F Razo / CSUEBTE51105

F Razo / CSUEBTE5110

PRINTERSERVER

FILE SERVERCOMMUNICATIONS

SERVER

USER COMPUTERS

INTERNETNETWORK

NODE COMPUTERS

TCP/IP Communications Protocol

F Razo / CSUEBTE5110

WORLD WIDE NETWORKS

NEAR OUTSIDE WORLD (LAN)

FAR OUTSIDE WORLD (WAN, WWW, etc.)

Wired or Wireless

Wired or Wireless

IP Communications Protocol

You / Me

F Razo / CSUEBTE5110

F Razo / CSUEBTE5110

Local Input

Remote Input

Local Storage

Remote Storage

Local Output

Remote Output

Fixed and Removable. Hard, Soft. Magnetic, Optical, Semiconductor. Discs, Tapes, Cards, Sticks, etc.

Visual Electronic CRT, LED, Plasma, Hard Copy Printed, Electrical Control Impulses,

etc.

Keyboard, Mouse, Modem, Touch Screen, Industrial

Electro-Magnetic Sensors, etc.

Local and Remote

5

4

3

2

1 POWER TO COMPUTER IS TURNED ON

ROM BIOS FIRMWARE TRIGGERS AND CHECKS FOR THE PRESENCE AND HEALTH OF VITAL CENTRAL HARDWARE

OPERATING SYSTEM (i.e. Windows, Linux, etc.) TRIGGERSAND CHECKS FOR ACCESSORY HARDWARE

OPERATING SYSTEM (i.e. Windows, Linux, etc.) INITIATES A CHECK OF CONNECTED NEAR OUTSIDE WORLD (LAN)

OPERATING SYSTEM (i.e. Windows, Linux, etc.) INITIATESA CHECK OF FAR OUTSIDE WORLD (WAN, WWW, etc.)

F Razo / CSUEBTE5110

LOCAL COMMUNICATIONSSERVER COMPUTER

AREA PRINTERSERVER COMPUTER

INTERNET & WEB SERVER COMPUTER

EXTERNAL COMMUNICATIONSHARDWARE & SOFTWARE

USB Port

INFRAREDCommunications Port

TELEPHONECommunications Port

HIGH SPEED NETWORKCommunications Port

USB Port

USB Port

INDIVIDUAL USER COMPUTER

THE NEAR OUTSIDE WORLD (LAN)

THE FAR OUTSIDE WORLD (WAN, WWW, etc.)

ATTACHED STORAGESERVER COMPUTER

VERY HIGH SPEED,MASSIVE DATA COMMUNICATIONS,WEB MANAGEMENT, SEARCH ENGINE SERVICE COMPUTERS, etc.

DigitalCAMERAS

SCANNERS

F Razo / CSUEBTE5110

ACCESSORIES

USB PRINTERS

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (INTEL/AMD/APPLE/SUN/etc.)

LOCAL PRINTER (Parallel) Port

KEYBOARD Port MOUSE Port

SPEAKERS Port

MICROPHONE Port

SERIAL(RS232) Port

HARD DISC VIDEO MONITOR Port

CD Drive

DVD Drive

FLOPPY Drive

POWERSUPPLY

BIOS

RAM-MEMORY)

BATTERY1

Miscellaneous PDA, AUDIO,

VIDEO & GAME devices2

3

4

5

F Razo / CSUEBTE5110 - 2005

F Razo / CSUEBTE5110 - 2005

LOCAL

NEAR REMOTE

FAR REMOTE

DESKTOP

LAN, CORPORATE INTRANETS

WAN, INTERNET, WWW, etc.

PC LOGIN

LAN LOGIN

INTERNET LOGIN

Telephone, Data Cable, Wireless

Data Cable, Wireless, Satellite

THE BROWSER SOFTWARE (i.e. EXPLORER, NETSCAPE) RETRIEVESAND EXCHANGES DATA WITH LOCAL, NEAR-FAR, AND REMOTE

WEB SERVERS TO FEED THE CLIENT’S PAGES

F Razo / CSUEBTE5110 - 2005

F Razo / CSUEBTE5110 - 2005

LOCAL

NEAR REMOTE

FAR REMOTE

DESKTOP

LAN

WAN, INTERNET, WWW, etc.

