model ... john ng, ana aquino

Hormonal environment in mice determines infection rate in intravaginal HIV exposure

Perc

ent (

%)

85%68%0%

Estrus Diestrus DMPA100

101

102

103

104

105

106

Page 16: FEMALE SEX HORMONES INFLUENCE VAGINAL HIV  · PDF filefemale sex hormones influence vaginal hiv‐1 infection and dissemination in a humanized mouse model ... john ng, ana aquino

HIV‐1 levels in plasma is comparable between Diestrus and DMPA treated mice

P=0.1979

1 Week Post‐Challenge

P=0.5826

3Weeks Post‐Challenge 5 Weeks Post‐Challenge

Plasm

a HIV ‐1 RNA (c

opies/mL)

P=0.3993

Page 17: FEMALE SEX HORMONES INFLUENCE VAGINAL HIV  · PDF filefemale sex hormones influence vaginal hiv‐1 infection and dissemination in a humanized mouse model ... john ng, ana aquino

Dissemination of HIV‐1 following intravaginal infection of Diestrus and DMPA treated mice

Page 18: FEMALE SEX HORMONES INFLUENCE VAGINAL HIV  · PDF filefemale sex hormones influence vaginal hiv‐1 infection and dissemination in a humanized mouse model ... john ng, ana aquino

Uninfected DMPA treated humanized mice have increased levels of Target cells in blood

Diestrus DMPA0

20

40

60

80

100

*

Diestrus DMPA0

20

40

60

80

100

*

Page 19: FEMALE SEX HORMONES INFLUENCE VAGINAL HIV  · PDF filefemale sex hormones influence vaginal hiv‐1 infection and dissemination in a humanized mouse model ... john ng, ana aquino

Summary

Estrogen High

Studies suggest protection against viral 

infections

Our mice model doesn’t get infected

Progesterone High

Studies suggest susceptible period to viral 

infections

We see local infection & then systemic spread

DMPA treated

1.4 fold increase risk of HIV acquisition 

We see comparable HIV levels & viral spread as Progesterone High mice

We see increased infection rates & target 

cells in blood

Page 20: FEMALE SEX HORMONES INFLUENCE VAGINAL HIV  · PDF filefemale sex hormones influence vaginal hiv‐1 infection and dissemination in a humanized mouse model ... john ng, ana aquino

Acknowledgements

Kaushic LabDr. Charu KaushicDr. Jocelyn WesselsPhilip NguyenKristen MuellerDr. Atif ZahoorDr. Matthew WoodsPuja BagriSara DizzellDanielle VitaliJeff LamMaeve CooperYung LeeNishant HeryaniPadmaja Sreeram

Canadian HIV Vaccine Initiativewww.chvi-icvv.gc.ca

CollaboratorsAshkar LabDr. Ali AshkarFatemahVahediMarianne Chew

Dr. Michel TremblayAlexandre Deshiere

Mt. Sinai Hospital & University Health NetworkDr. Tony MazzulliJohn Ng, Ana Aquino

Page 21: FEMALE SEX HORMONES INFLUENCE VAGINAL HIV  · PDF filefemale sex hormones influence vaginal hiv‐1 infection and dissemination in a humanized mouse model ... john ng, ana aquino

Hladik, F. & McElrath, M. J. Setting the stage: host invasion by HIV. Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 447‐457 (2008).

Page 22: FEMALE SEX HORMONES INFLUENCE VAGINAL HIV  · PDF filefemale sex hormones influence vaginal hiv‐1 infection and dissemination in a humanized mouse model ... john ng, ana aquino

Follicular Phase: Estrogen Dominant Protease inhibitors Epithelial barrier integrity (cell‐cell adhesion 

factors) Levels of cornification differentiation factors Amounts of proximal HIV target cells

Less hospitable for HIV infection?

Luteal Phase: Progesterone Dominant Protease mediated epithelial barrier 

remodeling/disruption Immune cell recruitment  HIV target cells

Ideal conditions for HIV infection?

Birse et al. J. Virol (Sep 2015).

Page 23: FEMALE SEX HORMONES INFLUENCE VAGINAL HIV  · PDF filefemale sex hormones influence vaginal hiv‐1 infection and dissemination in a humanized mouse model ... john ng, ana aquino

Net change in maternal & HIV‐related deaths from removing all injectable contraceptives

WHO recommends women to discuss HIV risk and DMPA use with their doctor to determine if it is a suitable choice of contraceptiveDMPA users recommended to use barrier methods to prevent STI transmissionInsufficient evidence to globally condemn DMPA use

Page 24: FEMALE SEX HORMONES INFLUENCE VAGINAL HIV  · PDF filefemale sex hormones influence vaginal hiv‐1 infection and dissemination in a humanized mouse model ... john ng, ana aquino

Expression of viral p24‐antigen begins in the vaginal tract before spreading systemically

SpleenBloodVagina

SpleenBloodVagina

Week 1 Week 1 Week 1

Week 5 Week 5 Week 5

p24 p24 p24

p24 p24 p24

Page 25: FEMALE SEX HORMONES INFLUENCE VAGINAL HIV  · PDF filefemale sex hormones influence vaginal hiv‐1 infection and dissemination in a humanized mouse model ... john ng, ana aquino

HIV‐1 infection is independent of the level of human CD45+ cells in the peripheral blood

b c d

e f g

HIV

-1 R

NA

(cop

ies/

mL)

Low-Med Blood Reconstitution(4.1% hCD45+)

High Blood Reconstitution(25.2% hCD45+)

Vaginal lavagePlasma

Page 26: FEMALE SEX HORMONES INFLUENCE VAGINAL HIV  · PDF filefemale sex hormones influence vaginal hiv‐1 infection and dissemination in a humanized mouse model ... john ng, ana aquino

Dissemination of HIV‐1 in NRG mice following intravaginal infection

**Based on 4th mouse 7/18 positive tissues….waiting for Toronto results –may change!

Page 27: FEMALE SEX HORMONES INFLUENCE VAGINAL HIV  · PDF filefemale sex hormones influence vaginal hiv‐1 infection and dissemination in a humanized mouse model ... john ng, ana aquino

HIV‐1 levels in vaginal lavages lower in DMPA treated mice compared to Diestrus mice

1 Week Post‐Challenge 3Weeks Post‐Challenge 5 Weeks Post‐Challenge

P=0.3962 P=0.0005

***

Vag

inal la

vage HIV ‐1 RNA (c

opies/mL)

P=0.0420

*

Page 28: FEMALE SEX HORMONES INFLUENCE VAGINAL HIV  · PDF filefemale sex hormones influence vaginal hiv‐1 infection and dissemination in a humanized mouse model ... john ng, ana aquino

Time post‐challenge (weeks)

Plasm

a HIV ‐1 RNA 

(cop

ies/mL)

A

Time post‐challenge (weeks)

Plasm

a HIV ‐1 RNA 

(cop

ies/mL)

B105 Infectious Units 103 Infectious Units

C

Vag

inal la

vage HIV ‐1 RNA 

(cop

ies/mL)

Time post‐challenge (weeks)

105 Infectious Units 103 Infectious UnitsVag

inal la

vage HIV ‐1 RNA 

(cop

ies/mL)

Time post‐challenge (weeks)

D