PC LOGIN

LAN LOGIN

INTERNET LOGIN

Telephone, Data Cable, Wireless

Data Cable, Wireless, Satellite

Far Client Mailboxe.g. Hotmail

Near Client Mailboxe.g. Novell

Local Client Mailbox

THE E-MAIL SOFTWARE (i.e. OUTLOOK, EUDORA, or WEB BROWSER)RETRIEVES AND EXCHANGES DATA WITH LOCAL, NEAR-FAR, AND

REMOTE MAIL SERVERS TO FEED THE CLIENT’S MAIL SCREENS

The Defense Advance Research Projects Agency (DARPA) originally developedthe Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) to interconnect various defense department computer networks. The International Standards Organization (ISO), and the Institute of Electric and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) also have developed protocols (e.g. X.25, RS232) for the purpose of standardizing computer connections and communications.

The Internet is an international Wide Area Network that uses these, and other communications protocols to facilitate interconnection among all kinds of computers using the diverse kinds of data, voice, and video networks seen today.

The TCP/IP suite includes the following individual protocols:

Computer Network CommunicationsTCP (Transmission Control Protocol) / IP Internet Protocol

LOCAL COMPUTER REMOTE COMPUTER(S)“Raw wire” understandings

User Application Higher Logic understandings

Computer Network Communication ProtocolsOverview Diagram - TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) & IP Internet Protocol

http://www.protocols.com/pbook/tcpip1.htm

Data Link Layer

  ARP/RARP Address Resolution Protocol/Reverse Address

  DCAP Data Link Switching Client Access Protocol

Network Layer

  DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

  DVMRP Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol

  ICMP/ICMPv6 Internet Control Message Protocol

  IGMP Internet Group Management Protocol

  IP Internet Protocol version 4

  IPv6 Internet Protocol version 6

  MARS Multicast Address Resolution Server

  PIMProtocol Independent Multicast-Sparse Mode (PIM-

SM)

  RIP2 Routing Information Protocol

  RIPng for IPv6 Routing Information Protocol for IPv6

  RSVP Resource ReSerVation setup Protocol

  VRRP Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol

Transport Layer

  ISTP  

  Mobile IP Mobile IP Protocol

  RUDP Reliable UDP

  TALI Transport Adapter Layer Interface

  TCP Transmission Control Protocol

  UDP User Datagram Protocol

  Van Jacobson compressed TCP

  XOT X.25 over TCP

Session Layer

  BGMP Border Gateway Multicast Protocol

  Diameter  

  DIS Distributed Interactive Simulation

  DNS Domain Name Service

  ISAKMP/IKE Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol and Internet Key Exchange Protocol

  iSCSI Small Computer Systems Interface

  LDAP Lightweight Directory Access Protocol

  MZAP Multicast-Scope Zone Announcement Protocol

  NetBIOS/IP NetBIOS/IP for TCP/IP Environment

Application Layer

  COPS Common Open Policy Service

  FANP Flow Attribute Notification Protocol

  Finger User Information Protocol

  FTP File Transfer Protocol

  HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol

  IMAP4 Internet Message Access Protocol rev 4

  IMPPpre/IMPPmes Instant Messaging and Presence Protocols

  IPDC IP Device Control

  IRC ·Internet Relay Chat Protocol

  ISAKMP Internet Message Access Protocol version 4rev1

  ISP  

  NTP Network Time Protocol

  POP3 Post Office Protocol version 3

  Radius Remote Authentication Dial In User Service

  RLOGIN Remote Login

Description of Components of TCP / IP Computer Communication ProtocolsPage 1 of 2

Session Layer (continued)

  RTSP Real-time Streaming Protocol

  SCTP Stream Control Transmision Protocol

  S-HTTP Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol

  SLP Service Location Protocol

  SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

  SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol

  SOCKS Socket Secure (Server)

  TACACS+ Terminal Access Controller Access Control System

  TELNET TCP/IP Terminal Emulation Protocol

  TFTP Trivial File Transfer Protocol

  WCCP Web Cache Coordination Protocol

  X-Window X Window

Routing

  BGP-4 Border Gateway Protocol

  EGP Exterior Gateway Protocol

  EIGRP Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol

  HSRP Cisco Hot Standby Router Protocol

  IGRP Interior Gateway Routing

  NARP NBMA Address Resolution Protocol

  NHRP Next Hop Resolution Protocol

  OSPF Open Shortest Path First

  TRIP Telephony Routing over IP

Tunneling

  ATMP Ascend Tunnel Management Protocol

  L2F The Layer 2 Forwarding Protocol

  L2TP Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol

  PPTP Point to Point Tunneling Protocol

Security

  AH Authentication Header

  ESP Encapsulating Security Payload

  TLS Transport Layer Security Protocol

Description of Components of TCP / IP Computer Communication ProtocolsPage 2 of 2

F Razo / CSUEBTE5110 - 2005

The Operating System (OS) of the computer is a program that coordinates the computing tasks in the machine, keeping track of who is using the (single or multiple) processor, storage, and communications resources. The MS Windows and Apple OS X, as well as the UNIX (and LINUX) operating systems all do the same, their own way. The window below pops up under MS Windows, by pressing ONCE the ALT-CTRL-DEL keys simultaneously, and shows a list of user application programs running and sharing resources in a computer. Which programs are currently running on this computer?

Computer Operating System - Multitasking

The Operating Systems normally breaks down major tasks in multiple processing routines. Operating systems coordinate the input, processing, storage, and output needs of the multiple tasks being served.

The list on the right shows processes running on an MS Windows machine, and include user tasks, as well as many of the housekeeping tasks involved in running the operating system itself. In the case shown, which routine is “using” about 97% of the CPU processing capacity?

When one of the processes becomes tangled up, or “bogged down”, executing repeatedly the same thing, or waiting hopelessly because of faulty program logic, computer resource deficiencies, or bad administration, the computer can become unreasonably slow, and perhaps even “frozen”:

Computer Operating System - Multiprocessing

What can we do then?

Present Operating Systems also can provide a program that displays graphically the level of activity and utilization of various computer resources.

The window shown on the right shows a graph of:

a) the percent utilization of the computer central processing unit (CPU). What percent of the CPU capacity is typically free?

b) the number of times, or pages the CPU has had to off-load data from the fast (DIM-chip) RAM- MEMORY areas, to the more permanent, massive, slower, HARD magnetic DISC (VIRTUAL memory) for functionality purposes. About how much hard disc memory (MB) is being used for fast-memory pages?

A large number of page swapping to hard disc can be an indication of under-capacity in the available fast RAM-MEMORY space, which can cause a slower, sluggish machine operation.

Computer Operating System – Performance Monitoring

What can be done then?

The window on the right shows the window “My Computer” of an MS Windows operating system. This window lists all the storage devices available to the user, and key utilization “Details” figures for the selected (highlighted) device.

In the screen shown, the Local Hard Disc (C:) shows using an NTFS (!) method of linking files, a “Total Size” of 37.2 Giga Bytes (GB, thousand million bytes of data), and an amount of 22.4 Giga Bytes of “Free Space”.

In a typical system, and depending of its use (NOTE: digital pictures, music and video use LOTS of bytes!), an amount of Free Space less than 1 Giga Byte could soon be insufficient for all the tasks needing it (Windows itself needs about 200 Mega Bytes, or two-tenths of a Giga Byte). When hard disc space is insufficient, a machine will struggle and become slow in its effort to shuffle and allocate needed space. In a personal computer, this problem, which is called disc “trashing” can often be seen and heard. How does the machine shown here looks?

If a computer has an amount of hard disc Free Space of say, 100 Mega Bytes (one-tenth of a Giga Byte), and appears to be sluggish and trashing,

Computer Operating System – Hard Disc Utilization

What could be possible solutions?

The window on the right shows the utilization of networking resources in a computer. The computer that produced the image was not connected to a Local Area Network, therefore its utilization stays at 0%.

If a computer shows very high utilization percentages for networking resources, say above 80% during start-up, and it is slow and sluggish to begin,

Computer Operating System – Network Performance Monitoring

What could be the problem?